برآورد شاخص ردپای اکولوژیک انرژی (برق و گاز طبیعی) و آب مصرفی بخش خانوار در مناطق 22 گانه شهر تهران
محورهای موضوعی : اقتصاد محیط زیستزهرا عابدی 1 , پریسا سلطانی خمسه 2
1 - استادیار گروه مدیریت محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، تهران، ایران.
2 - دکتری اقتصاد محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، تهران، ایران*(مسوول مکاتبات)
کلید واژه: ظرفیت زیست محیطی, شکاف اکولوژیک, مناطق 22 گانه شهر تهران, بخش خانوار, ردپای اکولوژیک آب وانرژی,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و اهداف: رشد جمعیت و مصرف بی رویه منابع طبیعی جهت تداوم رفاه اقتصادی، علاوه بر نابودی اکوسیستم سبب بروز کمبود در کره قابل حیات گردیده است که جهت پیشگیری از بروز هرگونه کمبود در دسترسی به منابع طبیعی، مصرف هر بخش اقتصادی باید با رعایت توان بازتولید اکوسیستم ادامه یابد. این مقاله به برآورد ردپای اکولوژیک مصرف آب و انرژی (برق و گازطبیعی) بخش خانوار در مناطق 22 گانه شهر تهران و تخمین ظرفیت زیست محیطی منابع مذکور پرداخته است. روش بررسی: در این مقاله ضمن برآورد ردپای اکولوژیک به روش مبتنی بر مصرف آشکار منابع، میزان ظرفیت زیست محیطی براساس بازده زمین برآورد گردیده و همچنین شکاف اکولوژیک در مفهوم کمبود دسترسی به منابع بدست آمده است. برای یافتن تأثیر راه حل- های کاربردی در کاهش شکاف اکولوژیک نیز از طریق نرم افزار SPSS و آزمون کوکران و همچنین تدوین پرسش نامه مرتبط با مصرف منابع موردبررسی در بخش خانوار، مهم ترین عامل موثر در کاهش شکاف اکولوژیک مشخص گردیده است. یافته ها: برآورد ردپای اکولوژیک آب و انرژی (برق و گازطبیعی) مورد استفاده در بخش خانوار شهر تهران به ارتباط منفی میان تداوم فعالیت های بخش خانوار و شکاف اکولوژیک منابع مذکور اشاره دارد، که باتوجه به نتایج بدست آمده و تحلیل آن ها، شکاف اکولوژیکی بیش از 4 میلیون هکتار حاصل از مصرف بی رویه آب، برق و گاز طبیعی در بخش خانوار شهر تهران موجود است. پس از برآورد شکاف اکولوژیک، پرسش نامه هایی برای شفاف سازی دلایل هدررفت منابع بین خانوار توزیع گردید که براساس آن، جامعه آماری در ارزیابی پرسش نامه، جمعیت خانوار 22 گانه شهر تهران به تعداد 2 میلیون و 830 هزار خانوار در نظر گرفته شد و برای ایجاد یکنواختی تحلیل، خانوارها با جمعیت 3 نفره مبنا قرار گرفتند که از طریق فرمول کوکران تعداد 1100 خانوار به عنوان نمونه و به طور تصادفی انتخاب شدند. بحث ونتیجه گیری: باتوجه به نتایج بدست آمده و تحلیل آن ها، مهم ترین عامل جهت کاهش شکاف اکولوژیک و داشتن بهینه مصرف آب در بخش خانوار، کاهش مصرف آب برای شست وشو وسایل نقلیه، مهم ترین عامل جهت ایجاد بهینه مصرف برق در بخش خانوار، استفاده از لامپ های کم مصرف و مهم ترین عامل جهت ایجاد بهینه مصرف گازطبیعی در بخش خانوار، استفاده از پنجره های دو- جداره و کم ترین عامل تأثیرگذار استفاده از بخاری های گازی متناسب با متراژ خانه بوده است.
Backgrounds and objectives: Population growth and excessive consumption of natural resources for the continuation of economic welfare, in addition to destroying the ecosystem has caused a shortage of life on the planet is vital to prevent any shortage of access to natural resources continue. This article estimates the ecological footprint of water and energy consumption (electricity and natural gas) of the household sector in the 22 districts of Tehran and estimates the environmental capacity of the mentioned resources. Analysis method: Estimating the ecological footprint of water and energy (electricity and natural gas) used in the household sector of Tehran refers to the negative relationship between the continuity of household activities and the ecological gap of the mentioned sources, which according to the results and their analysis, ecological gap more than 4 million hectares of water, electricity and natural gas consumption are available in the household sector of Tehran.To find the impact of practical solutions to reduce the ecological gap using SPSS software and Cochran test and also developing a questionnaire related to the use of resources in household,the most important factor in reducing the ecological gap is identified. Findings: Based on the results obtained and their analysis, the ecological gap of over 4 million hectares is due to the excessive use of water, electricity and natural gas in the household sector of Tehran. After estimating the ecological gap, questionnaires were distributed to clarify the causes of household waste loss. According to the statistical society, in the assessment of the questionnaire, the population of the 22nd household in Tehran was considered to be 2 million and 830thousand households.To create uniformity of analysis, the households were based on a population of 3, Then through the Cochran formula, 1100 households were sampled and they were randomly selected. Discussion and conclusion: The results of the questionnaire showed that the most important factor in reducing the ecological gap and having the optimal use of water in the household sector is reducing water consumption for washing cars,the most important factor for creating optimal power consumption in the household sector is using energy-saving bulbs.The most important factor for creating optimal consumption of natural gas in the household sector is the use of double-glazed windows and the least effective factor is the use of gas heaters proportional to the area of the houses.
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- National Iranian Natural Gas Company Reports, 1394, Journal of Gas Policy, Vol 3, pp.41. (In Persian)
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- The Institute of Comprehensive and Specialized Population Studies and Management Reports, 1394, Journal of Demographic Statistics, Vol 2, pp 21. (In Persian)
- Soltani Khamseh Parisa, Comparative study of the ecological footprints of water and energy in the household sector in the country, with an emphasis on the metropolis of Tehran, (MA) Master's thesis in economics of energy, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, 2016, 94-101. (In Persian)
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- Ewing.Brad, Moore. David, Coldfinger. Steven, Oursler.Anna, Reed.Andres, Wackernagel.Mathis, 2010, Journal of Ecological Footprint Atlas, Vol 2, pp.6-7.
- Pearce.Fred, 2013, Admit it: we can't measure our ecological footprint, Magazine sustainable and save, Vol 3, pp.2-3.
- Yaghobzadeh.Navid, Ecological footprints in urban areas of developing countries, International Conference on Architecture and Urban Engineering and Sustainable Urban Development, 2014, December, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran. (In Persian)
- Shayesteh, Kamran, Analysis of methods for estimating ecological footprints on urban scale, 6th National Conference and Specialized Exhibition of Environmental Engineering, Iranian Environmental Engineering Society, 2012, September, Tehran, Iran. (In Persian)
- Sasanpour, Farzaneh, 2006, Ecological method (ecological) in macroeconomic stability with attitude towards Tehran metropolis, Magazine Geographic Research, Vol 2, pp.6-8. (In Persian)
- Szigeti Cecilia, 2010, Extreme outliers in the database for calculation of ecological footprint: the problems of grazing land footprint as well as the fishing ground footprint calculation, Journal of Sustainable development, Szent Istvan University, Vol 1, pp.3-4.
- 7-Freire.Antonio, 2010, Analysis of the ecological footprint producing machinery in construction, Journal of Sustainable development, University of sevilla, Vol 2, pp.5-8.
- Galli.Alessandro, 2015, on the rationale and policy usefulness of ecological footprint accounting: the case of morocco, Journal of Global Footprint Network, Vol 3, pp.128-132.
- 9-Hubacek.k, Guan.D, 2009, Environmental implications of urbanization and lifestyle change china: Ecoloical and water footprint, Journal of cleaner production, Vol 2, pp 2-4.
- Tehran Electric Power Distribution Company Reports, 1394, Journal of Electricity Policy Electricity, Vol 7, pp.16-17. (In Persian)
- National Iranian Natural Gas Company Reports, 1394, Journal of Gas Policy, Vol 3, pp.41. (In Persian)
- Water and Wastewater Organization of Tehran Province Reports, 1394, Journal of Water Policy,Vol 4, pp. 34. (In Persian)
- The Institute of Comprehensive and Specialized Population Studies and Management Reports, 1394, Journal of Demographic Statistics, Vol 2, pp 21. (In Persian)
- Soltani Khamseh Parisa, Comparative study of the ecological footprints of water and energy in the household sector in the country, with an emphasis on the metropolis of Tehran, (MA) Master's thesis in economics of energy, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, 2016, 94-101. (In Persian)