انسان شناسی فرهنگی وسیله ای برای بررسی عوامل شکل دهنده معماری
محورهای موضوعی : معماریشادی عزیزی 1 , علیرضا دلپذیر 2 , پریسا مقدم 3
1 - استادیار معماری، دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد تهران مرکزی، تهران
2 - دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد معماری، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد تهران مرکزی.
3 - دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد معماری، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد تهران مرکزی.
کلید واژه:
چکیده مقاله :
عدم شناخت کافی از رابطه بین بنیان های فرهنگی-اجتماعی جامعه ایرانی و معماری از مسایل اساسی معماری ایران می باشد. یکی از علل اساسی این مساله عدم شناخت زمینه های علمی مناسبی است که بتواند عوامل فرهنگی-اجتماعی را در ارتباط با معماری بررسی کند. این مقاله با معرفی رویکرد انسان شناسی فرهنگی در معماری در پی پاسخ گویی به این سوال است که در این رویکرد ، فرهنگ چه ارتباطی با معماری دارد؟ روش تحقیق بکار رفته در این مقاله کیفی و توصیفی می باشد. نتایج حاصل از این تحقیق به صورت ارایه مدلی و ارزیابی آن در رابطه بین طبیعت و خانه های ایرانی خواهد بود، نشان می دهد در انسان شناسی فرهنگی علاوه بر آنکه عوامل فرهنگی به عنوان عوامل اساسی شکل دهنده معماری می باشند، زمینه ای را نیز فراهم می آورد که بتوان در آن متغیرهای گوناگون اجتماعی-فرهنگی را در کنار هم مورد بررسی قرار داد.
Post modernism period in architecture, is the period of joining several fields to architecture and having a diverse perspective of it. One of the fields which were mentioned in this joining with architecture, is the cultural anthropology approach toward architecture. Basically, cultural aspect of the architecture is depended on this definition that, culture is the human-built part of the environment. In one state, culture itself is derived from the human’s humanly act and his ecosystem, which in the next state, forms the social behavior and his physical environment. The result of such prospect of the culture, formed an approach called architectural anthropology in 1970’s. This propounded issues in this field such as how culture of different nations and groups of people can form different architectures? And today how can we consciously create an interaction between culture and architecture by realizing this point. Later on, achievement of this scientific branch in architecture created the “architecture without architect” approach by Bernard Rudofsky , and also expanded researches in world’s authentic universities .This resulted into formation of encyclopedias in the field of connection between culture and architecture. In our country, it seems necessary to analyze the cultural anthropology of Iranian architecture for three necessary aspects. Firstly, Iran is one of the worlds few countries which its history of civilization goes back several thousand years before B.C. It has rich architecture and culture which worth analyzing. Secondly, is that until now, basic researches on relations of architecture and culture has been very limited. This causes the lack of cultural richness in architectural designs. Finally, in today’s globalization issue, only countries with cultural representations and figures in their architecture can be in connection with whole world in cultural and economical field. Because of points mentioned above, firstly this paper is about to answer this question, from the cultural anthropology aspect of architecture, what kind of relation does culture have with architecture and its formation. At first, the aim of this paper is to achieve a model for analyzing the relation between culture and architecture from the cultural anthropology aspect until now. Second, this paper uses this model in the context of Iranian culture and architecture to analyze the relation of nature and the architecture of Iranian houses and its cultural aspects. At this part, this paper is about to answer this question, was the use of nature and natural elements in Iranian houses only an answer to climate or it’s something above this and has origins in Iranian culture. The researching method used in this paper is qualitative and descriptive. The results shows that cultural anthropology, identifies cultural factors as basic factors of forming architecture and also provides a context to analyze different social-cultural variables together. The example of this point can be seen in the relation of architecture and nature in Iranian house, in which nature firstly was an answer to cultural demands of people. In other words, culture was a determining factor and climate was the effective factor in formation of Iranian houses.