تبیین مفاهیم و کاربست مؤلفه ها و معیارهای اکولوژی شهری در ارزیابی پایداری محیطی منطقه 22 شهر تهران
محورهای موضوعی : فصلنامه علمی و پژوهشی پژوهش و برنامه ریزی شهریزهرا منتظری 1 , علی اسعدی 2 , غلامرضا حقیقت نائینی 3 *
1 - گروه شهرسازی، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه هنر اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران.
2 - گروه شهرسازی، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه هنر، تهران، ایران.
3 - گروه برنامه ریزی شهری، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه هنر، تهران، ایران
کلید واژه: ", , ", توسعه پایدار", اکولوژی شهری", پایداری محیطی", منطقه 22 شهرداری تهران",
چکیده مقاله :
اکولوژی شهری، اصطلاحی نوپا و رویکردی چند رشته ایست که امروزه جهت مطالعه اثرات متقابل پویا بین انسان و سیستم‌های زیست محیطی و جلوگیری از نابودی شهرها و به دلیل ارائه رابطه‌ای متعادل میان انسان و محیط‌زیست رعایت آن در برنامه‌ریزی و مدیریت شهری امری حیاتی می‌باشد. به‌منظور حفظ و بهبود شرایط محیطی، فراهم نمودن پایداری اکوسیستم شهری ضروری است؛ بنابراین مفهوم برنامه ریزی اکولوژیکی، مزایای خاصی را برای پایداری طولانی‌مدت جهت بهبود اثرات زیست‌محیطی نواحی شهری به دنبال دارد. لذا؛ پژوهش حاضر سعی دارد تا با بررسی ادبیات موجود پیرامون مبحث پایداری اکولوژیکی، عوامل کلیدی مرتبط با این مفهوم را استخراج کرده، مؤلفه‌های قابل اندازه‌گیری و معیارهای اکولوژی شهری را تبیین نموده و به سنجش آن‌ها در منطقه ۲۲ شهرداری تهران (نواحی 1، 6 و 2) بپردازد. در پژوهش کاربردی حاضر با روش توصیفی – تحلیلی به گردآوری اطلاعات شامل مطالعات اسنادی و کتابخانه‌ای و تکمیل پرسشنامه توسط جامعه آماری متخصصان و کارشناسان منطقه 22 تهران بر اساس چارچوب نظری پژوهش پرداخته شده است. روش نمونه‌گیری غیر احتمالی به روش گلوله‌برفی بوده و رتبه‌بندی داده‌ها و تجزیه‌وتحلیل یافته‌ها به‌صورت آماری – توصیفی با استفاده از تکنیک گام‌به‌گام فرآیند تحلیل شبکه‌ای ANP و آنتروپی شانون و TOPSIS بر اساس مؤلفه‌ها، معیارها و شاخص‌های مستخرج از پژوهش می‌باشد. نتایج نشان می‌دهد که ناحیه 2 از منطقه 22 شهر تهران به نسبت سه ناحیه دیگر از نظر پایداری اکولوژیکی در وضعیت نسبتاً نامطلوبی قرار دارد و با تکیه بر تکنیک ANP مشخص شد که مؤلفه گسترش شبکه‌های اکولوژیک و حفظ کیفیات محیطی و بصری در بالاترین جایگاه و بر اساس تکنیک TOPSIS گسترش شبکه‌های اکولوژیک و تعادل اکولوژیکی در میان نواحی منطقه 22 مطلوب می‌باشند. در انتها نیز پیشنهادات پژوهش بر اساس مؤلفه‌های اکولوژیکی دسته‌بندی و ارائه شده است.
Urban ecology is a juvenile term that in order to prevent the destruction of cities and because of providing a balanced relationship between humans and the environment it is vital to take it into the account. In order to maintain and improve the environmental conditions, it is necessary to provide the sustainability of the urban ecosystem; Therefore, the concept of ecological planning has certain advantages for long-term sustainability to enhance the environmental effects of urban areas. Hence, the present research tries to extract the relevant key factors by reviewing the existing literature on ecological sustainability and measure them in the 22nd district of Tehran Municipality. In the current applied research, using the descriptive-analytical method;information including library studies and filling the questionnaire by the statistical community of specialists and experts of the 22nd district of Tehran based on the theoretical framework has been collected. The analysis of the findings is descriptive-statistical applying the step-by-step technique of the ANP network analysis process and Shannon's entropy and TOPSIS is based on the principals, criteria and indicators extracted from the research. The results show that the 2nd selected area of the 22nd other district of Tehran in terms of ecological sustainability is in a relatively unfavorable situation compared to the other three selected area and by relying on the ANP technique, it was determined that the component of expanding ecological networks and maintaining environmental and visual qualities is at the highest position, and based on the TOPSIS technique, the expansion of ecological networks and ecological balance among the areas of region 22 are desirable. Finally, research proposals are categorized and presented based on ecological principles.
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Today, cities are the attributor for 80% of climate change due to greenhouse gases in a way that the quality of natural resources has been affected due to the increase in urban population along with the expansion of settlements and the development of transportation networks and industrial activities. Considering the emergence of new problems caused by human manipulation in the environment, it is vital to take the principle of ecological sustainability into the account as one of the principles of sustainable cities. Regarding this principle is essential in rise and fall of urban sustainability balance is essential. The purpose of achieving positive and effective development in the environment refers to the design of cities, buildings, natural landscapes, and infrastructures that produce healthy ecological conditions, increase life services, reverse the effects of environmental system flows, and bring quality of life for every individual. Ecological planning is a broad concept based on strategies and methods, which creates a healthy, green, safe, and vibrant urban environment, and this is a vital tool in planning to create sustainable cities. The metropolis of Tehran, as the capital of Iran, has fit about a quarter of Iran's population inside itself, and this situation has led to the expansion and intensity of pressures on the environment, including types of environmental pollution, destruction of resources and reduction of natural spaces, and eventually increased needs of citizens. Therefore, the geographical scope of the current research (Region 22 of Tehran Municipality) after more than four decades as an urban area has still maintained its development capabilities and as a pioneering region in sustainable development, it has valuable natural and ecological resources and assets.
Methodology
According to the nature of the subject, the dominant approach over the qualitative and quantitative research environment is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of the research framework. The research data has been collected by documentary, library, and field methods. The statistical population of the research, who were selected purposefully includes of 20 experts and professors in the field of urban planning, urban ecology and familiar with the 22nd region, and experts from the 22nd region municipality and district administration. The non-probability sampling method was the snowball method. Based on the theoretical framework of the research, the indicators, and ecological criteria of the 22nd district of Tehran were calculated and then with the questionnaire tool, the said indicators were measured; And the step-by-step technique of Analytical Network Process (ANP) has been used for Shannon's weighting and entropy and TOPSIS for ranking areas and data analysis.
Results and discussion
Considering the importance of previous studies regarding urban ecology, while benefiting from the opinions of professors. The theoretical framework of the research, useful and applicable criteria that are appropriate to the spatial and temporal conditions have been defined for the 22nd district of Tehran, which are respectively analyzed by variables, research criteria and indicators will be discussed. 5 components of expanding ecological networks is including ecological balance (tolerable capacity of development), preservation of environmental and visual qualities, compatibility with climate and nature (topography of the region) and also ecotourism has 13 criteria and 45 indicators. The mentioned variables are of importance since all the basic components have an ecological concept and noting the importance of the 22nd district of Tehran, the ranking of the components, criteria and indicators in the districts has been done based on the ANP technique. Analyzing the data by implementing this model shows the desirability of the criteria. The final priority of ecological criteria of region 22 belongs to neighborhood agriculture (component of expanding ecological networks), reduction of environmental pollutants (component of preservation of environmental and visual qualities) and effective management of ecological resources (component of ecological balance). Finally, preserving wildlife, reducing intervention in nature and using the Eco cell concept respectively, have got the lowest priority compared to other criteria. However, from the point of view of the citizens and experts of the region, the superiority of economic and investment issues in the last few years has caused a decrease in attention to the climate adaptation component and related criteria. On the other hand, in TOPSIS technique, the prioritization of areas will be based on ecological components. So that with a separate questionnaire, all indicators were measured for 3 area with the help of the statistical community and experts. Data weighting in this technique is done by Shannon entropy method. In this weighting, ecological balance and preservation of environmental and visual qualities have been ranked first and second respectively. Finally, the highest distance of the components from the positive ideal belongs to the component of adaptation to climate and nature, indicating the relatively unfavorable condition of the component, and the lowest distance of the components from the positive ideal belongs to the expansion of ecological networks and ecological balance.
Conclusion
Cities, as the core of developments and globalization, are always exposed to destruction and environmental fluctuations. With the emergence of sustainability ideas, the importance of ecology and urban ecosystem was considered a vital and serious matter in the continuation of urban rise and fall and citizens' life. By the emergence of sustainability and ecological principles, many thoughts and researches were always carried out to strengthen participation, awareness, culture and urban ecological identity. The results of the research findings based on the studies of the research basics and the opinions of the experts and professionals in the studied areas of the 22nd district of Tehran in terms of measuring ecological principles, it was found that in the development of urban ecology, the criteria for the expansion of ecological networks (0.6), preservation of environmental and visual qualities ( 0.57), ecological balance (0.53), ecotourism (0.51) and adaptation to climate and nature (0.2) have been ranked 1 to 5 respectively in weighting by ANP method. Among the three studied areas, the 1st, 6th, and 2nd areas respectively have the first to third priorities in the TOPSIS technique in terms of research.
.
1. Ahern, J. (2013). Urban landscape sustainability and resilience: the promise and challenges of integrating ecology with urban planning and design, Landscape Ecol, 28(6): 1203-1212. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10980-012-9799-z
2. Arkhi, D., & Najafi kani, D. A., & Babaeian, T. (2018). Evaluation of Ecological Capacity of Gorgan City to Identify Potential Urban Development Points. Geography and Territorial Spatial Arrangement, 8(27), 205-224. (In Persian) doi:10.22111/gaij.2018.4098
3. Armanshahr consulting engineers, architects and urban planners. (2013). urban development strategy program (CDS) of the 22nd district of Tehran Municipality, "Clarification of the demarcation of localities and districts of the 22nd district in the horizon of the year 1400". (In Persian)
4. Azizian, M., & Naghdi, F., & Molazadeh, M. (2013). Ecological capability evaluation outskirts of Tabriz to sustainable urban development MCE approach. Journal of Research and Urban Planning, 4(13), 113-128. (In Persian) https://jupm.marvdasht.iau.ir/article_7.html?lang=en
5. Barati, E., & Saberi, H., & Khadim al-Hosseini, A., & Azani, M. (2021). Identification and Analysis of Effective Factors in Achieving an Ecological City (Case Study: Dorcheh City). Spatial Planning, 11(4), 151-168. (In Persian) https://doi.org/10.22108/sppl.2022.132240.1636
6. Bio Regional Development Group. (2002). Beddington zero energy development case study report.
7. Birkeland, J. (2008). Positive development: From vicious circles to virtuous cycles through built environment design, Earthscan, London. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781849772235
8. Cowan, R. (2009). Dictionary of urbanism, volume 4, Tehran, Tehran Azarkhash. (In Persian) doi:https://www.adinehbook.com/gp/product/6009145317
9. Dale, C., & Fitzgerald, A. (2013). Three ecologies, transversality and victimization: the case of the British Petroleum oil spill. Crime Law Soc Change 59 (2): 209-223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10611-013-9422-5
10. Danish Architecture Centre. (2012). The sustainable cities database.
11. Dizdaroglu, D., & Yigitcanlar, T., & Dawes, A. (2009). Sustainable urban futures: an ecological approach to sustainable urban development. In: Proceedings of The Second Infrastructure Theme Postgraduate Conference 2009: Rethinking Sustainable Development - Planning, Infrastructure Engineering, Design and Managing Urban Infrastructure. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/41125343_Sustainable_urban_futures_an_ecological_approach_to_sustainable_urban_development
12. Eco-City Summit Report. (2008). Ecocity World Summit. San Francisco. 1-18.
13. Egerton, F. (2012). Roots of ecology. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California. doi:https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctt1pp2v3
14. Erlhoff, M., & Marshall, T. (2008). Design Dictionary, perspectives on Design Terminology. Vol. 22. 8 vols. https://doi.org/10.1108/09504120810914682
15. Geddes, P. (1915). Cities in evolution; an introduction to the town planning movement and to the study of civics. London: williams and norgate. doi:https://www.amazon.com/Cities-Evolution-Introduction-Planning-HardPress/dp/1290287309
16. Hanai, T., & Sadegh Iqbali, P., & Daneshvar, M. (2020). Ecocity Criteria Measurement in Region 9 of Mashhad City, Geography and Development Quarterly, No. 61, pp. 374-335. (In Persian) http://dx.doi.org/10.22111/J10.22111.2021.5979
17. Hancock, C. (2001). Urban ecology-city of tomorrow.
18. Hawken, P. (1993). The Ecology of commerce, HarperCollins, New York. doi:http://ereserve.library.utah.edu/Annual/COMM/3030/McHendry/ecology135.pdf
19. Jirrudi, M., & Sarvar, R., & Navabakhsh, M. (2022). Environmental performance of 22 metropolitan areas of Tehran based on the green city approach. Journal of Research and Urban Planning, 13(50), 1-13. (In Persian) doi: 10.30495/jupm.2022.28448.3931
20. Jomehpour, M., & Ettehad, S. S., & Nourian, F. (2020). Explaining the principles, dimensions and components of the ecological city approach (case study of Bojnourd city). Geographical Urban Planning Research (GUPR), 8(2), 391-413. (In Persian) doi:10.22059/jurbangeo.2020.298673.1241
21. Lin, Z. (2018). Ecological urbanism in East Asia: A comparative assessment of two eco-cities in Japan and China. Landscape and Urban Planning, 179, 90-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2018.07.008
22. Lun Chang, K., & Sen Kuei, L., & Tzeng, T., & Chi, L. (2015). An ANP based TOPSIS approach for Taiwanese service apartment location selection. Asia Pacific Management Review 20 (2): 49-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmrv.2014.12.007
23. Mahmoodzadeh, D., & Herischiyan, M. (2018). Measurement of Urban Ecological Sustainability Level (Case Study: Region 1 of Tabriz Metropolitan). Geography and Territorial Spatial Arrangement, 8(28), 147-166. (In Persian) doi: 10.22111/gaij.2018.4204
24. Massoud, M., & Jahan Zamin, Y. (2018). Ecology and Principles of Ecological Urban Design, National Conference on Sustainable Development and Urban Development, Isfahan, Scholars Higher Education Institute. (In Persian) https://www.civilica.com/Paper-NCSDUS01-NCSDUS01_018.html
25. McHarg, I. (1967). "An Ecological Method for Landscape Architecture". Landscape Architecture (Island Press) (57): 341-347.https://doi.org/10.5822/978-1-61091-491-8_29
26. Mohammadkhani, M., & Karkehabadi, Z., & Arghan, A. (2021). Measurement and evaluation of metropolitan areas of Tehran in terms of Urban Prosperity Index (CPI) indicators. Journal of Research and Urban Planning, 12(44), 75-92. (In Persian) doi: 10.30495/jupm.2021.4172
27. Moore, J., & Sahar Attia, A., & Aparajithan, N. (2019). "Build the Bridge to Socially Just and Ecologically Sustainable Cities". Ecocity World Summit 2019.Vancouver-Canada: Ecocity Builders.1-82. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-58399-6
28. Mumford, L. (2010). Technics and Civilization. Chicago and London: the university of chicago press. doi:https://www.amazon.com/Technics-Civilization-Lewis-Mumford/dp/0226550273
29. Rabiei Far, V., & Ziari, K., & Haghighat Naeini, G. (2013). Evaluation of the sustainable development of Zanjan city from an environmental point of view based on the SWOT technique, Scientific-Research Journal of Urban and Regional Studies and Research, 4th year, No. 16, pp. 105-130. (In Persian) https://urs.ui.ac.ir/article_20040.html
30. Rasoolimanesh, S., & Badarulzaman, M., & Nuewati, J., & Mastura, J. (2012). City Development Strategies (CDS) and Sustainable Urbanization in Developing World, Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences 36, pp 623-631.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.03.068
31. Register, R. (1987). Building cities for a Healthy Future. California: North Atlantic Books, Ecocity Berkeley Building Cities Healthy. doi:https://books.google.com/books/about/Ecocity_Berkeley.html?id=QYE-Q8MAF3MC
32. Roseland, M. (2000). the dimensions of the ecological city, with the translation of Seyyed Mehdi Musa Kazemi Mohammadi, Rushd Quarterly, Geography Education, pages 37-44. (In Persian) https://www.sid.ir/fa/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?ID=79902
33. Saha, D., & Paterson, R. (2008). Local Government Efforts to Promote the “Three Es” of Sustainable Development Survey in Medium to Large Cities in the United States. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 28, 21-37.https://doi.org/10.1177/0739456X08321803
34. Shakoor, A., & Abdolahzade Fard, A., & Mohammadi, Z. (2017). The Role of Urban Rural Perspective on Sustainable Development (Case study: Shiraz Soltanabad River). Scientific and research quarterly of research and urban planning. 8(31), 321-340. (In Persian) https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.22285229.1396.8.31.16.4
35. Salehi, I. (2008). urban and rural management encyclopedia, publications of the Organization of Municipalities, Tehran. (In Persian) doi:https://book.roostanet.com/list.php?id=1017
36. Williams, K., & Burton, E., & Jenks, M. (2000). Achieving Sustainable Urban Form. London, New york: spon press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203827925
37. Xiangsheng D., & Shasha L., & Jing, W. (2013). Ecological Strategy of City Sustainable Development, Sciverse Science Direct, APCBEE Procedia 5 429 – 434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcbee.2013.05.074
38. Yigitcanlar, T., & Dizdaroglu, D. (2015). "Ecological approaches in planning for sustainable cities A review of the literature". Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage 1 (2): 159-188. https://dx.doi.org/10.7508/gjesm.2015.02.008