بررسی اثرات تراکم بوته و تاریخ کاشت بر عملکرد کمی و کیفی خردل علوفه‌ای (Brassica Juncea) در شرایط شور و نرمال
محورهای موضوعی : زراعت و اصلاح نباتاتحسن امیری 1 , حسین عجم نوروزی 2 , محمد تقی فیض بخش 3 , محمد رضا داداشی 4
1 - گروه کشاورزی. واحد گرگان. دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، گرگان، ایران.
2 - گروه کشاورزی. واحد گرگان. دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، گرگان، ایران.
3 - بخش زراعی و باغی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان گلستان، گرگان. ایران
4 - گروه کشاورزی. واحد گرگان. دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، گرگان، ایران.
کلید واژه: پروتئین, پرولین, تاریخ کاشت, تراکم بوته, الیاف,
چکیده مقاله :
به‌منظور بررسی اثرات شوری خاک، تراکم بوته و تاریخ کاشت بر عملکرد کمی و کیفی علوفه خردل علوفه ای (لاین S-83)، آزمایشی در سال زراعی 95-1394 در ایستگاه تحقیقات مزرعه نمونه گرگان به صورت اسپلیت اسپلیت پلات در قالب بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار انجام شد. فاکتور اصلی شوری خاک (2 و 10 دسی زیمنس بر متر)، فاکتور فرعی تاریخ کاشت (15 آبان، 30 آبان، 15 آذر، 30 آذر و 15دی) و فاکتور فرعی فرعی تراکم بوته در سه سطح (208000، 277000 و 416000) بوته در هکتار در نظر گرفته شد. نتایج نشان داد اثرات متقابل محیط × تاریخ کاشت بر کلیه صفات مورد بررسی شامل وزن تر، وزن خشک، درصد پروتئین برگ، درصد پروتئین ساقه، درصد پروتئین غلاف، درصد پروتئین کل، عملکرد پروتئین، درصد الیاف برگ، درصد الیاف ساقه، درصد الیاف غلاف، درصد الیاف کل، عملکرد الیاف و غلظت پرولین برگ معنی دار بود. اثر متقابل محیط × تراکم کاشت نیز بر کلیه صفات مذکور به جز درصد پروتئین برگ و غلظت پرولین برگ معنی دار گزارش شد. همچنین اثر متقابل تاریخ کاشت × تراکم کاشت نیز تنها بر درصد پروتئین ساقه و غلظت پرولین برگ معنی دار نبود. به‌طورکلی می‌توان گفت کشت خردل علوفه ای در تاریخ 15 آبان و تراکم 208 هزاربوته در هکتار موجب تولید بیشترین وزن تر و خشک علوفه و عملکرد پروتئین و همچنین کمترین میزان الیاف خواهد شد.
In order to investigate the effects of soil salinity, plant density, and planting date on quantitative and qualitative yield of mustard forage, an experiment was conducted in 2016 at Gorgan Nemoone Farm Research Station as a split-split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main factor of soil salinity (2 and 10 dS/m), sub-factor of planting date (6 November, 21 November, 6 December, 21 December, and 5 January), and sub sub-factor of plant density at three levels (208000, 277000, and 416000 plants per hectare) were considered. Results showed the interactions of environment × planting date on all studied traits including fresh weight, dry weight, percentage of leaf protein, percentage of stem protein, percentage of pod protein, percentage of total protein, protein yield, percentage of leaf fibers, percentage of stem fibers, percentage of pod fibers, percentage of total fibers, fiber yield, and leaf proline concentration were significant. The interaction effect of environment × planting density was also significant on all characteristics under study except for leaf protein percentage and leaf proline concentration. Moreover, the interaction effect of planting date and planting density was significant on all characteristics under study except for stem protein percentage and leaf proline concentration. Generally, it is concluded that the cultivation of forage mustard on November 6 and with planting density of 208,000 plants per hectare produces the highest fresh and dry weight of forage and protein yield, as well as the lowest amount of fiber.
Aoac. (1984). Official Methods of Analysis. Association of Official Analytical Chemists Press. Washington, DC.
Ashraf, M.Y., Azmi, A.R., Khan, A.H. and Ala, S.A. (1994). Effect of water stress on total phenols, peroxidase activity and chlorophyll content in wheat. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum. 16(3): 185-191.
Ashraf, M. and McNeilly, T. (2004). Salinity tolerance in Brassica oilseeds. Critical Review of Plant Science. 23(2): 157-174.
Bates, L. S., Waldre, R. P. and Teare, I. D. (1977). Rapid determination of free praline for water stress studies. Plant and Soil. 39: 205- 208.
Bayat, Z., Sadeghipoor, A., Yazdani, M.R. and Zolfaghari, A.A. (2020). Forage production and morphological characteristics of forage corn at different levels of water salinity and mulch. Rangeland Journal. 14(2): 248-271. (In Persian)
Beizavi, F., Baghizadeh, A., Mirzaei, S., Maleki, M. and Mozaffari, H. (2020). Investigation of some biochemical traits of tolerant and susceptible cultivars of Triticum bioticum under salinity stress. Journal of Crop Breeding. 12 (36): 216-234. (In Persian)
Bremner, J.M. and Mulvaney, C.S. (1982) Nitrogen-Total. In: Page, A.L., Ed., Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2. Chemical and Microbiological Properties, American Society of Agronomy, Soil Science Society of America. 595-624.
Carpici, E.B., Celik, N. and Bayram,G. (2010). Yield and quality of forage maize as influenced by plant density and nitrogen rate. Turkish Journal of Field Crops. 15:128-32.
Deinum, B. and Dirven, J.G.P. (1972). Climate, nitrogen and grass. 5. Influence of age, light, intensity and temperature on the production and chemical composition of Corgo grass (Brachiaria ruziziensis Germain et Everard). Netherland Journal of Agricultural Science. 20: 125-32.
Deinum, B. and Dirven, J.G.P. (1975). Climate, nitrogen and grass. 6. Comparison of yield and chemical composition of some temperate and tropical grass species grown at different temperatures. Netherland Journal of Agricultural Science. 23:69-82.
Fyzbakhsh, M.T. (2009). preliminary assessment of new forage plants in Golestan province. The final report of the Centre for Agricultural Research and Natural Resources of Golestan. 60 Pp.
Hoppe, M. (2001). Voluntree camola a good forage. www.damparvaryrooz.blogfa.com/post-40.aspx.
Iptas S, Acar AA, 2006. Effects of hybrid and row spacing on maize forage yield and quality. Plant and Soil Environment. 52: 515-22.
Karimi. H. (2010). Range of range. University of Tehran Press. Papers 408.
Kazemeini, S.A., Edalat, M., Shekoofa, A. and Hamidi, R. (2010). Effect of Nitrogen and Plant Density on Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). Journal of Applied Science. 10(14): 1461-1465.
Kleunen, M.V., Fischer, M. and Schmid, B. (2001). Effects of intraspecific competition on size variation and reproductive allocation in a clonal plant. Oikos. 94: 515-524. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2001.940313.x.
Li-chao, Z., Rui-zhi, X., Bo, M., Shao-kun, L. and Da-ling, M. (2018). Evaluation and analysis of intraspecific competition in maize: A case study on plant density experiment. Journal of Integrative Agriculture. 17(10): 2235-2244.
Mamun, F., Ali, M. H., Chowdhury I. F., Hasanuzzaman, M. and Matin, M. A. (2014). Performance of Rapeseed and Mustard Varieties Grown Under Different Plant Density. Scientia Agriculturae. 8 (2): 70-75.
Moaveni, P, 2010. Basis of physiology of crops in dry and salty conditions. Ghods university publication (In Persian).
Mojaddam, M., Sakinejad, T., Shokoohfar, A. and Esmailipour, N. (2016). Effect of plant density and Cycocel on quantitative and protein characteristics of southern barely cultivar. Crop Physiology Journal. 29: 121-134. (In Persian)
Monirifar, H., Rashidi, V., Hassanzadeh, M., Ghorbi, M. and Ghassemi, S. (2020). Comparison of Salinity Tolerance of Common and Improved Genotypes of Forage Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) in Tabriz-plain. Journal of Agricultural Knowledge and Sustainable Production. 30(1): 109-119. (In Persian)
Omara, A.E. and El-Gaafarey, T. (2018). Alleviation of Salinity Stress Effects in Forage Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) by Bradyrhizobium sp. Inoculation. Microbiology Research Journal International. 23(3): 1-16.
Parvizi, S., Amirnia, R., Bernousi, A., Pasban Islam, B., Hassanzadeh Ghort Tappeh, A. and Rai, (2011). The effect of different levels of density on grain filling speed and process, yield and yield components in pinto bean cultivars. Crop production research. (1): 87-69. (In Persian)
Phour, M. and Sindhu, S.S. (2020). Amelioration of salinity stress and growth stimulation of mustard (Brassica juncea L.) by salt-tolerant Pseudomonas species. Applied Soil Ecology 149: 103518.
Qun, H., Wei-qin, J., Shi, Q., Zhi-peng, X., Yajie, H., Bao-wei, G., Guodong, G., Hui, G., Hong-cheng, Z. and Hai-yan, W. (2020). Effect of wide-narrow row arrangement in mechanical pot-seedling transplanting and plant density on yield formation and grain quality of japonica rice. Journal of Integrative Agriculture. 19(5): 1197-1214.
Rahimi Tashi, T. and V. Niknam. (2015). Evaluation of salicylic acid pretreatment and salinity effect on some physiological and biochemical parameters in (Triticum aestivum L.). Journal of Plant Research. Iranian Journal of Biology. 28(2): 297-306 (In Persian).
Salama, H.S.A. (2019). Yield and nutritive value of maize (Zea mays L.) forage as affected by plant density, sowing date and age at harvest. Italian Journal of Agronomy. 14: 1383.
Setia, N., Gupta, D. and Kaur, N. (2010). Effect of induced salinity stress on growth and yield of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea). Environment and Ecology. 28 (2): 967-968.
Shi, D.Y., Li, Y.H., Zhang, J.W., Liu, P., Zhao, B. and Dong, S.T. (2016). Effects of plant density and nitrogen rate on lodging-related stalk traits of summer maize. Plant, Soil and Environment. 62: 299-306.
Tavassoli, A., Mousavi, T., Piri, I. and Babaian, M. (2018). Effect of plant density and weed control on yield and yield components of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). Agroecology journal. 10 (1): (In Persian)
Wang, C., Ruan, R.W., Yuan, X. H., Hu, D., Yang, H., Li, Y. and Yi, Z.L. (2015). Effects of nitrogen fertilizer and planting density on the lignin synthesis in the culm in relation to lodging resistance of buckwheat. Plant Production Science. 18: 218-27.
Weiner, J. (2004). Allocation, plasticity and allometry in plants. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics. 6: 207–215. https://doi.org/10.1078/1433-8319-00083.
Zhao, G. Q., Ma, B. L. and Ren, C. Z. (2007). Growth, gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence and ion content of naked oat in response to salinity. Crop Science. 47: 123-131.
Zheng, M., Chen, J., Shi, Y., Li, Y., Yin, Y., Yang, D., Luo, Y., Pang, D., Xu, X., Li, W., Ni, J., Wang, Y., Wang, Z. and Li, Y. (2017). Manipulation of lignin metabolism by plant densities and its relationship with lodging resistance in wheat. Scientific Reports. 7: 41805.
Zlatev, Z.S. and Yordanov, I.T. (2007). Effect of soil drought on photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence in bean plants. Bulgarin Journal of Plant Physiology. 30(3-4): 3-18.
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Aoac. (1984). Official Methods of Analysis. Association of Official Analytical Chemists Press. Washington, DC.
Ashraf, M.Y., Azmi, A.R., Khan, A.H. and Ala, S.A. (1994). Effect of water stress on total phenols, peroxidase activity and chlorophyll content in wheat. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum. 16(3): 185-191.
Ashraf, M. and McNeilly, T. (2004). Salinity tolerance in Brassica oilseeds. Critical Review of Plant Science. 23(2): 157-174.
Bates, L. S., Waldre, R. P. and Teare, I. D. (1977). Rapid determination of free praline for water stress studies. Plant and Soil. 39: 205- 208.
Bayat, Z., Sadeghipoor, A., Yazdani, M.R. and Zolfaghari, A.A. (2020). Forage production and morphological characteristics of forage corn at different levels of water salinity and mulch. Rangeland Journal. 14(2): 248-271. (In Persian)
Beizavi, F., Baghizadeh, A., Mirzaei, S., Maleki, M. and Mozaffari, H. (2020). Investigation of some biochemical traits of tolerant and susceptible cultivars of Triticum bioticum under salinity stress. Journal of Crop Breeding. 12 (36): 216-234. (In Persian)
Bremner, J.M. and Mulvaney, C.S. (1982) Nitrogen-Total. In: Page, A.L., Ed., Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2. Chemical and Microbiological Properties, American Society of Agronomy, Soil Science Society of America. 595-624.
Carpici, E.B., Celik, N. and Bayram,G. (2010). Yield and quality of forage maize as influenced by plant density and nitrogen rate. Turkish Journal of Field Crops. 15:128-32.
Deinum, B. and Dirven, J.G.P. (1972). Climate, nitrogen and grass. 5. Influence of age, light, intensity and temperature on the production and chemical composition of Corgo grass (Brachiaria ruziziensis Germain et Everard). Netherland Journal of Agricultural Science. 20: 125-32.
Deinum, B. and Dirven, J.G.P. (1975). Climate, nitrogen and grass. 6. Comparison of yield and chemical composition of some temperate and tropical grass species grown at different temperatures. Netherland Journal of Agricultural Science. 23:69-82.
Fyzbakhsh, M.T. (2009). preliminary assessment of new forage plants in Golestan province. The final report of the Centre for Agricultural Research and Natural Resources of Golestan. 60 Pp.
Hoppe, M. (2001). Voluntree camola a good forage. www.damparvaryrooz.blogfa.com/post-40.aspx.
Iptas S, Acar AA, 2006. Effects of hybrid and row spacing on maize forage yield and quality. Plant and Soil Environment. 52: 515-22.
Karimi. H. (2010). Range of range. University of Tehran Press. Papers 408.
Kazemeini, S.A., Edalat, M., Shekoofa, A. and Hamidi, R. (2010). Effect of Nitrogen and Plant Density on Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). Journal of Applied Science. 10(14): 1461-1465.
Kleunen, M.V., Fischer, M. and Schmid, B. (2001). Effects of intraspecific competition on size variation and reproductive allocation in a clonal plant. Oikos. 94: 515-524. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2001.940313.x.
Li-chao, Z., Rui-zhi, X., Bo, M., Shao-kun, L. and Da-ling, M. (2018). Evaluation and analysis of intraspecific competition in maize: A case study on plant density experiment. Journal of Integrative Agriculture. 17(10): 2235-2244.
Mamun, F., Ali, M. H., Chowdhury I. F., Hasanuzzaman, M. and Matin, M. A. (2014). Performance of Rapeseed and Mustard Varieties Grown Under Different Plant Density. Scientia Agriculturae. 8 (2): 70-75.
Moaveni, P, 2010. Basis of physiology of crops in dry and salty conditions. Ghods university publication (In Persian).
Mojaddam, M., Sakinejad, T., Shokoohfar, A. and Esmailipour, N. (2016). Effect of plant density and Cycocel on quantitative and protein characteristics of southern barely cultivar. Crop Physiology Journal. 29: 121-134. (In Persian)
Monirifar, H., Rashidi, V., Hassanzadeh, M., Ghorbi, M. and Ghassemi, S. (2020). Comparison of Salinity Tolerance of Common and Improved Genotypes of Forage Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) in Tabriz-plain. Journal of Agricultural Knowledge and Sustainable Production. 30(1): 109-119. (In Persian)
Omara, A.E. and El-Gaafarey, T. (2018). Alleviation of Salinity Stress Effects in Forage Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) by Bradyrhizobium sp. Inoculation. Microbiology Research Journal International. 23(3): 1-16.
Parvizi, S., Amirnia, R., Bernousi, A., Pasban Islam, B., Hassanzadeh Ghort Tappeh, A. and Rai, (2011). The effect of different levels of density on grain filling speed and process, yield and yield components in pinto bean cultivars. Crop production research. (1): 87-69. (In Persian)
Phour, M. and Sindhu, S.S. (2020). Amelioration of salinity stress and growth stimulation of mustard (Brassica juncea L.) by salt-tolerant Pseudomonas species. Applied Soil Ecology 149: 103518.
Qun, H., Wei-qin, J., Shi, Q., Zhi-peng, X., Yajie, H., Bao-wei, G., Guodong, G., Hui, G., Hong-cheng, Z. and Hai-yan, W. (2020). Effect of wide-narrow row arrangement in mechanical pot-seedling transplanting and plant density on yield formation and grain quality of japonica rice. Journal of Integrative Agriculture. 19(5): 1197-1214.
Rahimi Tashi, T. and V. Niknam. (2015). Evaluation of salicylic acid pretreatment and salinity effect on some physiological and biochemical parameters in (Triticum aestivum L.). Journal of Plant Research. Iranian Journal of Biology. 28(2): 297-306 (In Persian).
Salama, H.S.A. (2019). Yield and nutritive value of maize (Zea mays L.) forage as affected by plant density, sowing date and age at harvest. Italian Journal of Agronomy. 14: 1383.
Setia, N., Gupta, D. and Kaur, N. (2010). Effect of induced salinity stress on growth and yield of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea). Environment and Ecology. 28 (2): 967-968.
Shi, D.Y., Li, Y.H., Zhang, J.W., Liu, P., Zhao, B. and Dong, S.T. (2016). Effects of plant density and nitrogen rate on lodging-related stalk traits of summer maize. Plant, Soil and Environment. 62: 299-306.
Tavassoli, A., Mousavi, T., Piri, I. and Babaian, M. (2018). Effect of plant density and weed control on yield and yield components of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). Agroecology journal. 10 (1): (In Persian)
Wang, C., Ruan, R.W., Yuan, X. H., Hu, D., Yang, H., Li, Y. and Yi, Z.L. (2015). Effects of nitrogen fertilizer and planting density on the lignin synthesis in the culm in relation to lodging resistance of buckwheat. Plant Production Science. 18: 218-27.
Weiner, J. (2004). Allocation, plasticity and allometry in plants. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics. 6: 207–215. https://doi.org/10.1078/1433-8319-00083.
Zhao, G. Q., Ma, B. L. and Ren, C. Z. (2007). Growth, gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence and ion content of naked oat in response to salinity. Crop Science. 47: 123-131.
Zheng, M., Chen, J., Shi, Y., Li, Y., Yin, Y., Yang, D., Luo, Y., Pang, D., Xu, X., Li, W., Ni, J., Wang, Y., Wang, Z. and Li, Y. (2017). Manipulation of lignin metabolism by plant densities and its relationship with lodging resistance in wheat. Scientific Reports. 7: 41805.
Zlatev, Z.S. and Yordanov, I.T. (2007). Effect of soil drought on photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence in bean plants. Bulgarin Journal of Plant Physiology. 30(3-4): 3-18.