زیست پالایی هم زمان جیوه معدنی و آلی با استفاده از وکتور نوترکیب pET28a(+)-merA-merB
محورهای موضوعی : زیست فناوری میکروبیحمیده باغی سفیدان 1 , علیرضا تاری نژاد 2
1 - کارشناس ارشد، گروه بیوتکنولوژی کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهید مدنی آذربایجان
2 - دانشیار، گروه بیوتکنولوژی کشاورزی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهید مدنی آذربایجان
کلید واژه: زیست پالایی, همسانه سازی, ژن merA, ژن merB,
چکیده مقاله :
سابقه و هدف: جیوه به دلیل پایداری و هزینه زیاد روش های متداول پالایش یک مشکل بزرگ زیست محیطی در جهان است. روش های زیستی مانند استفاده از بیوراکتورهای مبتنی بر باکتری ها یا آنزیم های آنها یکی از روش های زیست پالایی هستند. برای تجزیه ترکیبات آلی و معدنی جیوه از آنزیم های باکتریایی MerA و MerB استفاده می شود. این مطالعه با هدف همسانه سازی توام ژن های merA و merB در وکتور بیانی pET28a (+) به منظور تولید آنزیم های فعال MerA و MerB طراحی گردید.مواد و روش ها: ابتدا ژن های merA و merB از ژنوم باکتری های مقاوم به جیوه جداسازی و در داخل وکتور بیانی pET28a(+) کلون گردید. به منظور ارزیابی درستی همسانه سازی ژن مورد نظر، از روش PCR و هضم آنزیمی استفاده شد. وکتور نوترکیب pET28a(+)-merA-merB به دست آمده به درون باکتری اشریشیا کلی سویه BL21 منتقل شد. برای مشاهده افزایش مقاومت به جیوه معدنی و جیوه آلی در باکتری تراریخته و عملکردی بودن آنزیم تولیدی از وکتور نوترکیب، میزان رشد باکتری های اشریشیا کلی سویه BL21 حاوی وکتور نوترکیب به همراه باکتری های اشریشیا کلی سویهBL21 بدون ژن های merA و merB در محیط حاوی جیوه معدنی و جیوه آلی در مدت 48 ساعت اندازه گیری شدند.یافته ها: رشد باکتری اشریشیا کلی حاوی وکتور نوترکیب در محیط حاوی جیوه معدنی و جیوه آلی در زمان ها و غلظت های مختلف جیوه اندازه گیری و نتایج نشان داد که رشد باکتری های اشریشیا کلی حاوی وکتور بدون ژن هدف تا 12 ساعت پس از افزودن جیوه به شدت در تاثیر محیط حاوی جیوه قرار گرفته و قادر به رشد در مقادیر 10 و ppm 20 جیوه نمی باشند. اما باکتری های حاوی وکتور نوترکیب pET21a(+)-merA-merB در محیط حاوی جیوه رشد مناسبی داشتند. SDS-PAGE پروتئین های باکتری حاوی وکتور نوترکیب روی ژل آکریل آمید نشان داد که پس از 16 ساعت القا با IPTG 1mM در دمای 37 درجه سلیسیوس بیشترین بیان پروتئین های MerA (62 کیلودالتون) و MerB (23 کیلودالتون) مشاهده می شود.نتیجه گیری: نتایج حاصل از توانایی رشد باکتری های اشریشیا کلی حاوی وکتور نوترکیب، عملکرد پروتئین های MerA و MerB در باکتری های ترارریزش شده را نشان داد. همچنین افزایش مقاومت باکتری نوترکیب به جیوه معدنی و جیوه آلی موجود در محیط بیانگر این مساله است که می توان آلاینده های فلزات سنگین در محیط زیست را با مدیریت مناسب از راه ساخت وکتور نوترکیب پاکسازی نمود.
Background & Objectives: Mercury due to stability and the high cost of conventional refinement methods is a major environmental problem in the world. Biological methods such as the use of bacterial-based bio-reactors or their enzymes are one of the bioremediation methods. MerA and MerB bacterial enzymes are used to decompose organic and inorganic compounds of mercury. This study was designed to clone merA and merB genes into the pET28a (+) expression vector for the production of MerA and MerB active enzymes.Material & Methods: At first merA and merB genes were isolated from mercury- resistant bacterial genome and subsequently cloned into pET28a(+) expression vector. Confirmation of cloning the target gene was achieved by PCR and restriction enzymes. Then pET28a(+)-merA-merB recombinant vector was transformed into E.coli strain BL21. To assess resistance to inorganic and organic mercury by transformed bacteria and the functionality of the enzyme produced by a recombinant vector, the growth of E.coli strain BL21 containing the recombinant vector and without it were measured by adding mercury into the environment during 48 h.Results: Recombinant bacterial growth in medium containing different levels of inorganic and organic mercury was measured at different times. The result showed that the growth of E. coli containing no target gene in the vector was affected after introducing mercury into the medium till 12 hours so that bacteria would not be able to grow at 10 and 20ppm mercury concentrations. However, transformed bacteria with pET28a(+)-merA-merB vector showed suitable growth in a mercury-containing medium. The SDS-PAGE analysis of extracted proteins from transformed bacteria with pET28a(+)-merA-merB vector on 12.5% acrylamide gel showed the highest MerA (62kDa) and MerB enzymes (23kDa) expression following 16 hours induction with 1mM IPTG at 37ºC.Conclusion: Growth ability of transformed E.coli with recombinant vector indicates MerA and MerB proteins function in transformed bacteria. Furthermore, increasing resistance of recombinant bacteria to inorganic and organic mercury indicates that heavy metal pollution in the environment can be cleaned up with proper management through the construction of a recombinant vector.
species in fish and aquatic ecosystems of Moravian rivers. Veterinarni Medicina. 2006; 51:
100-110.
2. Mahbub KR, Krishnan K, Megharaj M, Naidu R. Bioremediation potential of a highly mercury
resistant bacterial strain Sphingobium SA2 isolated from contaminated soil. Chemosphere. 2016;
144: 330-337.
3. Wagner-De Obler I. Bioremediation of mercury: Current research and industrial applications.
Horizon Scientific Press. 2013.
4. Meagher RB. Phytoremediation of toxic elemental and organic pollutants. Cur Opinion Plant
Biol. 2000; 3(2): 153-162.
5. Abioye OP. Biological remediation of hydrocarbon and heavy metals contaminated soil. In:
Soil contamination. Edited by Simone Pascucci. INTECH open Access Publisher. 2011; pp.
127-142.
6. Kafilzadeh F, Mirzayie N, Kargar M, Kargar MO. Investigation on bacterial ability of KOR
river in mercury bioremediation. J Environ Sci Technol. 2000; 11(1): 97-106. [In Persian]
7. Dash HR, Das S. Bioremediation of mercury and the importance of bacterial mer genes. Int
Biodeterior Biodegrad. 2012; 75: 207-213.
8. Moore B. A new screen test and selective medium for the rapid detection of epidemic strains of
Staphylococcus aureus. Lancet.1960; 2: 453-458
9. Horn JM, Brunke M, Deckwer WD, Timmis KN. Pseudomonas putida strains which
constitutively overexpress mercury resistance for bioremediation of organomercurials pollutants.
Appl Environ. 1994; 60: 357-362.
10. Barkay T, Miller SM, Summers AO. Bacterial mercury resistance from atoms to ecosystems.
FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2003; 27: 355-384.
11. Ray S, Gachhui R, Pahan K, Chaudhury J, Mundal A. Detoxification of mercury and
organomercurials by nitrogen fixing soil bacteria. J Biosci.1989; 14: 173-182.
12. Frischmut A, Wappen P, Deckwer WD. Microbial transformation of mercury (II): I. Isolation
of microbes and characterization of their transformation capabilities. J Biotechnol. 1993; 29:
39-55.
13. Kafilzadeh F, Mirzaei N, Kargar M. The ability of bacteria Kur River in biological removal of
mercury. Environ Sci. 2009; 11: 97-106. [In Persian]
14. Birnboim HC, Doly JA. Rapid alkaline extraction procedure for screening recombinant
plasmid DNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 1979; 7: 1513-1523.
15. Bartlett JMS, Stirling D. A short history of the Polymerase Chain Reaction. PCR Protocols.
Methods Mol Biol. 2003; 226: 3-6.
16. Lu G, Moriyama EN. Vector NTI, a balanced all-in-one sequence analysis suite. Briefings
Bioinformatics. 2004; 5(4): 378-388.
17. Protocols and applications guide, Third Edition. Promega Corporation; 1996.
18. NCBI. 2018. Plasmid pDU1358 (from S. marcescens) mercurial resistance (mer) operon
encoding organomercurial lyase (merB), mercury resistance protein (merD), complete cds, and
mercury reductase (merA), 3' end. National Library of Medicine 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda
MD, 20894 USA. Available on: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/M15049.1
19. Sambrook J, Fritsch EF and Maniatis T. Molecular cloning: A laboratory manual, 2nd ed.,
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY; 1989.
20. Raymond S, Weintraub L. Acrylamide gel as a supporting medium for zone electrophoresis.
Sci. 1959; 130 (3377): 711.
21. Sheen P, Ferrer P, Gilman RH, Christiansen G, Moreno-Roman P, Gutierrez AH. Role of
metal ions on the activity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Pyrazinamidase. Am J Trop Med
Hygiene. 2012; 87: 61-153.
22. Noghabi KA, Zahiri HS, Yoon SC. The production of a cold-induced extracellular biopolymer
by Pseudomonas fluorescens BM07 under various growth conditions and its role in heavy
metals absorption. Process Biochem. 2007; 42: 847-855.
23. Giesen Ch, Waenting L, Panne U, Jakubowski N. History of inductively coupled plasma mass
spectrometry-based immunoassays. Spectrochimica Acta Part B. 2012; 76: 27-39.
24. Farshbaf Benam M. Genetic engineering of bacteria for bioremediation of organic mercury
by nano technology. Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Agricultue, Azarbaijan Shahid
Madani University, Tabriz, Iran.2015; 74-75.
25. Dash HR, Das S. Bioremediation of inorganic mercury through volatilization and
biosorption by transgenic Bacillus cereus BW-03(p PW-05). Int Biodeterior Biodegrad. 2015;
103: 179-185.
26. Noghabi KA, Zahiri HS, Yoon SC. The production of a cold-induced extracellular
biopolymer by Pseudomonas fluorescens BM07 under various growth conditions and its role
in heavy metals absorption. Process Biochem. 2007; 42: 847-855.
27. François F, Lombard C, Guigner J-M, Soreau P, Brian-Jaisson F, Martino G, Vandervennet
M, Garcia D, Molinier A-L, Pignol D. Isolation and characterization of environmental bacteria
capable of extracellular biosorption of mercury. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2012; 78:
1097-1106.
28. Kinoshita H, Sohma Y, Ohtake F, Ishida M, Kawai Y, Kitazawa H, Saito T, Kimura K.
Biosorption of heavy metals by lactic acid bacteria and identification of mercury binding
protein. Res Microbiol. 2013; 164:701-709.
29. Deng X, Jia P. Construction and characterization of a photosynthetic bacterium genetically
engineered for Hg2+ uptake. Bioresource Technol. 2011; 102: 3083-3088.
30. Essa AMM, Creamer NJ, Brown NL, Macaskie LE. A new approach. to the remediation of
heavy metal liquid wastes via off-gases produced by Klebsiella pneumoniae M426. Biotechnol
Bioeng. 2006; 95: 576-583.
31. Brim H, McFarlan SC, Fredrickson JK, Minton KW, Zhai M, Wackett LP, Daly MJ.
Engineering Deinococcus radiodurans for metal remediation in radioactive mixed waste
environments. Nature Biotechnol. 2000; 18: 85-90.
32. Bae W, Mehra RK, Mulchandani A, Chen W. Genetic engineering of Escherichia coli for
enhanced uptake and bioaccumulation of mercury. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2001; 67:
5335-5338.
33. Huang CC, Narita M, Yamagata T, Endo G. Identification of three merB genes and
characterization of a broad-spectrum mercury resistance module encoded by a class II
transposon of Bacillus megaterium MB1. Gene. 1999; 239: 361-366.
34. Khoshniat P. Isolation and cloning of mercuric reductase merA gene to a suitable expression
vector and study of its expression. Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Agricultue,
Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
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species in fish and aquatic ecosystems of Moravian rivers. Veterinarni Medicina. 2006; 51:
100-110.
2. Mahbub KR, Krishnan K, Megharaj M, Naidu R. Bioremediation potential of a highly mercury
resistant bacterial strain Sphingobium SA2 isolated from contaminated soil. Chemosphere. 2016;
144: 330-337.
3. Wagner-De Obler I. Bioremediation of mercury: Current research and industrial applications.
Horizon Scientific Press. 2013.
4. Meagher RB. Phytoremediation of toxic elemental and organic pollutants. Cur Opinion Plant
Biol. 2000; 3(2): 153-162.
5. Abioye OP. Biological remediation of hydrocarbon and heavy metals contaminated soil. In:
Soil contamination. Edited by Simone Pascucci. INTECH open Access Publisher. 2011; pp.
127-142.
6. Kafilzadeh F, Mirzayie N, Kargar M, Kargar MO. Investigation on bacterial ability of KOR
river in mercury bioremediation. J Environ Sci Technol. 2000; 11(1): 97-106. [In Persian]
7. Dash HR, Das S. Bioremediation of mercury and the importance of bacterial mer genes. Int
Biodeterior Biodegrad. 2012; 75: 207-213.
8. Moore B. A new screen test and selective medium for the rapid detection of epidemic strains of
Staphylococcus aureus. Lancet.1960; 2: 453-458
9. Horn JM, Brunke M, Deckwer WD, Timmis KN. Pseudomonas putida strains which
constitutively overexpress mercury resistance for bioremediation of organomercurials pollutants.
Appl Environ. 1994; 60: 357-362.
10. Barkay T, Miller SM, Summers AO. Bacterial mercury resistance from atoms to ecosystems.
FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2003; 27: 355-384.
11. Ray S, Gachhui R, Pahan K, Chaudhury J, Mundal A. Detoxification of mercury and
organomercurials by nitrogen fixing soil bacteria. J Biosci.1989; 14: 173-182.
12. Frischmut A, Wappen P, Deckwer WD. Microbial transformation of mercury (II): I. Isolation
of microbes and characterization of their transformation capabilities. J Biotechnol. 1993; 29:
39-55.
13. Kafilzadeh F, Mirzaei N, Kargar M. The ability of bacteria Kur River in biological removal of
mercury. Environ Sci. 2009; 11: 97-106. [In Persian]
14. Birnboim HC, Doly JA. Rapid alkaline extraction procedure for screening recombinant
plasmid DNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 1979; 7: 1513-1523.
15. Bartlett JMS, Stirling D. A short history of the Polymerase Chain Reaction. PCR Protocols.
Methods Mol Biol. 2003; 226: 3-6.
16. Lu G, Moriyama EN. Vector NTI, a balanced all-in-one sequence analysis suite. Briefings
Bioinformatics. 2004; 5(4): 378-388.
17. Protocols and applications guide, Third Edition. Promega Corporation; 1996.
18. NCBI. 2018. Plasmid pDU1358 (from S. marcescens) mercurial resistance (mer) operon
encoding organomercurial lyase (merB), mercury resistance protein (merD), complete cds, and
mercury reductase (merA), 3' end. National Library of Medicine 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda
MD, 20894 USA. Available on: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/M15049.1
19. Sambrook J, Fritsch EF and Maniatis T. Molecular cloning: A laboratory manual, 2nd ed.,
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY; 1989.
20. Raymond S, Weintraub L. Acrylamide gel as a supporting medium for zone electrophoresis.
Sci. 1959; 130 (3377): 711.
21. Sheen P, Ferrer P, Gilman RH, Christiansen G, Moreno-Roman P, Gutierrez AH. Role of
metal ions on the activity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Pyrazinamidase. Am J Trop Med
Hygiene. 2012; 87: 61-153.
22. Noghabi KA, Zahiri HS, Yoon SC. The production of a cold-induced extracellular biopolymer
by Pseudomonas fluorescens BM07 under various growth conditions and its role in heavy
metals absorption. Process Biochem. 2007; 42: 847-855.
23. Giesen Ch, Waenting L, Panne U, Jakubowski N. History of inductively coupled plasma mass
spectrometry-based immunoassays. Spectrochimica Acta Part B. 2012; 76: 27-39.
24. Farshbaf Benam M. Genetic engineering of bacteria for bioremediation of organic mercury
by nano technology. Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Agricultue, Azarbaijan Shahid
Madani University, Tabriz, Iran.2015; 74-75.
25. Dash HR, Das S. Bioremediation of inorganic mercury through volatilization and
biosorption by transgenic Bacillus cereus BW-03(p PW-05). Int Biodeterior Biodegrad. 2015;
103: 179-185.
26. Noghabi KA, Zahiri HS, Yoon SC. The production of a cold-induced extracellular
biopolymer by Pseudomonas fluorescens BM07 under various growth conditions and its role
in heavy metals absorption. Process Biochem. 2007; 42: 847-855.
27. François F, Lombard C, Guigner J-M, Soreau P, Brian-Jaisson F, Martino G, Vandervennet
M, Garcia D, Molinier A-L, Pignol D. Isolation and characterization of environmental bacteria
capable of extracellular biosorption of mercury. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2012; 78:
1097-1106.
28. Kinoshita H, Sohma Y, Ohtake F, Ishida M, Kawai Y, Kitazawa H, Saito T, Kimura K.
Biosorption of heavy metals by lactic acid bacteria and identification of mercury binding
protein. Res Microbiol. 2013; 164:701-709.
29. Deng X, Jia P. Construction and characterization of a photosynthetic bacterium genetically
engineered for Hg2+ uptake. Bioresource Technol. 2011; 102: 3083-3088.
30. Essa AMM, Creamer NJ, Brown NL, Macaskie LE. A new approach. to the remediation of
heavy metal liquid wastes via off-gases produced by Klebsiella pneumoniae M426. Biotechnol
Bioeng. 2006; 95: 576-583.
31. Brim H, McFarlan SC, Fredrickson JK, Minton KW, Zhai M, Wackett LP, Daly MJ.
Engineering Deinococcus radiodurans for metal remediation in radioactive mixed waste
environments. Nature Biotechnol. 2000; 18: 85-90.
32. Bae W, Mehra RK, Mulchandani A, Chen W. Genetic engineering of Escherichia coli for
enhanced uptake and bioaccumulation of mercury. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2001; 67:
5335-5338.
33. Huang CC, Narita M, Yamagata T, Endo G. Identification of three merB genes and
characterization of a broad-spectrum mercury resistance module encoded by a class II
transposon of Bacillus megaterium MB1. Gene. 1999; 239: 361-366.
34. Khoshniat P. Isolation and cloning of mercuric reductase merA gene to a suitable expression
vector and study of its expression. Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Agricultue,
Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran