تحلیل مناسبات بینامتنی کلیلهودمنه و منظومۀ روباه راینکه اثر یوهان ولفگانگ گوته
مهناز نوروزی
1
(
گروه روسی دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی (ره)
)
فرانک هاشمی
2
(
گروه زبان و ادبیات آلمانی، دانشکده ادبیات فارسی و زبانهای خارجی، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران
)
کلید واژه: مطالعۀ بینامتنی, کلیلهودمنه, ادبیات آلمان, گوته, بینامتنیت ژرار ژنت,
چکیده مقاله :
کلیلهودمنه یکی از معروفترین و غنیترین آثار فابل و تعلیمی در میراث ادبی و فرهنگی جهان و سرشار از حکایتهای تمثیلی پندآموز است که به بسیاری از زبانهای زندۀ دنیا ترجمه شده و تقلیدها و اقتباسهای فراوانی از آن صورت گرفته است. ردّپای این اثر را در آثار برخی کشورهای اروپایی، از جمله ادبیات آلمان میتوان یافت. در مقالۀ حاضر سعی بر این است تا به روش تحلیل محتوا و نیز تحلیل تاریخی-فرهنگی، با تکیه بر مکتب فرانسوی ادبیات تطبیقی و استفاده از نظریۀ بینامتنیت ژرار ژنت، به تحلیل مناسبات بینامتنی کلیلهودمنه و منظومۀ مشهور روباه راینکه نوشتۀ یوهان ولفگانگ گوته بپردازیم. نتایج بررسیها نشان میدهد که رابطۀ بینامتنی این دو اثر از نوع بینامتنیت ضمنی بوده و واکاوی وجوه تشابه و تفارق میان آنها مؤیّد این مطلب است که سه باب شیر و گاو، بازجُست کار دمنه و شیر و شغال از کلیلهودمنه را میتوان از جمله پیشمتنهای مورد استفاده در نگارش منظومۀ نامبرده برشمرد. رمان روباه، اثر برجستۀ ادبیات عامیانۀ قرون وسطی در سدۀ دوازدهم میلادی و نیز داستانهای ازوپ، از دیگر پیشمتنهای منظومۀ گوته هستند. همچنین باید اذعان داشت که منظومۀ روباه راینکه یک پانورامای طنز عمیق و واقعگرایانه از زندگی مردم قرون وسطی در دورۀ سیستم فئودالی و نشاندهندۀ آن است که یک اثر میتواند فراتر از یک اقتباس ساده عمل کرده و اهمیّت و ارزش فرهنگی و اجتماعی بیابد. انجام این قبیل پژوهشها میتواند هر چه بیشتر بر نفوذ و تأثیر فرهنگ و ادب شرق بر غرب صحّه بگذارد.
چکیده انگلیسی :
“Kalileh and Demneh” is one of the most famous and richest educational and didactic works in the literary and cultural heritage of the world, replete with instructive fables that have been translated into many living languages and have inspired numerous adaptations and rewriting. Its influence can be traced in the works of some European countries, including German literature. This article seeks to analyze the intertextual relationship between “Kalileh and Demneh” and the famous “Reinecke Fox” by Johann Goethe, using content analysis and historical-cultural analysis methods, relying on French school of comparative literature and applying Gérard Genette's intertextuality theory. The results of the analysis show that the intertextual relationship between these two works is of an implicit nature, and exploring the similarities and differences between them supports the notion that three chapters from “Kalileh and Demneh”, namely “The Lion and the Cow”, “Investigating the Work of Demneh”, and “The Lion and the Jackal”, can be counted among the pretexts used in the composition of the aforementioned poem. “Reynard the Fox”, a prominent work in medieval literature of the 12th century, and the stories of Aesop are among other pretexts used by Goethe. It must also be acknowledged that “Reinecke Fox” is a profound and realistic satire panorama of medieval life in the feudal system era, indicating that a work can go beyond simple adaptation and find cultural and social significance and value. Conducting such research can further validate the penetration and influence of Eastern culture and literature on the West.
Ahmadi, Babak (1991). Text Structure and Interpretation (Semiotics and Structuralism), Tehran: Markaz.#
Al-Bukhari, Muhammad ibn Abdullah (1982). “Bipedal Stories” (Translation of Kalileh and Demneh), Tehran: Sherkat Sahami Entesharat Khwarazmi.#
Allen, Graham (2001). Intertextuality, translated by Peyman Yazdanjoo. Tehran: Markaz.#
Jamalzadeh, Mohammad Ali (1975-1972). “Fables in Persian Literature” (in fifteen parts), Gohar, First part (issue 5, February 1972, 25-29) and Seventeenth part (issue 33, December 1975, 766-770).#
Dehqaniyan, Javad (2011). “The Role of Power and Political Culture in Kalileh and Demneh”, Research in Persian Language and Literature, New Series, 3(1), No. 9, 91-104.#
Zarrinkoob, Abdulhossein (1962). “The Travel of the Bidpay”, Rahnama-ye ketab, Fifth Year, July and August 1962, 5-13.#
Koolaiyan, Darvish Ali (2009). “Where did Kalileh and Demneh come from?”, Hafez, No. 63, 35-39.#
Namvar Motlaq, Bahman (2007). “Transtextualite: Study of the Relationships of a Text with Other Texts”, Journal of Humanities Research, No. 56, 83-98.#
Namvar Motlaq, Bahman (2011). Introduction to Intertextuality: Theories and Applications, Tehran: Sokhan.#
Barth, R. From the work to the text / R. Barth // Selected works: Semiotics. Poetics. –M .: Progress, 1989.#
Ilyin, I.P. Poststructuralism. Deconstructivism. Postmodernism. –M., 1996.#
Benfey, Theodor (Ed.) (1859): “Pantschatantra–Five books of Indian fables”, fairy tales and stories. Vol. I. Leipzig: Brockhaus.#
Bothmer, Hans-Christian Graf von (1981): Kalila and Dimna- Ibn al-Muqqaffa's Book of Fables in a Medieval Illuminated Manuscript. Wiesbaden: Reichert.#
Brunner-Traut, Emma (1959), “Ancient Egyptian Animal History and Fable, Shape and power” in: Saeculum X. Tübingen. Pp.124-185.#
Ebeling, Erich (1927): “The Babylonian fable and its importance for literary history” in: Communication of the Ancient Oriental Society. Vol. II. No. 3. Pp.3-53.#
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von (1989): Goethe's Works, Vol. II. Ed. and author: Gerhard Stenzel. Salzburg / Stuttgart: The Mountain Country Book.#
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von (1999): West-Eastern Divan–Study Edition. Stuttgart: Reclam.#
Graf, Adolf (1920): The foundations of “Reinecke Fuchs” – a comparative study. Helsinki. FFC. 38.#
Grosse, Siegfried; Rautenberg, Ursula (1989): The reception of medieval German poetry – a bibliography of its translations and adaptations since the mid-18th century. Tübingen: Niemeyer.#
Haschemi, Faranak (2006): “The impact of “Kalila and Dimna” on the fable literature of the German Enlightenment” in: TRANS Internet Journal of Cultural Studies, No. 16/2005, http://www.inst.at/trans/16Nr/06_1/haschemi16.htm.#
Haschemi, Faranak (2007 a): “Fables as cultural mediators. transculturality in European-Islamic dialogue”. Communication and cultures, vol.4. Ed. J. Roche, J. Wormer. Berlin: LIT Verlag. Pp.232-254.#
Haschemi, Faranak (2007 b): “Fable–motif migration and transformation between Orient and Occident, represented by Persian and German fables” In: Yearbook for International German Studies, Series A. Congress Reports Vol. 84, Proceedings of the XI. International German Congress Paris 2005, Vol. 8, Bern: Peter Lang. Pp. 273-281.#
Haschemi, Faranak (2008): “The Persian reception of Kalila and Dimna”, In: From cunning jackals and foolish camels – The fable in Orient and Occident. Ed. M. Fansa u. E. Grunewald, State Museum of Nature and Man, Oldenburg, Wiesbad, Reichert, pp. 195-206.#
Jens, Walter (Ed.)(1988a): Article “Reinecke Fuchs” In: Kindlers neues Literaturlexikon Vol.6. Munich: Kindler.#
Jens, Walter (Ed.)(1988b): Article “Reinecke Fuchs” In: Kindlers neues Literaturlexikon Vol.6. Munich: Kindler.#
Maierhofer, Waltraud (n.d.): “The Reineke-Fuchs-Etchings by Johann Heinrich Ramberg”. See as PDF file: http://www.goethezeitportal.de/fileadmin/PDF/db/wiss/bildende_kunst/maierhofer_reineke_fuchs.pdf Retrieval date: January 27, 2024.#
Marzolph, Ulrich (2008): “Fables from Kalila Wa Dimna in the international oral tradition”. In: From cunning jackals and foolish camels - The fable in Orient and Occident. Ed. M. Fansa and E. Grunewald, State Museum of Nature and Man, Oldenburg, Wiesbaden: Reichert, Pp. 221-229.#
Obermaier, Sabine (1999): “The Fox in the Book of Examples of the Ancient Wise Men Anton von Pforr - Considerations on the interpretation of a translation with an inhomogeneous text content”. In: Reinardus. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Pp. 95-111.#
Stein, Ferdinand (1889): “La Fontaine's Influence on German Fable Poetry of the 18th Century”. In: Annual Report on the Kaiser-Karls Gymnasium in Aachen for the School Year 1888-89. Aachen. Pp. 3-32.#
Wache, Karl (1920): “The Animal Fable in World Literature”. In: Journal for Austrian Gymnasiums 69. Vienna. Pp. 416-439.#
Weber, Albrecht (1855): “On the connection of Indian fables with Greek ones”. In: Indian Studies III.-Contributions to the Knowledge of Antiquity. Berlin: Dümmlers Verlagsbuchhandlung. Pp. 327-373.#