بررسی میزان هیدروکربن های آروماتیک حلقوی(PAHs) در رسوبات سطحی سواحل سیسنگان – بخش جنوبی دریای خزر
محورهای موضوعی : آلودگی های محیط زیست (آب، خاک و هوا)حسین باقری 1 , کاظم درویش بسطامی 2 , علی حمزه پور 3
1 - عضو هیئت علمی پژوهش گاه ملی اقیانوس شناسی و علوم جوی، تهران * ( مسوول مکاتبات)
2 - کارشناس پژوهشی پژوهش گاه ملی اقیانوس شناسی و علوم جوی
3 - کارشناس پژوهشی پژوهش گاه ملی اقیانوس شناسی و علوم جوی، تهران
کلید واژه: دریای خزر, هیدروکربن های حلقوی آروماتیک (PAHs)- آلودگی- رسوب- سیسنگان,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: هیدروکربن های آروماتیک حلقوی (PAHs) از مهم ترین آلاینده های محیط زیستی هستند که از منابع مختلفی تولید می گردند و در آب و خصوصاً در رسوبات بسیار پایدار بوده و تجزیه آنان به کندی صورت می گیرد. تعداد 16 ترکیب این آلاینده ها از سوی آژانس بین المللی حفاظت محیط زیست (EPA) جزء ترکیبات خطرناک سرطان زا معرفی شده اند. در این مطالعه میزان 16ترکیب هیدروکربن حلقوی آروماتیک (PAHs) در رسوبات سطحی سواحل سیسنگان (بخش جنوبی دریای خزر) بررسی گردید. روش بررسی: 12نمونه رسوب از چهار ترانسکت به کمک نمونه بردار ون وین برداشت گردید. آنالیز ترکیبات PAHs با استفاده از دستگاه HPLC (کروماتوگرافی مایع با کارایی بالا) انجام شد و غلظت هر یک از ترکیبات(16ترکیب) در هر ایستگاه مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. یافته ها: غلظت کل PAH ها در رسوب از 55/94 تا 33/336 نانوگرم بر گرم وزن خشک رسوب متغیر بود. بیش ترین غلظت فردی PAHs مربوط به بنزو(b) فلورانتن و فلورانتن با 132و5/97 نانو گرم بر گرم بود و ترکیبات بنزو(k) فلورانتن، دی بنزو (a,h) انتراسن، بنزو (g,h,i) پریلن، اسنافتیلن، بنزو (a) پیرن و ایندینو در هیچ کدام از ایستگاه ها مشاهده نشد. ماده آلی بین 95/9-65/1 درصد متغیر بود. نتیجه گیری: رسوبات منطقه سیسنگان دارای آلودگی کم تا متوسط بوده و منشا ترکیبات PAHs در رسوبات این منطقه (سیسنگان) بخشی پایروژنیک (منبع فسیلی) و بخشی نیز پتروژنیک می باشد. از مقایسه مقادیرPAHs به دست آمده در این منطقه با مقادیراستاندارد(ISQGs, NOAA) مشخص گردید آلودگی رسوبات در حال حاضر اثر سویی برای موجودات ندارد.
Introduction: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) is the most important environmental pollutants which originated from various sources. They are stable in seawater and especially in sediments and their degradation occur slowly. Sixteen numbers of this pollutant are introduced by Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as serious carcinogen compounds. In this study, the contents of 16 PAHs compounds were determined in the sediments of Sisanagan coastal sediments (South Caspian Sea). Material and Methods: The sampling was performed by Van Veen grab from 12 sites and 4 transect of the study area. Determination of PAHs (16 components) was performed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results: The results showed that the total concentration of PAHs varied between 94.55- 336.33 ng/g dry weight of sediments. Maximum individual concentration of PAHs was 132, 97.5 ng g-1 belonged to banzo(b) flouranthene and flouranthene and Benzo[k]fluoranthene, dibenzo(a,h)anthracen, banzo(g,h.i)perylen, acenaphtylen, banzo(a)pyren and indino were not detected in all of the sampling sites. The total organic matters (TOM) of sampling sites were different from 1.65 to 9.95%. Conclusion: Comparison of PAHs concentrations in the studied sediments with other places in the world showed (PAHs) pollutions of studied sediments are medium to low and results also showed that PAHs pollutants in this area have both pyrogenic (Fuel) and petrogenic sources. Comparing the values obtained in this area with standard PAHs (ISQGs, NOAA) indicated contaminated sediments are not harmful effect on the creatures.
1. Yu K. C., Tsal L. J., Chen S. H., Ho S. T., 2001. Chemical binding of heavy metals in anionic river sediments. Water Research.; 35 (17): 4086-4096.
2. Izquierdo C., Usero J., Gracia I.; Speciation of heavy metals in sediments from salt marshes on the southern Atlantic Coast of Spain. Marine Pollution Bulletin; 1997; 34(2): 123-128.
3. Shajan, K.P. 2001.Geochemistry of Bottom Sediments from a River-Estuary-Shelf Mixing Zone on the Tropical Southwest Coast of India. Bull. Geol. Surv. Japan, v.52 (8), pp.371-382.
4. Vodinh, T., 2005. Chemical analysis of polycyclic aromatic compounds: A Series of Monographs Fishing Settlement. J Chromatogr,1073 (1-2): 323-330.
5. Baker.JM., 1976. Marine ecology and oil pollution.1st ed. New York: John Wiley and sons.
6. Meyer, J., Moore, J., Pawlisz, A., Smorong, E., Breton, RL., 2001. Investigation/ Feasibility study (RI/FS): Baseline Ecological Risk Assessment. British: Mac-Donald Environmental sciences.
7. Wang, Z., Fingas, M., Shu, YY., Sigouin, L., Landriault, M., Lambert, P., et al., 1999. Quantitative characterization of PAHs in burn residue and soot samples and differentiation of pyrogenic PAHs from petrogenic PAHs—the 1994 Mobile Burn studies. Environ Sci Technol; 33: 3100-3109.
8. Winiarczyk, S., Adaszek, Ł., Stefanctkova, A., Pettko, B., Cislakova, L., Puchalski, A., 2007. erological investigations for borreliosis and ehrlichiosis in pig and cattle populations in the Lublin voivodeship. Med Weter 63: 561-565.
9. Zhihuan, Z., H. Fengpeng, et al. (2007). "Vertical distribution and environmental significance of sulfur and oxygen heterocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil samples collected from Beijing, China." Environ Pollut.
10. Baumard, P., Budzinski, H., Garrigues, P., Sorbe, J.C., Burgeot, T., Belloca, J.,1998. Concentration of PAH in various marine organisms in relation to those in sediments to throphic level. Mar. Poll. Bull. 36: 951-960.
11. Neff, JM., 2002. Bioaccumulation in marine organisms. Effects of contaminants from oil well produced water. Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Elsevier.
12. Neff, JM., Stout, SA., Gunster, DG., 2005. Ecological Risk Assessment of Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments: Identifying sources and ecological hazard. Integer Environ Assess Manag; 1(1): 22-33.
13. Wagener, A., Hamacher, C., Farias, C., Godoy, J.M., Scofield, A., 2010. Evaluation of tools to identify hydrocarbon sources in recent and historical sediments of a tropical bay. Marine Chemistry 121, 67–79.
14. Yunker, M.B., Macdonald, R.W., Vingarzan, R., Mitchell, R.H., Goyette, D., Sylvestre, S., 2002. PAHs in the Fraser River basin: a critical appraisal of PAH ratios as indicators of PAH source and composition. Organic Geochemistry 33, 489–515.
15. Liu, Y., Ling, C.N., Zhao, J.F., Huang, Q.H., Zhu, Z.L., Gao, H.W., 2008. Distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments of rivers and an estuary in Shanghai, China. Environmental Pollution 154, 298–305.
16. Tolosa, I.; Mora, S.I.; Fowler, S.w.; Villeneuve, J.P.; Bartocci, J.; Cattini, C., 2005. Aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons in marine biota and coastal sediments from Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 50: 1619-1633.
17. Eghtesadi Araghi, P., Darvish Bastami, K.,Rahmanpoor, S., 2014. Distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the surface sediments of Gorgan Bay, Caspian Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin.2:298-305
18. Hu, N.J., Shi, XF., Huang, P., Liu, JH., 2009. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface sediments of Laizhou Bay,Bohai Sea, China. Environ Earth Sci (revised).
19. Anderson, JW, Newton, FC., Hardin, J., Tukey, RH., Richter, KE., 1996. Chemistry and toxicity of sediments from San Diego Bay, including a biomarker (P450 RGS) response. In: Bengtson DA, Henshel DS (eds) Environmental toxicology and risk assessment. Biomarkers and risk assessment (Vol. 5), Philadelphia, pp 53–78.
20. Kim, GB, Maruya, KA, Lee, RF., Lee, JH., Koh, CH., Tanabe, S.,1999.Distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments from Kyeonggi Bay, Korea. Mar Pollut Bull 38:7–15.
21. Ningjing, Hu., Xuefa, Shi., Peng Huang., Jian Mao.,Jihua Liu., Ying Liu., Deyi Ma.,2010. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface sediments of Liaodong Bay, Bohai Sea, China. Environ Sci Pollut Ress11356-010-0359-2.
22. Mirza, R., Mohammadi, M., Dadolahi Sohrab, A., Safahieh, A., Savari, A., Hajeb, P., 2012. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Seawater, Sediment, and Rock Oyster Saccostrea cucullata from the Northern Part of the Persian Gulf (Boushehr Province). Water Air Soil Pollut, 223 (1), 189- 198.
23. Eghtesadi, P., Riazi, G., Taghikhani, M., and Ranaei Siadat S. O., 2002. Distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the northern Persian Gulf as indicated by kinetic and thermodynamic criteria. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 69(5), 704-
24. Yan, W., Chi, J.S., Wang, Z.Y., Huang, W.X., Zhang, G., 2009. Spatial and temporal distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments from Daya Bay, South China. Environ Pollut 30:1–8.
25. Rahmanpoor, S., Ghafourian, H., Hashtroudi, SM., Darvish Bastami, K., 2013. Distribution and sources ofpolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments of the Hormuz strait, Persian Gulf. Marine Pollution Bulletin.78:224-229.
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1. Yu K. C., Tsal L. J., Chen S. H., Ho S. T., 2001. Chemical binding of heavy metals in anionic river sediments. Water Research.; 35 (17): 4086-4096.
2. Izquierdo C., Usero J., Gracia I.; Speciation of heavy metals in sediments from salt marshes on the southern Atlantic Coast of Spain. Marine Pollution Bulletin; 1997; 34(2): 123-128.
3. Shajan, K.P. 2001.Geochemistry of Bottom Sediments from a River-Estuary-Shelf Mixing Zone on the Tropical Southwest Coast of India. Bull. Geol. Surv. Japan, v.52 (8), pp.371-382.
4. Vodinh, T., 2005. Chemical analysis of polycyclic aromatic compounds: A Series of Monographs Fishing Settlement. J Chromatogr,1073 (1-2): 323-330.
5. Baker.JM., 1976. Marine ecology and oil pollution.1st ed. New York: John Wiley and sons.
6. Meyer, J., Moore, J., Pawlisz, A., Smorong, E., Breton, RL., 2001. Investigation/ Feasibility study (RI/FS): Baseline Ecological Risk Assessment. British: Mac-Donald Environmental sciences.
7. Wang, Z., Fingas, M., Shu, YY., Sigouin, L., Landriault, M., Lambert, P., et al., 1999. Quantitative characterization of PAHs in burn residue and soot samples and differentiation of pyrogenic PAHs from petrogenic PAHs—the 1994 Mobile Burn studies. Environ Sci Technol; 33: 3100-3109.
8. Winiarczyk, S., Adaszek, Ł., Stefanctkova, A., Pettko, B., Cislakova, L., Puchalski, A., 2007. erological investigations for borreliosis and ehrlichiosis in pig and cattle populations in the Lublin voivodeship. Med Weter 63: 561-565.
9. Zhihuan, Z., H. Fengpeng, et al. (2007). "Vertical distribution and environmental significance of sulfur and oxygen heterocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil samples collected from Beijing, China." Environ Pollut.
10. Baumard, P., Budzinski, H., Garrigues, P., Sorbe, J.C., Burgeot, T., Belloca, J.,1998. Concentration of PAH in various marine organisms in relation to those in sediments to throphic level. Mar. Poll. Bull. 36: 951-960.
11. Neff, JM., 2002. Bioaccumulation in marine organisms. Effects of contaminants from oil well produced water. Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Elsevier.
12. Neff, JM., Stout, SA., Gunster, DG., 2005. Ecological Risk Assessment of Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments: Identifying sources and ecological hazard. Integer Environ Assess Manag; 1(1): 22-33.
13. Wagener, A., Hamacher, C., Farias, C., Godoy, J.M., Scofield, A., 2010. Evaluation of tools to identify hydrocarbon sources in recent and historical sediments of a tropical bay. Marine Chemistry 121, 67–79.
14. Yunker, M.B., Macdonald, R.W., Vingarzan, R., Mitchell, R.H., Goyette, D., Sylvestre, S., 2002. PAHs in the Fraser River basin: a critical appraisal of PAH ratios as indicators of PAH source and composition. Organic Geochemistry 33, 489–515.
15. Liu, Y., Ling, C.N., Zhao, J.F., Huang, Q.H., Zhu, Z.L., Gao, H.W., 2008. Distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments of rivers and an estuary in Shanghai, China. Environmental Pollution 154, 298–305.
16. Tolosa, I.; Mora, S.I.; Fowler, S.w.; Villeneuve, J.P.; Bartocci, J.; Cattini, C., 2005. Aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons in marine biota and coastal sediments from Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 50: 1619-1633.
17. Eghtesadi Araghi, P., Darvish Bastami, K.,Rahmanpoor, S., 2014. Distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the surface sediments of Gorgan Bay, Caspian Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin.2:298-305
18. Hu, N.J., Shi, XF., Huang, P., Liu, JH., 2009. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface sediments of Laizhou Bay,Bohai Sea, China. Environ Earth Sci (revised).
19. Anderson, JW, Newton, FC., Hardin, J., Tukey, RH., Richter, KE., 1996. Chemistry and toxicity of sediments from San Diego Bay, including a biomarker (P450 RGS) response. In: Bengtson DA, Henshel DS (eds) Environmental toxicology and risk assessment. Biomarkers and risk assessment (Vol. 5), Philadelphia, pp 53–78.
20. Kim, GB, Maruya, KA, Lee, RF., Lee, JH., Koh, CH., Tanabe, S.,1999.Distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments from Kyeonggi Bay, Korea. Mar Pollut Bull 38:7–15.
21. Ningjing, Hu., Xuefa, Shi., Peng Huang., Jian Mao.,Jihua Liu., Ying Liu., Deyi Ma.,2010. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface sediments of Liaodong Bay, Bohai Sea, China. Environ Sci Pollut Ress11356-010-0359-2.
22. Mirza, R., Mohammadi, M., Dadolahi Sohrab, A., Safahieh, A., Savari, A., Hajeb, P., 2012. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Seawater, Sediment, and Rock Oyster Saccostrea cucullata from the Northern Part of the Persian Gulf (Boushehr Province). Water Air Soil Pollut, 223 (1), 189- 198.
23. Eghtesadi, P., Riazi, G., Taghikhani, M., and Ranaei Siadat S. O., 2002. Distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the northern Persian Gulf as indicated by kinetic and thermodynamic criteria. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 69(5), 704-
24. Yan, W., Chi, J.S., Wang, Z.Y., Huang, W.X., Zhang, G., 2009. Spatial and temporal distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments from Daya Bay, South China. Environ Pollut 30:1–8.
25. Rahmanpoor, S., Ghafourian, H., Hashtroudi, SM., Darvish Bastami, K., 2013. Distribution and sources ofpolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments of the Hormuz strait, Persian Gulf. Marine Pollution Bulletin.78:224-229.