اصلاح گرهای غیرفعال ساز آلاینده‌ها: سازوکار‌های غیرفعال‌سازی و جنبه های زیست‌محیطی کاربرد آن‌ها

محورهای موضوعی : آب و محیط زیست

رامین سلماسی ¹

1 - 1عضو هیئت علمی مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی آذربایجان شرقی *(مسئول مکاتبات).

تاریخ دریافت : 1390/02/09 تاریخ پذیرش : 1390/11/30 تاریخ انتشار : 1391/11/01

کلید واژه: فلزات سنگین, سامانه های کشاورزی, فرآورده های صنعتی,

چکیده مقاله :

افزایش فعالیت های کشاورزی به رها سازی آلاینده های گوناگون از سامانه های کشاورزی منجر می گردد که به عنوان یکی از عوامل افت کیفیت خاک و آب، مطرح می باشد. از شیوه های پاک سازی گوناگون از جمله کاربرد اصلاح گرهای شیمیایی برای کاهش زیان های مرتبط با این آلاینده ها بهره گیری می شود. در این مقاله پیرامون کاربردی ترین اصلاح گرهای شیمیایی جهت غیرفعال سازی فلزات سنگین، سازوکارهای این غیرفعال سازی ها و جنبه های زیست محیطی کاربرد این اصلاح گرها بحث فشرده ای می شود. اصلاح گرهای شیمیایی که به صورت متداول جهت غیر فعال سازی آلاینده ها کاربرد دارند در رده های فرآورده های آهن، کلسیم و آلومینیوم دار قرار می گیرند. ترکیبات فسفردار و رس های سیلیکاته، سایر فرآورده ها را تشکیل می دهند. سازو کارهای غیرفعال سازی آلاینده ها شامل یک یا ترکیبی از موارد زیر می باشد: تشکیل رسوب سطحی، جذب بر روی سطوح کانی، رسوب به صورت نمک و هم رسوبی. بررسـی جنبه هــای محیط زیستی نشان می دهد که وجود مواد ناخواسته مانند فلزات سنگین، فلورید، سولفات، جامدات محلول و مواد پرتوزا در زایدات و باطله های صنعتی می توانند به آب های زیرزمینی آبشویی یابند و یا از طریق روانآب وارد آب های سطحی شوند. اسیدیته یا قلیاییت که با برخی از این زایدات همراه می باشد، می تواند زیان زیست محیطی جدی را به همراه داشته باشد. اصلاح گرهای شیمیایی عناصری را دارند که با تاثیر بر فعالیت برخی میکروب ها، می توانند بر روی فرآیندهای ژئوشیمیایی حیاتی مانند انحلال و تشکیل کانی، هوادیدگی و معدنی شدن مواد آلی تاثیر گذار باشند.

چکیده انگلیسی:

Pollutant discharge from agricultural systems as a result if agricultural activities is as one of the factors for soil and water quality. Various soil and water remediation techniques including the use of chemical amendments have been applied to reduce the risks associated with these contaminants.  This paper reviews the use of chemical amendments for immobilizing chemical amendments, the chemistry of contaminant immobilization, and environmental concerns associated with the use of these products.  The commonly used chemical amendments were grouped into aluminum-, calcium-, and iron-containing products. Other products of interest include phosphorus-containing compounds and silicate clays. Mechanisms of contaminant immobilization include one or a combination of the following: surface precipitation, adsorption to mineral surfaces (ion exchange and formation of stable complexes), precipitation as salts, and co-precipitation. Reviews of environmental implications revealed that undesirable substances such as trace elements, fluoride, sulfate, total dissolved solids, as well as radioactive materials associated with some industrial wastes used as amendment could be leached to ground water or lost through runoff to receiving water bodies. The acidity or alkalinity associated with some of the industrial-waste amendments could also constitute a substantial environmental hazard. Chemical amendments have elements capable of affecting the activities of certain microbes that could influence geochemical processes such as mineral dissolution and formation, weathering, and organic matter mineralization.

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