طراحی و ساخت پرسشنامه علاقه به مدرسه در بین دانش‌آموزان مقطع ابتدایی
محورهای موضوعی : روانشناسی تربیتیپروین بهاری 1 , غلامرضا گل محمدنژادبهرامی 2 , سیاوش شیخعلی‌زاده 3
1 - دانش‌آموخته کارشناسی ارشد تحقیقات آموزشی، گروه علوم تربیتی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی، دانشگاه شهید مدنی آذربایجان، تبریز، ایران
2 - گروه علوم تربیتی دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی دانشگاه شهید مدنی اذربایجان
3 - استادیار گروه علوم تربیتی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی، دانشگاه شهید مدنی آذربایجان، تبریز، ایران
کلید واژه: تعهد به مدرسه, تعلق به مدرسه, علاقه به مدرسه, مشارکت در فعالیت‌های مدرسه,
چکیده مقاله :
هدف از پژوهش حاضر طراحی و ساخت پرسشنامه علاقه به مدرسه در بین دانش‌آموزان مقطع ابتدایی است. روش پژوهش توصیفی از نوع روان‌سنجی بود. جامعه آماری پژوهش کلیه دانش‌آموزان ابتدایی در پایه‌های دوم، سوم، چهارم، پنجم و ششم استان آذربایجان غربی در سال تحصیلی 99-1398 بودند که از بین آن‌ها 420 نفر با روش نمونه‌گیری خوشه‌ای چند مرحله‌ای تصادفی انتخاب شدند. روایی محتوایی پرسشنامه توسط 14 نفر از اساتید بررسی و تأیید شد. مقدار CVR سؤالات با استفاده از فرمول لاوشه در محدوده 57/0 تا 99/0 و میزان CVI S-نیز با فرمول میانگین‌گیری 87/0 به‌دست آمد. پس از بررسی شاخص‌های اعتبار هر سؤال، وجود همسانی درونی بالا در پرسشنامه تأیید شد. به منظور بررسی روایی ملاکی، همبستگی نمره کلی پرسشنامه و همبستگی هر گویه با ملاک محاسبه شد که نتایج در سطح 01/0 معنادار بودند. روایی سازه‌ای پرسشنامه از طریق تحلیل عاملی اکتشافی با سه عامل (مشارکت در فعالیت‌های مدرسه، تعهد به مدرسه و تعلق به مدرسه)، که در مجموع 18/75 درصد از واریانس کل پرسشنامه را تبیین می‌کردند و همچنین با استفاده از تحلیل عاملی تأییدی بررسی و تأیید شد. آلفای کرونباخ برای کل پرسشنامه 98/0 و برای هر کدام از عامل‌ها به ترتیب 979/0، 926/0 و 845/0 به‌دست آمد. در نتیجه پرسشنامه علاقه به مدرسه با 28 گویه، جهت سنجش علاقه به مدرسه در دانش‌آموزان مقطع ابتدایی از اعتبار و روایی مطلوبی برخوردار است
The purpose of this study was design and construct of questionnaire interest to school among elementary school students. The research method was descriptive by psychometrics. The population of research was all of elementary students in the second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth grades in West Azerbaijan province in the academic year of 2019-20, that among them 420 people selected by randomly multi-stage cluster sampling method. Questionnaire content validity was reviewed and confirmed by 14 professors. The CVR value of each question using the Lawshe formula in the range, 0.57 to 0.99 and the S-CVI was calculated 0.87 by Averaging formula. After examining the reliability indices of each question, the existence of high internal consistency in the questionnaire was confirmed. In order to investigate criterion validity, the correlation between the total score of the questionnaire and the correlation between each item and the criterion were calculated that the results were significant at the level of 0.01., The construct validity of the questionnaire through exploratory factor analysis with three factors (participation in school activities, commitment to school and connectedness to school), which explained 75.18% of the total variance of the questionnaire, also was examining and confirmed using confirmatory factor analysis. Cronbach's alpha for the whole questionnaire was 0.98 and for each of the factors were 0.979, 0.926 and 0.845, respectively. As a result, the interest to school questionnaire with 28 items for measure the interest to school in the elementary school students, has the optimal reliability and validity
اورنجن، اعظم و شاطریان محمدی، فاطمه. (1394). رابطه بین احساس تعلق به مدرسه با درگیری تحصیلی در دانش‌آموزان پیش دانشگاهی. کنفرانس سراسری دانش و فناوری علوم تربیتی مطالعات اجتماعی و روانشناسی ایران، تهران.
بشرپور، سجاد.، عیسی‌زادگان، علی.، زاهد، عادل و احمدیان، لیلا. (1392). مقایسه خودپندارة تحصیلی و اشتیاق به مدرسه در دانش‌آموزان مبتلا به ناتوانی یادگیری و عادی. مجله مطالعات آموزش و یادگیری، 5(2)، 64-47.
جناآبادی، حسین و سارانی، فهیمه. (1398). اثربخشی آموزش خودکارآمدی بر کمک طلبی تحصیلی و اشتیاق تحصیلی دانش‌آموزان. مجله مطالعات روانشناسی تربیتی. 16(36)، 28-1.
رستمی، نیر و راد، فیروز. (1392). بررسی عوامل اجتماعی مرتبط با گرایش دانش‌آموزان به رفتارهای نابهنجار: مطالعه دانش‌آموزان دختر مقطع متوسطه شهر اهر. مطالعات جامعه‌شناسی، 6(20)، 55-75.
رسولی خورشیدی، فاطمه.، عرب عامری، محمد و بهرامی، معصومه. (1398). سنجش مقیاس پنج مؤلفه‌ای اشتیاق دانش‌آموز در مدرسه. مجله مطالعات روانشناسی تربیتی، 16(34)، 77-92.
رضایی‌شریف، علی.، حجازی، الهه.، قاضی طباطبایی، محمود و اژه‌ای، جواد(1393). ساخت و آماده‌سازی پرسشنامه‌ی پیوند با مدرسه (SBQ) در دانش‌آموزان. مجله روان شناسی مدرسه، 3(1)، 55-67.
رمضانی، ملیحه و خامسان، احمد. (1396). شاخص‌های روان‌سنجی پرسشنامه درگیری تحصیلی ریو 2013: با معرفی درگیری عاملی. فصلنامه اندازه‌گیری تربیتی، 8(29)، 185-204.
زاهد، عادل.، کریمی یوسفی، سیده هایده و معینی‌کیا، مهدی. (1392). ویژگی‌های روان‌سنجی مقیاس اشتیاق به مدرسه. فصلنامه‌ی علمی - پژوهشی مطالعات آموزشی و آموزشگاهی، 2(4)، 56-70.
سیف، علی‌اکبر. (1390). اندازه‌گیری سنجش و ارزشیابی آموزشی. تهران: دوران.
شکری، مهدی و زاهد بابلان، عادل. (1394). مقایسه اشتیاق تحصیلی و ابعاد آن در بین دانش‌آموزان تیزهوش دختر و پسر مدارس شهر اردبیل. دومین کنفرانس ملی توسعه پایدار در علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی، مطالعات اجتماعی و فرهنگی، تهران. https://civilica.com/doc/394598
گلپایگانی، فهیمه و خادمی اشکذری، ملوک (1391). رابطه تعهد به مدرسه، نگرش به مواد مخدر و مصرف آن در دانش‌آموزان. فصلنامه اعتیاد پژوهی سوء مصرف مواد، 6(22)، 65-74.
مصر‌آبادی، جواد. (1398). کاربست آمار استنباطی در علوم رفتاری. تبریز: دانشگاه شهید مدنی آذربایجان.
مهدوی، محمد‌صادق و عباسی اسفجیر، علی‌اصغر. (1387). بررسی رابطه‌ی بین پیوندهای اجتماعی - خانوادگی و میزان بزهکاری نوجوانان. فصلنامه پژوهش اجتماعی، 1(1)، 11- 45.
میرزابیگی، احمد، بختیارپور، سعید، افتخار صعادی، زهرا، مکوندی، بهنام و پاشا، رضا (1397). مقایسه سرزندگی تحصیلی، احساس تعلق به مدرسه، انگیزه پیشرفت تحصیلی در بین دانش‌آموزان دختر و پسر مدارس متوسطه دوم شهر ایلام. نشریه پژوهش در نظام های آموزشی، 12(ویژه‌نامه)، 1085-1104.
نریمانی، محمد و اسرافیلی، هاجر (1398). رابطه احساس تعلق به مدرسه، اشتیاق تحصیلی و هیجان تحصیلی با بهزیستی مدرسه در دانش‌آموزان. اولین همایش ملی مدرسه فردا، اردبیل.
هومن، حیدر‌علی. (1395). تحلیل داده‌های چند متغیری در پژوهش رفتاری. تهران: پیک فرهنگ.
Bakadorova, O., Lazarides, R., & Raufelder, D. (2020). Effects of social and individual school self-concepts on school engagement during adolescence. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 35(1): 73-91.
Bashirpur, S. Isazadegan, A, Zahed, A., & Ahmadiyan, L. (2013). Comparison of academic self-concept and school engagement among students with disabilities. Journal of Teaching and Learning Studies. 5(2): 47-64 ]In Persian[.
Charkhabi, M., Khalezov, E., Kotova, T., S Baker, J., Dutheil, F., and Arsalidou, M. (2020). Correction: School engagement of children in early grades: Psychometric, and gender comparisons. Plos one, 15(1), e0228605.
Cornell, D., Shukla, K., & Konold, T. R. (2016). Authoritative school climate and student academic engagement, grades, and aspirations in middle and high schools. AERA Open, 2(2): 2332858416633184.
Davis, L. L. (1992). Instrument review: Getting the most from a panel of experts. Applied nursing research, 5(4): 194-197.
Echeverria, R. A. (2006). School engagement: Testing the factorial validity, measurement, structural and latent means invariance between African American and White students. Doctoral dissertation, Virginia Tech.
Erdogdu, M. Y. (2019). The Mediating Role of School Engagement in the Relationship between Attitude toward Learning and Academic Achievement. International Journal of Education and Literacy Studies, 7(2): 75-81.
Fredricks, J. A., Blumenfeld, P. C., & Paris, A. H. (2004). School engagement: Potential of the concept, state of the evidence. Review of educational research, 74(1): 59-109..
تین
Golpayegani F., & Khademi M. (2012). The Relationship between Commitment to School, Attitude toward Narcotics, and Drug Abuse among Students. etiadpajohi. Quarterly of Research on Addiction, 6(22) :65-74. ]In Persian[.
Grant, J. S., & Davis, L.T. (1997). Selection and use of content experts in instrument development. Research in Nursing and Health, 20(3): 269–274.
Harris, L. R. (2008). A phenomenographic investigation of teacher conceptions of student engagement in learning. The Australian Educational Researcher, 35(1): 57-79.
Hooman, H. A. (2016). Multivariate Data Analysis in Behavioral Research. Tehran: Peyk Farhang. ]In Persian[.
jenaabadi, H., & Sarani, F. (2020). the effect of self-efficacy training on academic help-seeking and academic engagement among junior high school students in Zahedan. Journal of Educational Psychology Studies, 16(36): 1-28. ]In Persian[.
Jimerson, S. R., Campos, E., & Greif, J. L. (2003). Toward an understanding of definitions and measures of school engagement and related terms. The California School Psychologist, 8(1): 7-27.
Kaiser, H. F. (1960). The application of electronic computers to factor analysis. Educational and psychological measurement, 20(1): 141-151.
Lawshe, C. H. (1975). A quantitative approach to content validity. Personnel psychology, 28(4): 563-575.
Lawson, M. A., & Lawson, H. A. (2013). New conceptual frameworks for student engagement research, policy, and practice. Review of educational research, 83(3): 432-479.
Lei, H., Cui, Y., & Zhou, W. (2018). Relationships between student engagement and academic achievement: A meta-analysis. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 46(3): 517-528.
Mahdavi, S. M. S., & Abbasi Asfajir A. A. (2008). Investigating the Relationship between Socio-Family Relationships and Adolescent Delinquency Rate. Journal of Social Research, 1(1): 11-45. ]In Persian[.
Mesrabadi, J. (2019). Pplication of Inferential Statistics in Behevioral Sciences. Tabriz: Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University. ]In Persian[.
Mirzabeigi, A., Bakhtiarpour, S., Eftekhar saadi, Z., Makvandi, B., & Pasha, R. (2018). Comparison of educational vitality, feeling of belonging to the school, the motivation of academic achievement among male and female students of secondary schools in Ilam. Journal of Research in Educational Systems, 2(Special Issue), 1085-1104. ]In Persian[.
Narimani, M., & Esrafili, H. (2019). The relationship between school belonging, academic enthusiasm and academic excitement with school well-being in students. The first national school conference tomorrow, Ardabil. https://civilica.com/doc/1013273. ]In Persian[.
Orange, A., & Shaterian Mohammadi, F. (2015). The relationship between school belonging and academic involvement in preschool students. National Conference on Science and Technology of Educational Sciences, Social. https://civilica.com/ doc / 467822. ]In Persian[.
Ottu, I. F. (2017). Cooperative Stakeholding: Optimising Students' Educational Practice through Need-Centred Self-Determination, Connectedness with Learning Environment and Passion. Journal of Education and Practice, 8(4): 21-33.
Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2006). The content validity index: are you sure you know what's being reported? Critique and recommendations. Research in nursing & health, 29(5): 489-497.
Ramazani, M., & khamesan, A. (2017). Psychometric characteristics of Reeve’s academic engagement questionnaire 2013: with the introduction of the Agentic Engagement. Quarterly of Educational Measurement, 8(29): 185-204 ]In Persian[.
Rasoli khorshidi, f., Arab Ameri, M., & bahrami, M. (2019). Abstract Validity and Reliability of Student Engagement in School Scale. Journal of Educational Psychology Studies, 16 (34): 77-92 ]In Persian[.
Reschly, A. L., Huebner, E. S., Appleton, J. J., & Antaramian, S. (2008). Engagement as flourishing: The contribution of positive emotions and coping to adolescents’ engagement at school and with learning. Psychology in the Schools, 45(5): 419–431.
Rezaei Sharif, A., Hejazi, E., Gazi Tabatabaei, M., & Ejei, J. (2014). Developing and preparation of school bonding questionnaire (SBQ) in students. Journal of School Psychology, 3(1): 55-67 ]In Persian[.
Rostami, N., & Rad, F. (2013). Investigating social factors related to the tendency of students to abnormal behavior (Study of female students in secondary school in Ahar). Journal of Sociology studies, 6(20): 55-75 ]In Persian[.
Saif, A. A. (2011). Educational Measurement, Assessment and Evaluation. Tehran: Doran ]In Persian[.
Shoukri, M., & Zahed, A. (2015). Comparison of Academic Engagement and its Dimensions Among Gifted Male and Female Students of Ardabil Schools. The Second National Conference on Sustainable Development in Educational Sciences and Psychology, Social and Cultural Studies, Tehran ]In Persian[.
Skinner, E. A., & Belmont, M. J. (1993). Motivation in the classroom: Reciprocal effects of teacher behavior and student engagement across the school year. Journal of Educational Psychology, 85(4), 571–581.
Veiga, F. H. (2016). Assessing student Engagement in School: Development and validation of a four-dimensional scale. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 217, 813-819.
Veiga, F., Burden, R., Appleton, J., Taveira, M. d. C., & Galvao, D. (2014). Student’s engagement in school: conceptualization and relations with personal variables and academic performance. Revista de Psicología y Educacion, 9(1): 29-47.
Vytasek, J. M., Patzak, A., & Winne, P. H. (2020). Analytics for student engagement. In Machine Learning Paradigms (pp. 23-48): Springer, Cham.
Wang, M. T., & Eccles, J. S. (2013). School context, achievement motivation, and academic engagement: A longitudinal study of school engagement using a multidimensional perspective. Learning and Instruction, 28, 12-23.
Wang, M. T., & Peck, S. C. (2013). Adolescent educational success and mental health vary across school engagement profiles. Developmental psychology, 49(7): 1266.
Wang, M. T., Fredricks, J., Ye, F., Hofkens, T., & Linn, J. S. (2017). Conceptualization and assessment of adolescents’ engagement and disengagement in school: A multidimensional school engagement scale.
Wang, M. T., Willett, J. B., & Eccles, J. S. (2011). The assessment of school engagement: Examining dimensionality and measurement invariance by gender and race/ethnicity. Journal of School Psychology, 49(4): 465-480.
Xing, X., & Gordon, H. R. (2021). Mediating effects of school engagement between high school on-time completion and career and technical education. Vocations and Learning, 14(1): 1-21.
Zahed, A., Karimi Yousefi, S. H., & MoeiniKia, M. (2013). Psychometric Properties of the Scale of Interest in School. Educational and Scholastic studies, 2(4): 56-70 ]In Persian[.
_||_Bakadorova, O., Lazarides, R., & Raufelder, D. (2020). Effects of social and individual school self-concepts on school engagement during adolescence. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 35(1): 73-91.
Bashirpur, S. Isazadegan, A, Zahed, A., & Ahmadiyan, L. (2013). Comparison of academic self-concept and school engagement among students with disabilities. Journal of Teaching and Learning Studies. 5(2): 47-64 ]In Persian[.
Charkhabi, M., Khalezov, E., Kotova, T., S Baker, J., Dutheil, F., and Arsalidou, M. (2020). Correction: School engagement of children in early grades: Psychometric, and gender comparisons. Plos one, 15(1), e0228605.
Cornell, D., Shukla, K., & Konold, T. R. (2016). Authoritative school climate and student academic engagement, grades, and aspirations in middle and high schools. AERA Open, 2(2): 2332858416633184.
Davis, L. L. (1992). Instrument review: Getting the most from a panel of experts. Applied nursing research, 5(4): 194-197.
Echeverria, R. A. (2006). School engagement: Testing the factorial validity, measurement, structural and latent means invariance between African American and White students. Doctoral dissertation, Virginia Tech.
Erdogdu, M. Y. (2019). The Mediating Role of School Engagement in the Relationship between Attitude toward Learning and Academic Achievement. International Journal of Education and Literacy Studies, 7(2): 75-81.
Fredricks, J. A., Blumenfeld, P. C., & Paris, A. H. (2004). School engagement: Potential of the concept, state of the evidence. Review of educational research, 74(1): 59-109..
تین
Golpayegani F., & Khademi M. (2012). The Relationship between Commitment to School, Attitude toward Narcotics, and Drug Abuse among Students. etiadpajohi. Quarterly of Research on Addiction, 6(22) :65-74. ]In Persian[.
Grant, J. S., & Davis, L.T. (1997). Selection and use of content experts in instrument development. Research in Nursing and Health, 20(3): 269–274.
Harris, L. R. (2008). A phenomenographic investigation of teacher conceptions of student engagement in learning. The Australian Educational Researcher, 35(1): 57-79.
Hooman, H. A. (2016). Multivariate Data Analysis in Behavioral Research. Tehran: Peyk Farhang. ]In Persian[.
jenaabadi, H., & Sarani, F. (2020). the effect of self-efficacy training on academic help-seeking and academic engagement among junior high school students in Zahedan. Journal of Educational Psychology Studies, 16(36): 1-28. ]In Persian[.
Jimerson, S. R., Campos, E., & Greif, J. L. (2003). Toward an understanding of definitions and measures of school engagement and related terms. The California School Psychologist, 8(1): 7-27.
Kaiser, H. F. (1960). The application of electronic computers to factor analysis. Educational and psychological measurement, 20(1): 141-151.
Lawshe, C. H. (1975). A quantitative approach to content validity. Personnel psychology, 28(4): 563-575.
Lawson, M. A., & Lawson, H. A. (2013). New conceptual frameworks for student engagement research, policy, and practice. Review of educational research, 83(3): 432-479.
Lei, H., Cui, Y., & Zhou, W. (2018). Relationships between student engagement and academic achievement: A meta-analysis. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 46(3): 517-528.
Mahdavi, S. M. S., & Abbasi Asfajir A. A. (2008). Investigating the Relationship between Socio-Family Relationships and Adolescent Delinquency Rate. Journal of Social Research, 1(1): 11-45. ]In Persian[.
Mesrabadi, J. (2019). Pplication of Inferential Statistics in Behevioral Sciences. Tabriz: Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University. ]In Persian[.
Mirzabeigi, A., Bakhtiarpour, S., Eftekhar saadi, Z., Makvandi, B., & Pasha, R. (2018). Comparison of educational vitality, feeling of belonging to the school, the motivation of academic achievement among male and female students of secondary schools in Ilam. Journal of Research in Educational Systems, 2(Special Issue), 1085-1104. ]In Persian[.
Narimani, M., & Esrafili, H. (2019). The relationship between school belonging, academic enthusiasm and academic excitement with school well-being in students. The first national school conference tomorrow, Ardabil. https://civilica.com/doc/1013273. ]In Persian[.
Orange, A., & Shaterian Mohammadi, F. (2015). The relationship between school belonging and academic involvement in preschool students. National Conference on Science and Technology of Educational Sciences, Social. https://civilica.com/ doc / 467822. ]In Persian[.
Ottu, I. F. (2017). Cooperative Stakeholding: Optimising Students' Educational Practice through Need-Centred Self-Determination, Connectedness with Learning Environment and Passion. Journal of Education and Practice, 8(4): 21-33.
Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2006). The content validity index: are you sure you know what's being reported? Critique and recommendations. Research in nursing & health, 29(5): 489-497.
Ramazani, M., & khamesan, A. (2017). Psychometric characteristics of Reeve’s academic engagement questionnaire 2013: with the introduction of the Agentic Engagement. Quarterly of Educational Measurement, 8(29): 185-204 ]In Persian[.
Rasoli khorshidi, f., Arab Ameri, M., & bahrami, M. (2019). Abstract Validity and Reliability of Student Engagement in School Scale. Journal of Educational Psychology Studies, 16 (34): 77-92 ]In Persian[.
Reschly, A. L., Huebner, E. S., Appleton, J. J., & Antaramian, S. (2008). Engagement as flourishing: The contribution of positive emotions and coping to adolescents’ engagement at school and with learning. Psychology in the Schools, 45(5): 419–431.
Rezaei Sharif, A., Hejazi, E., Gazi Tabatabaei, M., & Ejei, J. (2014). Developing and preparation of school bonding questionnaire (SBQ) in students. Journal of School Psychology, 3(1): 55-67 ]In Persian[.
Rostami, N., & Rad, F. (2013). Investigating social factors related to the tendency of students to abnormal behavior (Study of female students in secondary school in Ahar). Journal of Sociology studies, 6(20): 55-75 ]In Persian[.
Saif, A. A. (2011). Educational Measurement, Assessment and Evaluation. Tehran: Doran ]In Persian[.
Shoukri, M., & Zahed, A. (2015). Comparison of Academic Engagement and its Dimensions Among Gifted Male and Female Students of Ardabil Schools. The Second National Conference on Sustainable Development in Educational Sciences and Psychology, Social and Cultural Studies, Tehran ]In Persian[.
Skinner, E. A., & Belmont, M. J. (1993). Motivation in the classroom: Reciprocal effects of teacher behavior and student engagement across the school year. Journal of Educational Psychology, 85(4), 571–581.
Veiga, F. H. (2016). Assessing student Engagement in School: Development and validation of a four-dimensional scale. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 217, 813-819.
Veiga, F., Burden, R., Appleton, J., Taveira, M. d. C., & Galvao, D. (2014). Student’s engagement in school: conceptualization and relations with personal variables and academic performance. Revista de Psicología y Educacion, 9(1): 29-47.
Vytasek, J. M., Patzak, A., & Winne, P. H. (2020). Analytics for student engagement. In Machine Learning Paradigms (pp. 23-48): Springer, Cham.
Wang, M. T., & Eccles, J. S. (2013). School context, achievement motivation, and academic engagement: A longitudinal study of school engagement using a multidimensional perspective. Learning and Instruction, 28, 12-23.
Wang, M. T., & Peck, S. C. (2013). Adolescent educational success and mental health vary across school engagement profiles. Developmental psychology, 49(7): 1266.
Wang, M. T., Fredricks, J., Ye, F., Hofkens, T., & Linn, J. S. (2017). Conceptualization and assessment of adolescents’ engagement and disengagement in school: A multidimensional school engagement scale.
Wang, M. T., Willett, J. B., & Eccles, J. S. (2011). The assessment of school engagement: Examining dimensionality and measurement invariance by gender and race/ethnicity. Journal of School Psychology, 49(4): 465-480.
Xing, X., & Gordon, H. R. (2021). Mediating effects of school engagement between high school on-time completion and career and technical education. Vocations and Learning, 14(1): 1-21.
Zahed, A., Karimi Yousefi, S. H., & MoeiniKia, M. (2013). Psychometric Properties of the Scale of Interest in School. Educational and Scholastic studies, 2(4): 56-70 ]In Persian[.