بررسی اثربخشی مداخله یکپارچه در سوگ ناشی از قتل برکاهش نشانگان سوگ والدینی که فرزندشان را بر اثر قتل عمد از دست داده‌اند (یک مطالعه آمیخته)
محورهای موضوعی : روانشناسی
محمدرضا عبدی
1
,
عباس ذبیح زاده
2
*
,
محمدعلی رحمانی
3
1 - گروه مشاوره و روانشناسی، واحد تنكابن، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تنكابن، ایران
2 - گروه روانشناسی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران
3 - گروه مشاوره و روانشناسی، واحد تنكابن، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تنكابن، ایران
کلید واژه: تجربه زیسته, سوگ پیچیده, قتل عمد, والدین داغدار, مداخله در سوگ قتل,
چکیده مقاله :
مقدمه: پژوهش حاضر با هدف مفهوم‌پردازی سوگ پیچیده در والدینی که فرزندشان را بر اثر قتل عمد از دست داده‌اند و همچنین تدوین یک مداخله یکپارچه ویژه سوگ قتل و در نهایت، بررسی اثربخشی مداخله مذکور در کاهش نشانگان سوگ انجام شده است.
روش پژوهش: مطالعه حاضر از نوع آمیخته و طی سه گام (مطالعه اول و دوم به روش کیفی با رویکرد پدیدارشناسی و مطالعه سوم به روش کمّی با رویکرد آزمایشی) انجام شده است. جامعه آماری شامل کلیه والدینی هستند که فرزندشان را بر اثر قتل عمد از دست داده بودند و از طریق نمونه‌گیری هدفمند در محاکم قضایی استان گیلان انتخاب شدند. به‌منظور تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها در مطالعه اول و دوم از روش کلایزی (Colaizzi) و در مطالعه سوم از روش تحلیل کوواریانس تک‌متغیره (ANCOVA) استفاده شد. ابزارهای پژوهش شامل مصاحبه تشخیصی، پرسشنامه تجربه سوگ (GEQ) و مداخله یکپارچه در سوگ ناشی از قتل (IHBI) بود که طی 18 جلسه 90 دقیقه‌ای صرفاً برای گروه آزمایش اجرا شد.
یافته‌ها: با توجه به نتایج بدست آمده از تحلیل کیفی مصاحبه‌ها مجموعاً سه مضمون اصلی (شامل بستر درون‌فردی، بین‌فردی و ناشناخته) و 45 مضمون فرعی شناسایی شد. همچنین، اثربخشی مداخله پیشنهادی پس از تدوین، مورد بررسی قرار گرفت و تأیید شد (001/0≥P).
نتیجه‌گیری: والدین سوگوار قتل در طول ایام سوگواری علاوه بر چالش‌هایی که در بستر درون‌فردی و بین فردی سوگ قتل تجربه می‌کنند با یک‌سری چالش‌های ناآشنا در بستر ناشناخته‌ی سوگ قتل مواجه هستند که سبب ایجاد اختلال در پردازش سالم هیجانات مرتبط با سوگ می‌گردد. همچنین نتایج این مطالعه نشان داد که مداخله پیشنهادی منجربه کاهش معنادار نشانگان سوگ در والدین سوگوار قتل شده است.
Introduction: The present study aims to conceptualize complicated grief in parents who have lost a child to homicide. Additionally, it seeks to develop a specialized integrative homicide bereavement intervention tailored to address grief associated with such traumatic losses. Finally, the study evaluates the effectiveness of this intervention in reducing grief symptoms.
Research Method: This mixed-methods study was conducted in three phases. The first two phases utilized a qualitative phenomenological approach, while the third phase employed a quantitative experimental design. The target population consisted of parents who had lost a child to homicide. Participants were selected through purposive sampling from judicial courts in Gilan Province, Iran. In the first and second phases, data analysis was performed using Colaizzi's method. The third phase employed a one-way Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA). The research instruments included a diagnostic interview, the Grief Experience Questionnaire (GEQ), and the Integrative Homicide Bereavement Intervention (IHBI). The IHBI was implemented in 18 sessions of 90 minutes each, exclusively for the experimental group.
Findings: Based on the qualitative analysis of the interviews, three main themes were identified: intrapersonal context, interpersonal context, and the unknown context, along with 45 subthemes. Additionally, the effectiveness of the proposed intervention, after its development, was evaluated and confirmed (P ≤ 0.001).
Conclusion: Bereaved parents of homicide victims face not only intrapersonal and interpersonal challenges related to grief, but also a range of unknown difficulties within the unique context of homicide-related bereavement, which disrupt the healthy processing of grief-related emotions. Furthermore, the findings of this study indicate that the proposed intervention significantly reduced grief symptoms in these parents.
1. Alves-Costa F, Hamilton-Giachritsis C, Halligan S. “Everything changes”: Listening to homicidally bereaved individuals’ practice and intervention needs. Journal of interpersonal violence. 2021 Mar;36(5-6):NP2954-74. [DOI:10.1177/0886260518766558] [PMID]
2. Armour M. Violent death: Understanding the context of traumatic and stigmatized grief. Journal of Human Behavior in the social environment. 2007 Apr 23;14(4):53-90. [DOI:10.1300/J137v14n04_04]
3. Asaro MR, Clements PT. Homicide bereavement: A family affair. Journal of forensic nursing. 2005 Sep;1(3):101-6. [DOI:10.1111/j.1744-6163.2001.tb00643.x] [PMID]
4. Atwood JD, Schaefer-Schiumo K, Russo A. The ultimate trauma: A murdered child counseling considerations. The Family Journal. 2023 Jul;31(3):406-16. [DOI:10.1177/10664807231164420]
5. Berrozpe J, Cantero-García M, Caro Cañizares I. Parental Grief After theUnexpected Death of a Child: A Scoping Review About theImpact on Parent’s SocialNetworks and the Functionof Self-Help Groups. OMEGA-Journal of Death and Dying. 2024 Aug 30. [DOI:10.1177/00302228241280336] [PMID]
6. Boelen PA, de Keijser J, Smid G. Cognitive–behavioral variables mediate the impact of violent loss on post-loss psychopathology. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy. 2015 Jul;7(4):382. [DOI: 10.1037/tra0000018] [PMID]
7. Champion MJ, Kilcullen M. Complicated grief following the traumatic loss of a child: a systematic review. OMEGA-Journal of death and dying. 2023 May 11:00302228231170417. [DOI:10.1177/00302228231170417] [PMID]
8. Choi H, Cho SM. Posttraumatic stress disorder and complicated grief in bereaved parents of the Sewol Ferry disaster exposed to injustice following the loss. International journal of social psychiatry. 2020 Mar;66(2):163-70. [DOI:10.1177/0020764019894607] [PMID]
9. Costa DH, Njaine K, Schenker M. Repercussions of homicide on victims’ families: a literature review. Ciencia & saude coletiva. 2017;22:3087-97. [DOI:10.1590/1413-81232017229.18132016] [PMID]
10. DeYoung R, Buzzi B. Ultimate coping strategies: The differences among parents of murdered or abducted, long-term missing children. OMEGA-Journal of Death and Dying. 2003 Dec;47(4):343-60. [DOI:10.2190/QYTT-GC1X-MNLX-6WLU]
11. Eagle MW. Homicidal loss and disenfranchised grief, mothers of murdered descendants: an exploratory qualitative study. Pepperdine University; 2020. [Link]
12. Englebrecht C, Mason DT, Adams MJ. The experiences of homicide victims' families with the criminal justice system: an exploratory study. Violence & Victims. 2014 Jun 1;29(3). [DOI:10.1891/0886-6708.VV-D-12-00151] [PMID]
13. Faraji Nia Z, Karimi F, Jalili Ebrahim Abadi N. Predicting social anxiety based on anger rumination, aggression, and problem solving styles. Family and Health. 2020;10(1):26-37. [Link]
14. Feigelman W, Jordan JR, Gorman BS. Parental grief after a child's drug death compared to other death causes: Investigating a greatly neglected bereavement population. OMEGA-Journal of death and dying. 2011 Dec;63(4):291-316. [DOI:10.2190/OM.63.4.a] [PMID]
15. Frederickson J. Co-Creating Change: Effective Dynamic Therapy Techniques. Seven Leaves Press; 2013. [Link]
16. Frei-Landau R, Abo-Mokh I, Ben-Yehoshua NS. Religious meaning-making among Muslim parents bereaved by homicide: Struggling to accept ‘God's will’and yearning for ‘Qayama’day. Heliyon. 2023 Sep 1;9(9). [DOI:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20246] [PMID]
17. Gollwitzer M, Denzler M. What makes revenge sweet: Seeing the offender suffer or delivering a message?. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 2009 Jul 1;45(4):840-4. [DOI:10.1016/j.jesp.2009.03.001]
18. Hava D. An Ecological Review of Homicide Bereavement’s Risk Factors: Implications for Future Research. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse. 2024 Jan;25(1):413-29. [DOI:10.1177/15248380231155527] [PMID]
19. Huggins C, Hinkson G. Signs of traumatic grief, lack of justice, magnitude of loss, and signs of resilience following the homicidal loss of their adult child among Caribbean Black mothers. OMEGA-Journal of Death and Dying. 2022 Feb;84(3):914-34. [DOI:10.1177/0030222820921013] [PMID]
20. Johnson BR. Five More Minutes!: A Guide for Parents Who Must Navigate Life After Their Child Is Murdered. Covenant Books, Inc.; 2021. [Link]
21. Kashka MS, Beard MT. The grief of parents of murdered children: A suggested model for intervention. Holistic nursing practice. 1999 Oct 1;14(1):22-36. [DOI:10.1097/00004650-199910000-00006] [PMID]
22. Lyngstad TH. Bereavement and divorce: Does the death of a child affect parents’ marital stability?. Family Science. 2013 Oct 1;4(1):79-86. [DOI:10.1080/19424620.2013.821762]
23. Maghoumi M, Kadivar P, Hashemi Razini H, Sepah Mansour M. Intermediary role of self-efficacy in relations with temperament and character and positive and negative affections with shame and guilt: presenting a structural model. Family and Health. 1400;11(1):180-203. [Link]
24. Milman E, Neimeyer RA, Fitzpatrick M, MacKinnon CJ, Muis KR, Cohen SR. Rumination moderates the role of meaning in the development of prolonged grief symptomatology. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2019 Jun;75(6):1047-65. [DOI:10.1002/jclp.22751] [PMID]
25. Mohamed Hussin NA, Aho AL, Kylmä J. Finding Hope in Finnish Parents Following the Traumatic Death of Their Child. OMEGA-Journal of Death and Dying. 2024 Sep 6:00302228241272553. [DOI:10.1177/00302228241272553] [PMID]
26. October T, Dryden-Palmer K, Copnell B, Meert KL. Caring for parents after the death of a child. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine. 2018 Aug 1;19(8S):S61-8. [DOI:10.1097/PCC.0000000000001466] [PMID]
27. Rafiee Ardestani M, Eskandari H, Borjali A, Farrokhi N. Reaction to loss among young generation of Tehran’s population: A qualitative study. Journal of Research in Psychological Health. 2018;12(3):75-90. [Link]
28. Reed MD, Caraballo K. Voice of the victims: Accounts of secondary victimization with the court system among homicide co-victims. Journal of interpersonal violence. 2022 Jul;37(13-14):NP10832-61. [DOI:10.1177/0886260521989732] [PMID]
29. Reed MD, Dabney DA, Tapp SN, Ishoy GA. Tense relationships between homicide co-victims and detectives in the wake of murder. Deviant behavior. 2020 May 3;41(5):543-61. [DOI:10.1080/01639625.2019.1574256]
30. Silverman GS, Baroiller A, Hemer SR. Culture and grief: Ethnographic perspectives on ritual, relationships and remembering. Death Studies. 2021 Jan 2;45(1):1-8. [DOI:10.1080/07481187.2020.1851885] [PMID]
31. Varga MA, Bordere TC, Varga MD. The holistic grief effects of bereaved Black female college students. OMEGA-Journal of Death and Dying. 2022 Dec;86(2):488-502. [DOI:10.1177/0030222820976298] [PMID]
32. Whittmire A. Life After Homicide: Towards Broader Understandings of Successful Mourning. Journal of Integrated Studies. 2016;7(1). [Link]
33. Wolfelt A. Grief After Homicide: Surviving, Mourning, Reconciling (Words of Hope and Healing). New York, NY: Companion Press; 2021. [Link]
34. Worden JW. Grief counseling and grief therapy: A handbook for the mental health practitioner. springer publishing Company; 2018 May 28. [Link]