بررسی کارایی سیستم های طبیعی و لجن فعال جهت تصفیه فاضلاب شهری
محورهای موضوعی : آلودگی محیط زیست (آب و فاضلاب)رضا شکوهی 1 , عبداله درگاهی 2 , امیر کرمی 3
1 - استاد گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی همدان، همدان، ایران
2 - مرکز تحقیقات عوامل اجتماعی موثر بر سلامت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی اردبیل، اردبیل، ایران
استادیار گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی اردبیل، اردبیل، ایران. *(مسئول مکاتبات)
3 - فارغ التحصیل دکترای گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی همدان، همدان، ایران
کلید واژه: نیزار مصنوعی, مواد آلی, لجن فعال, برکه تثبیت, تصفیه فاضلاب,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: ورود مواد آلی به منابع آب سبب مصرف اکسیژن محلول شده و برای موجودات زیستی نامطلوب تلقی می‌شود. لذا هدف از این تحقیق، بررسی کارایی سیستم های طبیعی تصفیه فاضلاب و لجن فعال جهت تصفیه فاضلاب شهری بود.روش بررسی: پژوهش حاضر به روش توصیفی مقطعی بر روی تصفیه‌خانه‌های فاضلاب استان کرمانشاه در طول مدت یک‌سال انجام پذیرفت. در طول مدت تحقیق هر هفته نمونه‌برداری از فاضلاب ورودی و پساب خروجی از تصفیه خانه انجام شد و کارایی تصفیه خانه با سنجش پارامترهایی نظیر TSS، BOD5 و COD مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. تمامی مراحل نمونه‌برداری و انجام آزمایش‌ها بر اساس روش‌های موجود در استاندارد متد انجام شد.یافته ها: نتایج نشان داد که میانگین کل برای پارامتر BOD5 پساب خروجی در سیستم‌های مختلف نیزار مصنوعی، برکه تثبیت، هوادهی گسترده و لجن فعال متعارف به‌ترتیبmg/l 55، 25، 21 و 23، برای COD به‌ترتیبmg/l 143، 43، 40 و 40 و برای TSS به‌ترتیبmg/l 47، 101، 40 و 33 به دست آمد. از بین سیستم های مورد بررسی بیش ترین میزان حذف COD مربوط به سیستم لجن فعال متعارف(97%/86) و کم ترین آن مربوط به نیزار مصنوعی(6%/61) بوده و بالاترین میزان حذف BOD5مربوط به سیستم برکه تثبیت(18%/85) و پایین ترین آن مربوط به نیزار مصنوعی(01%/72) می باشد. نسبت BOD5/COD در فاضلاب ورودی برای سیستم‌های مورد بررسی به ترتیب 56/0، 62/0، 59/0 و 55/0 به دست آمد.بحث و نتیجه گیری: در بررسی انطباق کیفیت پساب خروجی از تصفیه خانه‌های استان کرمانشاه با استانداردهای سازمان حفاظت محیط زیست ایران می توان نتیجه گرفت که پساب تولیدی از نظر پارامترهای مورد بررسی با استانداردهای رایج مطابقت داشته است و می توان از آن استفاده مجدد نمود و یا به آب های پذیرنده تخلیه کرد. هم چنین کارایی سیستم های طبیعی در حذف پارامترهای موردبررسی بیش تر از سیستم های لجن فعال بود.
Background and Objective: Consumption of dissolved oxygen by organic substances in water resources result in undesirable environment for living organisms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of natural wastewater treatment systems and activated sludge for municipal wastewater treatment.Methods: This one year-cross-sectional study was conducted on wastewater treatment plants in Kermanshah province. During the study, sampling of raw sewage and effluent of treatment plant was carried out and the efficiency of treatment plant was evaluated by measuring TSS, BOD5 and COD. All the sampling and testing procedures were adopted from the standard method.Findings: The results showed that the annual average of BOD5 in effluent for Wetland, stabilization pond, extended aeration and conventional activated sludge was 55, 25, 21 and 23 mg/l respectively. Also the annual average was 143, 43, 40 and 40 mg/lfor COD, and 47, 101, 40 and 33 mg/l for TSS, respectively. For COD removal the conventional activated sludge (86.97%) and Wetland (61.6%) were the most efficient and least efficient systems. For BOD5 removal the stabilization pond (85.18%) and Wetland (72.01%) were the most efficient and least efficient systems. The BOD5 / COD ratio in influent were respectively 0.56, 0.62, 0.59 and 0.55 in these systems.Discussion and Conclusion: In all of the mentioned wastewater treatment systems, the effluent parameters comply with the Iran environmental protection agency standards and it can be reused or discharged to water bodies. Also it can be concluded that, for above-mentioned parameters the removal efficiency of natural systems was more than activated sludge.
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2. Amin M.M, Hashemi H, Ebrahimi A, Bina B, Movahhedian Attar H, Jaberi A, Saffari H, Mousavian Z. Using Combined Processes of Filtration and Ultraviolet Irradiation for Effluent Disinfection of Isfahan North Wastewater Treatment Plant in Pilot Scale. Journal of water & wastewater.2010;2: 71-77 (in Persian).
3. Pirsaheb M, Khamutian R, Dargahi A. Efficiency of Activated Sludge Process (Extended Aeration) in Removal of Linear Alkyl Benzene Sulfonate (LAS) from Municipal Wastewater - Case Study: Wastewater Treatment of Paveh City. j.health. 2013; 4 (3) :249-259. (in Persian)
4. Wilderer PA, Schreff D. Decentralized and Centralized Wastewater Management: a Challenge forTechnology Developers.Water Science and Technology. 2000; 41(1): 1-8.
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6. WHO expertees Committee. Waste stabilization pond WHO Tech Ser. 1987, 10: 9-64.
7. Odegard H. Design and operation of small wastewater treatment plant. 3rd Iawq International Specialist conference (abstract). Condon, 1994: 161-182.
8. MehdiAhmadi, Masoud Tajrishi ,Ahmad Abrishamch. Technical and Economic Comparison of Conventional Wastewater Treatment Systems in the Sugar Industries in Iran, Journal of Water and Wastewater.1384,53, pp: 54-61. (in Persian)
9. Ashtiani A A, Rajaei S M, Faraz A. Disposal and filtration of wastewater in hospitals of Markazi Province in 2009. Arak Medical University Journal (AMUJ) Autumn 2010; 13(3): 100-108. (in Persian)
10. Droste, RL. Theory and Practice of Water And Wastewater Treatment. 1sted. New York: John Wiley: 1997: 248-253
11. Metcalf I. Wastewater Engineering; Treatment and Reuse: McGraw-Hill; 2003
12. Sherwood C. Natural system for wastewater treatment. Alexandria WHO press, 1995: 94-125
13. Sharafi K, Pirsaheb M, Khosravi T, Dargahi A, Moradi M & Savadpour M.T. Fluctuation of organic substances, solids, protozoan cysts, and parasite egg at different units of a wastewater integrated stabilization pond (full scale treatment plant): a case study, Iran. Desalination And Water Treat. 2015, 57: 4913-4919.
14. Almasi A, Pirsaheb M, Dargahi A. The Efficiency of Anaerobic Wastewater Stabilization Pond in Removing Phenol from Kermanshah Oil Refinery Wastewater. ijhe. 2012; 5 (1) :41-50. (in Persian)
15. Derayat J, Almasi A, Sharafi K, Meskini H, Dargahi A. The Efficiency Comparison of Conventional Activated Sludge and Stabilization Pond Systems in Removal of Cysts and Parasitic Eggs (A case Study: Kermanshah and Gilangharb Wastewater Treatment Plants). ijhe. 2011; 4 (2) :181-188. (in Persian)
16. Nemerow NL. Industrial Water Pollution Organics, Characteristic and Treatment. New York: VanNostrand Reinhold, 1997, 402-410.
17. Eckenfelder WW. Industrial Water Pollution Control. New York. McGraw- Hill, 1989, 2td ed: 189-193
18. Almasi A, Dargahi A, Hoseini MM, Janjani H, Mohammadi M, Tabandeh L. Efficiency of a constructed wetland in controlling organic pollutants, nitrogen, and heavy metals from sewage. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences 2016;9(4):2924-8.
19. Kadlec R H, Kinight R L,Treatement wetlands by CRC,1996,press LLC.
20. Classer LS, Greenberg AE, Eaton AD. Standard method for the examination of water and wastewater. 21st ed. Washington DC: the American Water Works Association 2005; 589-691.
21. Environmental Protection Organization of Iran, 2005, Environmental Criteria and Standards, Tehran: Publications of the Environmental Protection Organization of Iran. Pp. 28-19. (in Persian)
22. Tchobanoglous G. Burton F. Stensel D. Wastewater Engineering; treatment, disposal, reuse, 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2003.
23. Zazouli M, Ghahramani E, GhorbanianAlahAbad M, Nikouie A, Hashemi M. Survey of Activated Sludge Process Performance in Treatment of Agghala Industrial TownWastewater in Golestan Province in 2007. ijhe. 2010; 3 (1):59-66. (in Persian)
24. Matteus FA. Water management and conservation in and climates. Technomic publishing, USA, Chapter 5 and 7, 2000.
25. Rahmani Sani Abolfazl, 2000, Comparison of wastewater treatment of tropical regions by stabilization ponds and artificial wetlands according to technical and economic indicators. Master's thesis, Babol Engineering Faculty of Engineering. Mazandaran University. (in Persian)
26. Dargahi A, Pirsaheb M, Savadpoor MT, Alighadri M, Farookhi M. Effect of retention time and temperature on the efficiency stabilization ponds in treatment of petroleum wastewater. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 2014; 16(2): 13-24. (in Persian)
27. Salari H, Hassani A, Borghei M, Yazdanbakhsh AR, Rezaei H. Investigation of Performance Wetland In Removal N and P In Wastewater Treatment (Case Study:MoradTapeh). Journal Water & Wastewater. 2012; 23(3): 40-47. (in Persian)
_||_1. Antoniadis A, Takavakoglou V, Zalidis G, Poulios I. Development and the evaluation of an alternative method for municipal wastewater treatment using homogeneous photocatalysis and constructed wetlands. Catalysis Today.2007; 124: 260-265.
2. Amin M.M, Hashemi H, Ebrahimi A, Bina B, Movahhedian Attar H, Jaberi A, Saffari H, Mousavian Z. Using Combined Processes of Filtration and Ultraviolet Irradiation for Effluent Disinfection of Isfahan North Wastewater Treatment Plant in Pilot Scale. Journal of water & wastewater.2010;2: 71-77 (in Persian).
3. Pirsaheb M, Khamutian R, Dargahi A. Efficiency of Activated Sludge Process (Extended Aeration) in Removal of Linear Alkyl Benzene Sulfonate (LAS) from Municipal Wastewater - Case Study: Wastewater Treatment of Paveh City. j.health. 2013; 4 (3) :249-259. (in Persian)
4. Wilderer PA, Schreff D. Decentralized and Centralized Wastewater Management: a Challenge forTechnology Developers.Water Science and Technology. 2000; 41(1): 1-8.
5. Bakir HA. Sustainable Wastewater Management for Small Communities in the Middle East and North Africa. Journal of Environmental Management.2001; 61: 319-328.
6. WHO expertees Committee. Waste stabilization pond WHO Tech Ser. 1987, 10: 9-64.
7. Odegard H. Design and operation of small wastewater treatment plant. 3rd Iawq International Specialist conference (abstract). Condon, 1994: 161-182.
8. MehdiAhmadi, Masoud Tajrishi ,Ahmad Abrishamch. Technical and Economic Comparison of Conventional Wastewater Treatment Systems in the Sugar Industries in Iran, Journal of Water and Wastewater.1384,53, pp: 54-61. (in Persian)
9. Ashtiani A A, Rajaei S M, Faraz A. Disposal and filtration of wastewater in hospitals of Markazi Province in 2009. Arak Medical University Journal (AMUJ) Autumn 2010; 13(3): 100-108. (in Persian)
10. Droste, RL. Theory and Practice of Water And Wastewater Treatment. 1sted. New York: John Wiley: 1997: 248-253
11. Metcalf I. Wastewater Engineering; Treatment and Reuse: McGraw-Hill; 2003
12. Sherwood C. Natural system for wastewater treatment. Alexandria WHO press, 1995: 94-125
13. Sharafi K, Pirsaheb M, Khosravi T, Dargahi A, Moradi M & Savadpour M.T. Fluctuation of organic substances, solids, protozoan cysts, and parasite egg at different units of a wastewater integrated stabilization pond (full scale treatment plant): a case study, Iran. Desalination And Water Treat. 2015, 57: 4913-4919.
14. Almasi A, Pirsaheb M, Dargahi A. The Efficiency of Anaerobic Wastewater Stabilization Pond in Removing Phenol from Kermanshah Oil Refinery Wastewater. ijhe. 2012; 5 (1) :41-50. (in Persian)
15. Derayat J, Almasi A, Sharafi K, Meskini H, Dargahi A. The Efficiency Comparison of Conventional Activated Sludge and Stabilization Pond Systems in Removal of Cysts and Parasitic Eggs (A case Study: Kermanshah and Gilangharb Wastewater Treatment Plants). ijhe. 2011; 4 (2) :181-188. (in Persian)
16. Nemerow NL. Industrial Water Pollution Organics, Characteristic and Treatment. New York: VanNostrand Reinhold, 1997, 402-410.
17. Eckenfelder WW. Industrial Water Pollution Control. New York. McGraw- Hill, 1989, 2td ed: 189-193
18. Almasi A, Dargahi A, Hoseini MM, Janjani H, Mohammadi M, Tabandeh L. Efficiency of a constructed wetland in controlling organic pollutants, nitrogen, and heavy metals from sewage. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences 2016;9(4):2924-8.
19. Kadlec R H, Kinight R L,Treatement wetlands by CRC,1996,press LLC.
20. Classer LS, Greenberg AE, Eaton AD. Standard method for the examination of water and wastewater. 21st ed. Washington DC: the American Water Works Association 2005; 589-691.
21. Environmental Protection Organization of Iran, 2005, Environmental Criteria and Standards, Tehran: Publications of the Environmental Protection Organization of Iran. Pp. 28-19. (in Persian)
22. Tchobanoglous G. Burton F. Stensel D. Wastewater Engineering; treatment, disposal, reuse, 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2003.
23. Zazouli M, Ghahramani E, GhorbanianAlahAbad M, Nikouie A, Hashemi M. Survey of Activated Sludge Process Performance in Treatment of Agghala Industrial TownWastewater in Golestan Province in 2007. ijhe. 2010; 3 (1):59-66. (in Persian)
24. Matteus FA. Water management and conservation in and climates. Technomic publishing, USA, Chapter 5 and 7, 2000.
25. Rahmani Sani Abolfazl, 2000, Comparison of wastewater treatment of tropical regions by stabilization ponds and artificial wetlands according to technical and economic indicators. Master's thesis, Babol Engineering Faculty of Engineering. Mazandaran University. (in Persian)
26. Dargahi A, Pirsaheb M, Savadpoor MT, Alighadri M, Farookhi M. Effect of retention time and temperature on the efficiency stabilization ponds in treatment of petroleum wastewater. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 2014; 16(2): 13-24. (in Persian)
27. Salari H, Hassani A, Borghei M, Yazdanbakhsh AR, Rezaei H. Investigation of Performance Wetland In Removal N and P In Wastewater Treatment (Case Study:MoradTapeh). Journal Water & Wastewater. 2012; 23(3): 40-47. (in Persian)