افزایش بهره‌وری صنعت گردشگری از طریق جذب بازار کودک: نقش تصمیم‌سازی و تصمیم‌گیری کودکان
محورهای موضوعی : مدیریت بازرگانیمهدی کروبی 1 , محمود ضیائی 2 , زهره محمدی 3
1 - دانشیارگروه مدیریت جهانگردی،دانشکده مدیریت وحسابداری،دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی،تهران،ایران
2 - دانشیار گروه مدیریت جهانگردی، دانشکده مدیریت و حسابداری، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی،تهران،ایران
3 - دانشجوی دکتری گروه مدیریت گردشگری، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران،ایران
کلید واژه: منافع ادارک شده سفر, سفر کودکان, رفتارهای فراغتی, نقش تصمیم گیری و تصمیم سازی کودکان,
چکیده مقاله :
بهره وری صنعت گردشگری در گرو بهبود اجتماعی و اقتصادی است. کودکان به عنوان گروه هم ذی نفع و هم اثرگذار بر صنعت گردشگری تا حدودی زیادی نادیده انگاشته شده اند. در مطالعات انجام شده، کودکان به عنوان عناصر فعالی که می توانند بر زندگی و محیط خود اثرگذار باشند در نظر گرفت نشده اند. این پژوهش با توجه به خلآ موجود با استفاده از رویکرد کیفی به بررسی ادراک سفرهای تجربه شده این بخش خاموش از بازار صنعت گردشگری پرداخته است. همچنین نقش تصمیم سازی و تصمیم گیری کودکان و پیامدهای رفتار فراغتی آنها که می تواند نویدبخش بهبود اقتصادی باشد، مورد تحلیل قرار گرفت. این پژوهش بر روی 96 کودک بین 9 تا 12 سال و با در نظر گرفتن دو معیار جنسیت و طبقه اجتماعی- اقتصادی با استفاده از روش روایت خاطره و مصاحبه نیمه باز انجام پذیرفت. متن خاطره ها و مصاحبه ها مورد تحلیل مضمون با رویکرد اقتباسی قرار گرفتند. با واکاوی تجربه بهترین سفرهای کودکان، بیشترین منافع ادراک شده نوجویی/ سرگرمی، طبیعت و روابط اجتماعی بودند. منافع ادراک شده با اولویت بالاتر در بین کودکان منجر به وفاداری احساسی و میل به بازگشت به مقصد تجربه شده قبلی شد. وفاداری احساسی در میان پسرها و همچنین کودکان طبقه نیمه بهره مند بیشتر مشاهده شد. همچنین نتایج این پژوهش نشان داد کودکان نقش مهمی در تصمیم سازی دارند و بر تصمیمات آتی خانواده پیرامون انتخاب مقصد سفر تاثیر گذارند.
Tourism productivity relies heavily on social and economic improvement. Children have largely been ignored as beneficiaries of tourism who can play a highly influential role. Existing research had failed to considered children as active agents who can impact their lives and environments. The purpose of the current study was thus to address the existing research gap and qualitatively investigate children's perceptions of the trips they had experienced and to explore whether their decision making and the consequences of their leisure behaviors might play any ameliorating role in economic recovery. The research sample comprised 96 children within the age range of 9 -12 years old who had been selected based on gender and socioeconomic status, as the moderator variables, to take part in semi-structured interviews to narrate their memories. The recorded memories were further thematically analyzed. Exploration of their best trips revealed that novelty/entertainment, nature, and social relationships were perceived to be the major merits which stimulated emotional loyalty and the desire to return to the place. Emotional loyalty was observed to be stronger among males and middle socioeconomic class. Moreover, the findings supported the important role children can play in decision making and impacting the family’s selection of future tourist destinations.
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Agapito, D., Pinto, P., & Mendes, J. (2017). Tourists' memories, sensory impressions and loyalty: In loco and post-visit study in Southwest Portugal. Tourism Management, 58, 108-118.
Barnes, S. J., Mattsson, J., & Sørensen, F. (2016). Remembered experiences and revisit intentions: A longitudinal study of safari park visitors. Tourism Management, 57, 286-294.
Blichfeldt, B., Pedersen, B., Johansen, A., & L. Hansen. (2010). Tween tourists: children and decision-making. Journal of Tourism Consumption and Practice, 2(1), 1-24.
Buetow, S. (2009). Thematic analysis and its reconceptualization as ‘saliency analysis’, Journal of Health Services Research & Policy, 15(2):123-125.
Carr, N. (2011). Children's and families' Holiday experience, Routledge Publisher, 22.
Chen, C. C., & Petrick, J. F. (2016). The roles of perceived travel benefits, importance, and constraints in predicting travel behavior. Journal of Travel Research, 55(4), 509-522.
Chen, C. F., & Tsai, D. (2007). How destination image and evaluative factors affect behavioral intentions?. Tourism management, 28(4), 1115-1122.
Clark*, A. (2005). Listening to and involving young children: A review of research and practice. Early child development and care, 175(6), 489-505.
Cohen, E. (1972). Toward a sociology of international tourism. Social research, 164-182.
Cooper, C., Fletcher, J., Fyall, A., Gilbert, D., & Wanhill, S. (2000). Turismo: princípios e prática. Bookman, 1-454.
Creswell, J.W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry & research design: Choosing among five Approaches, Sage Publications 1-448.
Crompton, J. L. (1979). Motivations for pleasure vacation. Annals of tourism research, 6(4), 408-424.
Cullingford, C. (1995). Children’s attitudes to holiday overseas, Tourism Management, 16(2), 121–127.
Guest, G.; Bance, A.; Johnson, L. (2006), experiment with data saturation and variability. Field Methods, 18(1), 59-82.
Floersch, J., Longhofer, J.L., Kranke, D., & Townsend, L. (2010). Integrating thematic, Grounded Theory and Narrative Analysis: A Case Study of Adolescent Psychotropic Treatment, Qualitative Social Work 9(2).
Gram, M. (2007). Children as co-decision makers in the family? The case of family holidays. Young Consumers, 8(1), 19-28.
Guest, G., Bunce, A., & Johnson, L. (2006). How many interviews are enough?: An Experiment with Data Saturation and Variability, Field Methods, 18(1), 59-82.
Gunter, B., & Furnham, A. (1998). Children as consumers: A psychological analysis of the young people's market. Psychology Press, 1-216.
Jenkins, R. L. (1978). Family vacation decision-making. Journal of Travel Research, 16(4), 2-7.
Kang, S. K., & Hsu, C. H. (2005). Dyadic consensus on family vacation destination selection. Tourism Management, 26(4), 571-582.
Kang, S. K., Hsu, C. H., & Wolfe, K. (2003). Family traveler segmentation by vacation decision-making patterns. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 27(4), 448-469.
Fraser, S.; Lewis, V.; Ding, S.; Kellet, M., and Robinson, C. (2004), Doing Research with Children and Young People, London: The Open University, 161–74.
Larsen, S. & Jenssen, D. (2004). The school trip: travelling with, not to or from. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 4(1), 43-57.
Larsen, S. (2007). Aspects of psychology of the tourist experience. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 7(1), 7e18.
Lehto, X. Y., Choi, S., Lin, Y. C., & MacDermid, S. M. (2009). Vacation and family functioning. Annals of Tourism Research, 36(3), 459-479.
Martin, D. (2010). Uncovering unconscious memories and myths for understanding international tourism behavior. Journal of Business Research, 63(4), 372-383.
McNeal, J. U. (1992). Kids as customers: a handbook of marketing to children. New York: Lexington Books.
Mielke, K. W. (1983). Formative research on appeal and comprehension in 3-2-1 CONTACT. Children’s understanding of television: Research on attention and comprehension, 241-263.
Nanda, D., Hu, C., & Bai, B. (2007). Exploring family roles in purchasing decisions during vacation planning: Review and discussions for future research. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 20(3-4), 107-125.
Newman, M., Woodcock, A., & Dunham, P. (2006). ‘Playtime in the borderlands’: children's representations of school, gender and bullying through photographs and interviews. Children's Geographies, 4(3), 289-302.
Nickerson, N. P., & Jurowski, C. (2001). The influence of children on vacation travel patterns. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 7(1), 19-30.
Pearce, P. L., & Lee, U. I. (2005).Developing the travel career approach to tourist motivation. Journal of Travel Research, 43(3), 226-237.
Poria, Y., & Timothy, D. J. (2014). Where are the children in tourism research?. Annals of Tourism Research, 47, 93-95.
Poria, Y., Atzaba-Poria, N., & Barrett, M. (2005). The relationship between children’s geographical knowledge and travel experience: An exploratory study. Tourism Geographies, 7(4), 387–397.
Punch, S. (2002). Research with children: The same of different from research with adults?. Childhood, 9(3), 321-341.
Ritchie, J. R. B., & Crouch, G. (2003). The competitive destination: A sustainable tourism perspective. Cambridge: CABI Publishing.
Ruiz, E. C., González, G. B., & Zamora, D. T. (2018). Destination image, satisfaction and destination loyalty in cruise tourism: the case of Málaga (Spain). Tourism & Management Studies, 14(1), 58-68.
Ryan, C. (1992). The child as a visitor. World Travel and Tourism Review: Indicators trends and Issues, 2(2), 135-139.
Schänzel, H. A., Smith, K. A., & Weaver, A. (2005). Family holidays: A research review and application to New Zealand. Annals of Leisure Research, 8(2-3), 105-123.
Schwandt, T.A. (2007). The Sage dictionary of qualitative inquiry. Los Angeles:Sage,3.
Schwartz, B. (2011). Memory: Foundations and applications. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
Scott, J. (2000). Children as respondents. Research with children: Perspectives and practices, 98-119.
Seaton, A. V. (1992). Social stratification in tourism choice and experience since the war: part 1. Tourism Management, 13(1), 106-111.
Shaw, G., & Williams, A. M. (1994). Critical issues in tourism: a geographical perspective. Blackwell Publishers.
Shaw, S. M., Havitz, M. E., & Delemere, F. M. (2008). "I decided to invest in my kids' memories": Family vacations, memories, and the social construction of the family. Tourism, Culture and Communication, 8(1), 13-26.
Small, J. (2008). The absence of childhood in tourism studies. Annals of Tourism Research, 35(3), 772-789.
Torrance, K. (1998). Contemporary childhood: parent-child relationships and child culture. DSWO Press, Leiden University.
Tung, V. W. S., & Ritchie, J. R. (2011). Exploring the essence of memorable tourism experiences. Annals of Tourism Research, 38(4), 1367-1386.
Turley, S. K. (2001). Children and the demand for recreational experiences: The case of zoos. Leisure Studies, 20(1), 1-18.
Valkenburg, P. M., & Cantor, J. (2001). The development of a child into a consumer. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 22(1), 61-72.
Wang, P., & Godbey, G. (1994). A normative approach to tourism growth to the year 2000. Journal of Travel Research, 33(1), 32-37.
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Abrams, L.S. (2010). Sampling ‘hard to reach’ populations in qualitative research: The case Incarcerated Youth, 9(2).
Agapito, D., Pinto, P., & Mendes, J. (2017). Tourists' memories, sensory impressions and loyalty: In loco and post-visit study in Southwest Portugal. Tourism Management, 58, 108-118.
Barnes, S. J., Mattsson, J., & Sørensen, F. (2016). Remembered experiences and revisit intentions: A longitudinal study of safari park visitors. Tourism Management, 57, 286-294.
Blichfeldt, B., Pedersen, B., Johansen, A., & L. Hansen. (2010). Tween tourists: children and decision-making. Journal of Tourism Consumption and Practice, 2(1), 1-24.
Buetow, S. (2009). Thematic analysis and its reconceptualization as ‘saliency analysis’, Journal of Health Services Research & Policy, 15(2):123-125.
Carr, N. (2011). Children's and families' Holiday experience, Routledge Publisher, 22.
Chen, C. C., & Petrick, J. F. (2016). The roles of perceived travel benefits, importance, and constraints in predicting travel behavior. Journal of Travel Research, 55(4), 509-522.
Chen, C. F., & Tsai, D. (2007). How destination image and evaluative factors affect behavioral intentions?. Tourism management, 28(4), 1115-1122.
Clark*, A. (2005). Listening to and involving young children: A review of research and practice. Early child development and care, 175(6), 489-505.
Cohen, E. (1972). Toward a sociology of international tourism. Social research, 164-182.
Cooper, C., Fletcher, J., Fyall, A., Gilbert, D., & Wanhill, S. (2000). Turismo: princípios e prática. Bookman, 1-454.
Creswell, J.W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry & research design: Choosing among five Approaches, Sage Publications 1-448.
Crompton, J. L. (1979). Motivations for pleasure vacation. Annals of tourism research, 6(4), 408-424.
Cullingford, C. (1995). Children’s attitudes to holiday overseas, Tourism Management, 16(2), 121–127.
Guest, G.; Bance, A.; Johnson, L. (2006), experiment with data saturation and variability. Field Methods, 18(1), 59-82.
Floersch, J., Longhofer, J.L., Kranke, D., & Townsend, L. (2010). Integrating thematic, Grounded Theory and Narrative Analysis: A Case Study of Adolescent Psychotropic Treatment, Qualitative Social Work 9(2).
Gram, M. (2007). Children as co-decision makers in the family? The case of family holidays. Young Consumers, 8(1), 19-28.
Guest, G., Bunce, A., & Johnson, L. (2006). How many interviews are enough?: An Experiment with Data Saturation and Variability, Field Methods, 18(1), 59-82.
Gunter, B., & Furnham, A. (1998). Children as consumers: A psychological analysis of the young people's market. Psychology Press, 1-216.
Jenkins, R. L. (1978). Family vacation decision-making. Journal of Travel Research, 16(4), 2-7.
Kang, S. K., & Hsu, C. H. (2005). Dyadic consensus on family vacation destination selection. Tourism Management, 26(4), 571-582.
Kang, S. K., Hsu, C. H., & Wolfe, K. (2003). Family traveler segmentation by vacation decision-making patterns. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 27(4), 448-469.
Fraser, S.; Lewis, V.; Ding, S.; Kellet, M., and Robinson, C. (2004), Doing Research with Children and Young People, London: The Open University, 161–74.
Larsen, S. & Jenssen, D. (2004). The school trip: travelling with, not to or from. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 4(1), 43-57.
Larsen, S. (2007). Aspects of psychology of the tourist experience. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 7(1), 7e18.
Lehto, X. Y., Choi, S., Lin, Y. C., & MacDermid, S. M. (2009). Vacation and family functioning. Annals of Tourism Research, 36(3), 459-479.
Martin, D. (2010). Uncovering unconscious memories and myths for understanding international tourism behavior. Journal of Business Research, 63(4), 372-383.
McNeal, J. U. (1992). Kids as customers: a handbook of marketing to children. New York: Lexington Books.
Mielke, K. W. (1983). Formative research on appeal and comprehension in 3-2-1 CONTACT. Children’s understanding of television: Research on attention and comprehension, 241-263.
Nanda, D., Hu, C., & Bai, B. (2007). Exploring family roles in purchasing decisions during vacation planning: Review and discussions for future research. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 20(3-4), 107-125.
Newman, M., Woodcock, A., & Dunham, P. (2006). ‘Playtime in the borderlands’: children's representations of school, gender and bullying through photographs and interviews. Children's Geographies, 4(3), 289-302.
Nickerson, N. P., & Jurowski, C. (2001). The influence of children on vacation travel patterns. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 7(1), 19-30.
Pearce, P. L., & Lee, U. I. (2005).Developing the travel career approach to tourist motivation. Journal of Travel Research, 43(3), 226-237.
Poria, Y., & Timothy, D. J. (2014). Where are the children in tourism research?. Annals of Tourism Research, 47, 93-95.
Poria, Y., Atzaba-Poria, N., & Barrett, M. (2005). The relationship between children’s geographical knowledge and travel experience: An exploratory study. Tourism Geographies, 7(4), 387–397.
Punch, S. (2002). Research with children: The same of different from research with adults?. Childhood, 9(3), 321-341.
Ritchie, J. R. B., & Crouch, G. (2003). The competitive destination: A sustainable tourism perspective. Cambridge: CABI Publishing.
Ruiz, E. C., González, G. B., & Zamora, D. T. (2018). Destination image, satisfaction and destination loyalty in cruise tourism: the case of Málaga (Spain). Tourism & Management Studies, 14(1), 58-68.
Ryan, C. (1992). The child as a visitor. World Travel and Tourism Review: Indicators trends and Issues, 2(2), 135-139.
Schänzel, H. A., Smith, K. A., & Weaver, A. (2005). Family holidays: A research review and application to New Zealand. Annals of Leisure Research, 8(2-3), 105-123.
Schwandt, T.A. (2007). The Sage dictionary of qualitative inquiry. Los Angeles:Sage,3.
Schwartz, B. (2011). Memory: Foundations and applications. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
Scott, J. (2000). Children as respondents. Research with children: Perspectives and practices, 98-119.
Seaton, A. V. (1992). Social stratification in tourism choice and experience since the war: part 1. Tourism Management, 13(1), 106-111.
Shaw, G., & Williams, A. M. (1994). Critical issues in tourism: a geographical perspective. Blackwell Publishers.
Shaw, S. M., Havitz, M. E., & Delemere, F. M. (2008). "I decided to invest in my kids' memories": Family vacations, memories, and the social construction of the family. Tourism, Culture and Communication, 8(1), 13-26.
Small, J. (2008). The absence of childhood in tourism studies. Annals of Tourism Research, 35(3), 772-789.
Torrance, K. (1998). Contemporary childhood: parent-child relationships and child culture. DSWO Press, Leiden University.
Tung, V. W. S., & Ritchie, J. R. (2011). Exploring the essence of memorable tourism experiences. Annals of Tourism Research, 38(4), 1367-1386.
Turley, S. K. (2001). Children and the demand for recreational experiences: The case of zoos. Leisure Studies, 20(1), 1-18.
Valkenburg, P. M., & Cantor, J. (2001). The development of a child into a consumer. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 22(1), 61-72.
Wang, P., & Godbey, G. (1994). A normative approach to tourism growth to the year 2000. Journal of Travel Research, 33(1), 32-37.