مروری بر بیماری های منتقله از آب: ریسک فاکتورها و شیوه‌های پیشگیری
محورهای موضوعی : شیمی و مهندسی شیمی کلیه گرایش هامحمد صفری 1 , احمد اصل هاشمی 2 , مهران دولتخواه 3 , غلامحسین صفری 4 *
1 - 1- دانشکده پزشکی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد کرمان، کرمان، ایران
2 - گروه آموزش بهداشت محیط دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تبریز
3 - گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تبریز
4 - گروه مهندسی بهداشت محیط، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تبریز، تبریز، ایران
کلید واژه: آب, آلودگی آب, بیماری ناشی از آب, بهسازی, شیوه‌های پیشگیری,
چکیده مقاله :
آب برای حیات انسان و سلامتی عمومی ضروری است زیرا تا 60 درصد از بدن انسان بالغ را آب تشکیل می‌دهد. با این حال، بسیاری از جمعیت جهان به آب آشامیدنی کافی و سالم دسترسی ندارند. از طرفی آب آلوده می‌تواند باعث گسترش بیماری و ایجاد مسمومیت شود. شایع‌ترین بیماری‌های منقله از آب، بیماری‌های اسهالی مانند وبا، حصبه، پاراتیفوئید، سالمونلا، ژیاردیازیس و کریپتوسپوریدیوزیس می‌باشند. همچنین خطرات بهداشتی ممکن است ناشی از ترکیبات شیمیایی و رادیواکتیو آب باشد. در واقع، برخی از مواد شیمیایی محلول در آب در نتیجه فرآیندهای طبیعی، ممکن است مواد ضروری برای مصارف خوراکی باشند و برخی ممکن است در غلظت‌های بیشتر از حد مجاز مضر باشند. از جمله این ترکیبات می‌توان به انواع فلزات مختلف، مواد آلی سنتتیک و عناصر ضروری از قبیل فلوراید، ید و سلنیوم اشاره کرد. به همین دلیل است که کیفیت آب آشامیدنی یک نگرانی جهانی برای سلامتی به ویژه در کشورهای در حال توسعه است. این مطالعه مروری با هدف مروری بر تحقیقات کنونی و گذشته در زمینه بیماری‌های منتقله از آب و مهم‌تر از همه عوامل مؤثر و ریسک فاکتورهای مرتبط، شیوه‌های پیشگیری و در نهایت شناسایی شکاف های بالقوه در مطالعات مربوط به بیماری های منتقله از آب انجام شد. بررسی متون نشان داد که آب آشامیدنی ناسالم و عدم دسترسی به امکانات بهسازی و بهداشتی اولیه، از عوامل اصلی شیوع بیماری‌های منتقله توسط آب می‌باشند. بهبود وضعیت آب آشامیدنی، امکانات بهسازی و بهداشتی مناسب به ویژه دفع بهداشتی مدفوع منجر به کاهش بیماری‌های منقله از آب می‌شود.
Water is essential for human life and public health because up to 60% of the adult human body is made up of water. However, much of the world's population does not have access to sufficient and safe drinking water. The most common waterborne diseases are diarrheal diseases such as cholera, typhoid, paratyphoid, salmonella, giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis. Also, health risks may be caused by chemical and radioactive compounds of water. In fact, some chemicals dissolved in water may be essential substances for food consumption, and some may be harmful in higher than permissible concentrations. These compounds can include various metals, synthetic organic materials and essential elements such as fluoride, iodine and selenium. This is why drinking water quality is a global health concern, especially in developing countries. This review study was conducted with the aim of reviewing the current and past researches in the field of waterborne diseases and most importantly the effective factors in transmitted diseases as well as methods of prevention and finally identifying potential gaps in studies related to waterborne diseases. The review of the literature showed that unsafe water and lack of access to basic sanitation facilities are the main causes of the outbreak of water-borne diseases. Improving drinking water conditions, proper sanitary facilities, especially sanitary disposal of feces, leads to the reduction of water-borne diseases.
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