Biomass Gasification Systems and Different Types of ‎Gasifiers, Effective Parameters on Gasification ‎Process Efficiency: An Overview

محورهای موضوعی : Electrical Engineering

Mehrdad Kordi ¹ (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aliabad Katoul Branch, Islamic Azad University, Aliabad Katoul, Iran)
Seyyed Masoud Seyyedi ² (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aliabad Katoul Branch, Islamic Azad University, Aliabad Katoul , Iran)

تاریخ دریافت : 1400/09/07 تاریخ پذیرش : 1400/10/04 تاریخ انتشار : 1400/09/10

کلید واژه: energy, Renewable, biomass, Sustainable, Gasification,

چکیده مقاله :

Biomass is considered as an effective energy carrier to meet the needs of clean energy for the whole world, which need to have sustainable renewable energy. Among the various methods of biomass, gasification is commendable. It is considered as one of the most important restoration and thermochemical methods for converting biomass energy into gaseous fuels, thermal and electrical energies, as well as its use for the production of biofuels. But there are some obstacles, which can be solve by more research in this area. In this article, various obstacles such as supply chain management include harvesting the waste, collection on the site, transportation to gasification site and storage are each a part of this chain. biomass pretreatment, generic low biomass resources and syngas conditioning from biomass energy conversion have been mentioned. Based on recent studies, the biggest challenges for biomass gasification is to produce heat and power. Also, different technologies of reactor design until reaching to the most efficient and high-efficiency reactor have been discussed in this paper. Ultimately, the most advanced gasification system with the most efficient gas conditioning technology can overcome all the mentioned obstacles.

منابع و مأخذ:

[1]  Met Office, ’Global temperatures set to reach 1o C marker for first time’, News Release, 9 November 2015. UK.

[2] IEA,’CO2 emissions from fuel combustion’, 2015. France.

[3] IPCC, ’Climate Change 2014 Synthesis Report Summary for Policymakers’, Switzerland. 2014.

[4] IEA, World: Indicators for 2013 - Statistics Database, France 2016.

[5] Dyken SV, Bakken BH, Skjelbred HI. Linear mixed-integer models for biomass supply chains with transport, storage and processing. Energy 2010;35:1338–50.

[6] Kaewluan S, Pipatmanomai S. Gasification of high moisture rubber woodchip with rubber waste in a bubbling fluidized bed. Fuel Process Technol 2011;92:671–7.

[7] Kumar M, Sansaniwal SK, Khatak P. Progress in solar dryers for drying variouscommodities. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2016;55:346–60.

[8]Pellegrini LF, Júnior SDO, Burbano JC. Supercritical steam cycles and biomass integrated gasification combined cycles for sugarcane mills. Energy 2010;35:1172-80.

[9] Kim YS, Lee JJ, Kim TS, Sohn JL. Effects of syngas type on the operation and performance of a gas turbine in integrated gasification combined cycle. Energy Convers Manag 2011;52:2262–71.

[10]DattaA,GangulyR,SarkarL.Energyandexergyanalysesofanexternallyfiredgas turbine (EFGT) cycle integrated with biomass gasifier for distributed power generation. Energy 2010;35:341–50.

[11] Caputo AC, Palumbo M, Pelagagge PM, Scacchia F. Economics of biomass energy utilization in combustion and gasification plants: effects of logistic variables. BiomassBioenergy 2005;28:35–51.

 [12] Nikoo MB. Simulation of biomass gasification using Aspen Plus. University; 2007.

[13] Biagini E, Falcitelli M, Tognotti L. Devolatilisation and pyrolysis of biomasses: development and validation of structural models; 2007.

 [14] ZABZ Alauddin, Lahijani, Mohammadi P, Mohamed M, Gasification AR. of lig- nocellulosic biomass in fluidized beds for renewable energy development: a re- view. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2010;14:2852–62.

[15]  Louw J, Schwarz CE, Knoetze JH, Burger AJ. Thermodynamic modelling of su- percritical water gasification: investigating the effect of biomass composition to aid in the selection of appropriate feedstock material. Bioresour Technol 2014;174:11–23.

[16] Pan Y, Birdsey RA, Phillips OL, Jackson RB. The structure, distribution, and biomassof the world's forests. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 2013;44:593–622.

[17] Cucek L, Varbanov PS, Kleme JJ, Kravanja Z. Total footprints-based multicriteria optimization of regional biomass energy supply chains. Energy 2012;44:135–45.

[18] Gold S, Seuring S. Supply chain and logistics issues of bio-energy production. J Clean Prod 2011;19:32–42.

[19] Becker DR, Moseley C, Lee C. A supply chain analysis framework for assessing state-level forest biomass utilization policies in the United States. Biomass Bioenergy 2011;35:1429–39.

[20] McKendry P. Energy production from biomass (part 1): overview of biomass. Bioresour Technol 2002;83(1):37–46.

[21] Thorsell S, Epplin FM, Huhnke RL, Taliaferro CM. Economics of a coordinated biorefinery feedstock harvest system: lignocellulosic biomass harvest cost. Biomass Bioenergy 2004;27(4):327–37.

[22] Sokhansanj S, Hess JR. Biomass supply logistics and infrastructure. in biofuels: methods and Protocols. In: Mielenz JR, editor. vol. 581 of methods in molecular biology. Berlin, Germany: Springer; 2009. p. 1–25.

[23] Kishore VVN. Renewable energy engineering and technology: principles and practice. The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI). Technol Eng 2010.

[24]  Balan V. Current challenges in commercially producing biofuels from lignocellu- losic biomass. Hindawi Publishing Corporation; 2014. p. 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/463074.

[25] Kumar A, Sokhansanj S, Flynn PC. Development of a multicriteria assessment model for ranking biomass feedstock collection and transportation systems. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2006;129(1–3):71–87.

[26] Badger PC. Biomass transport system. Encycl Agric, Food Biol Eng 2003;1:94–8.

[27] Rentizelas AA, Tolis AJ, Tatsiopoulos IP. Logistics issues of biomass: the storage problem and the multi-biomass supply chain. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2009;13(4):887–94.

[28] Johansson J, Liss J, Gullberg T, Bjorheden R. Transport and handling of forest energy bundles—advantages and problems. Biomass Bioenergy.

[29] An H, Wilhelm WE, Searcy SW. A mathematical model to design a lignocellulosic biofuel supply chain system with a case study based on a region in Central Texas. Bioresour Technol 2011;102(17):7860–70.

 [30] Zhu X, Li X, Yao Q, Chen Y. Challenges and models in supporting logistics system design for dedicated-biomass-based bioenergy industry. Bioresour Technol 2011;102(2):1344–51.

[31] Ravula PP, Grisso RD, Cundiff JS. Cotton logistics as a model for a biomass transportation system. Biomass Bioenergy 2008;32:314–25.

[32] Tatsiopoulos I, Tolis A. Economic aspects of the cotton-stalk biomass logistics and comparison of supply chain methods. Biomass Bioenergy 2003;24:199–214.

[33] Cundiff JS, Dias N, Sherali HD. A linear programming approach for designing a herbaceous biomass delivery system. Bioresour Technol 1997;59:47–55.

[34] Zhang F, Johnson DM, Sutherland JW. A GIS-based method for identifying the optimal location for a facility to convert forest biomass to biofuel. Biomass Bioenergy 2011;35:3951–61.

[35] http:// justenergy.com

[36] Gordon G, Parker N, Titmann P, Hart Q, Lay M, Cunningham J. Strategic assessment of bioenergy development in the west: biomass resource assessment and supply analysis for the WGA region. West Governors Association; 2008.

[37] Asadullah M. Barriers of commercial power generation using biomass gasification gas: a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2014;29:201–15.

[38] Rao GK. Road traffic safety management in india – analysis - exploring solutions. Int J Appl Or Innov Eng Manag 2013;2(12):54–67.

[39] Rentizelas AA, Tolis AJ, Tatsiopoulos IP. Logistics issues of biomass: the storage problem and the multi-biomass supply chain. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2009;13(4):887–94.

[40] http://www.zist-fan.ir

 [41] Mood SH, Golfeshan AH, Tabatabaei M. Lignocellulosic biomass to bioethanol, a comprehensive review with a focus on pretreatment. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2013;27:77–93.

[42] Teymouri F, Laureano-Perez L, Alizadeh H, Dale BE. Optimization of the ammonia fiber explosion (AFEX) treatment parameters for enzymatic hydrolysis of corn Stover. Bioresour Technol 2005;96(18):2014–8.

[43] Tae HK, Lee YY. Pretreatment and fractionation of corn Stover by ammonia recycle percolation process. Bioresour Technol 2005;96(18):2007–13.

[44] Garc ́ıa-Cubero MT, Gonzalez-Benito G, Indacoechea I, Coca M, Bolado S. Effect of ozonolysis pretreatment on enzymatic digestibility of wheat and rye straw. Bioresour Technol 2009;100(4):1608–13.

[45] Banerjee S, Sen R, Pandey RA, et al. Evaluation of wet air oxidation as a pretreatment strategy for bioethanol production from rice husk and process optimization. Biomas Bioenergy 2009;33(12):1680–6.

[46] Banerjee G, Car S, Liu T, et al. Scale-up and integration of alkaline hydrogen peroxide pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, and ethanoic fermentation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2012;109(4):922–31.

[47] Taherzadeh MJ, Karimi K. Pretreatment of lignocellulosic wastes to improve ethanol and biogas production: a review. Int J Mol Sci 2008;9(9):1621–51.

[48] Xu J, Cheng JJ, Sharma SRR, Burns JC. Lime pretreatment of switch grass at mild temperatures for ethanol production. Bioresour Technol 2010;101(8):2900–3.

[49] Li X, Kim TH, Nghiem NP. Bioethanol production from corn stover using aqueous ammonia pretreatment and two-phase simultaneous saccharification and fer- mentation (TPSSF). Bioresour Technol 2010;101(15):5910–6.

[50] Kim Y, Hendrickson R, Mosier NS, Ladisch MR. Liquid hot water pretreatment of cellulosic biomass. Biofuels 2009;581:93–102.

[51] Dadi AP, Schall CA, Varanasi S. Mitigation of cellulose recalcitrance to enzymatic hydrolysis by ionic liquid pretreatment. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2007;137– 140(1–12):407–21.

[52] Lloyd TA, Wyman CE. Combined sugar yields for dilute sulfuric acid pretreatment of corn stover followed by enzymatic hydrolysis of the remaining solids. Bioresour Technol 2005;96(18):1967–77.

[53] Kim KH, Hong J. Supercritical CO2 pretreatment of lignocellulose enhances enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis. Bioresour Technol 2001;77(2):139–44.

[54] Schacht C, Zetzl C, Brunner G. From plant materials to ethanol by means of supercritical fluid technology. J Supercrit Fluids 2008;46(3):299–321.

[55] Tengborg C, Stenberg K, Galbe M, et al. Comparison of SO2 and H2SO4 impregnation of softwood prior to steam pretreatment on ethanol production. Appl Biochem Biotechnol A: Enzym Eng Biotechnol 1998;70–72:3–15.

[56] Fagernäs L, Brammer J, Wilén C, Lauer M, Verhoeff F. Drying of biomass for second generation synfuel production. Biomass Bioenergy 2010;34:1267–77.

[57] Rupar K, Sanati M. The release of organic compounds during biomass drying depends upon the feedstock and/or altering drying heating medium. Biomass Bioenergy 2003;25:615–22.

[58] Li H, Chen Q, Zhang X, Finney KN, Sharifi VN, Swithenbank J. Evaluation of a biomass drying process using waste heat from process industries: a case study. Appl Therm Eng 2012;35:71–80.

[59] Chopra S, Jain AK. A review of fixed bed gasification systems for biomass. Agric Eng Int: CIGR E-J 2007:9, [ISSN:1682-1130].

[60]  Beohar H, Gupta B, Sethi VK, Pandey M, Parmar H. Effect of air velocity, fuel rate and moisture content on the performance of updraft biomass gasifier using fluent tool. Int J Mod Eng Res 2012;2(5):3622–7.

[61]  Acharjee TC, Coronella CJ, Vasquez VR. Effect of thermal pretreatment on equilibrium moisture content of lignocellulosic biomass. Bioresour Technol 2011;102:4849–54.

[62] Drift AVD, Doorn JV, Vermeulen JW. Ten residual biomass fuels for circulating fluidized-bed gasification. Biomass Bioenergy 2001;20:45–56.

[63] Lahijani P, Zainal ZA. Gasification of palm empty fruit bunch in a bubbling fluidized bed: a performance and agglomeration study. Bioresour Technol 2011;102:2068–76.

[64] Guo Q, Liu H, Chen X, Li S, Guo X, Gong X. Research on the flow properties of the blended particles of rice straw and coal. Fuel 2012;102:453–9.

[65] Chevanan N, Womac AR, Bitra VSP, Igathinathane C, Yang YT, Miu PI, et al. Bulk density and compaction behavior of knife mill chopped switchgrass, wheat straw, and corn Stover. Biomass Bioenergy 2010;101:207–14.

[66] Theerarattananoon K, Xu F, Wilson J, Ballard R, Mckinney L, Staggenborg S, et al. Physical properties of pellets made from sorghum stalk, corn stover, wheat straw, and big bluestem. Ind Crops Prod 2011;33:325–32.

[67] Mupondwa E, Li X, Tabil L, Phani A, Sokhansanj S, Stumborg M, et al. Technoeconomic analysis of wheat straw densification in the Canadian Prairie Province of Manitoba. Bioresour Technol 2012;110:355–63.

[68] Tumuluru JS, Wright CT, Hess JR, Kenney KL. A review of biomass densification systems to develop uniform feedstock commodities for bioenergy application. Biofuels, Bioprod Bioref 2011;5:683–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bbb.324.

[69] Wu MR, Schott DL, Lodewijks G. Physical properties of solid biomass. Biomass Bioenergy 2011;35:2093–105.

[70] Moreno1 R, Antolın G, Reyes A, Alvarez P. Drying characteristics of forest biomass particles of pinus radiate. Biosyst Eng 2004;88:105–15.

[71] Lehtikangas P. Quality properties of pelletized sawdust, logging residues and bark. Biomass Bioenergy 2001;20:351–60.

[72] Chin OC, Siddiqui KM. Characteristics of some biomass briquettes prepared under modest die pressures. Biomass Bioenergy 2000;18:223–8.

[73] Tinaut FV, Melgar A, Pérez JF, Horrillo A. Effect of biomass particle size and air superficial velocity on the gasification process in a downdraft fixed bed gasifier. Exp Model Study Fuel Process Technol 2008;89:1076–89.

[74] Yang YB, Phan AN, Ryu C, Sharifi V, Swithenbank J. Mathematical modelling of slow pyrolysis of segregated solid wastes in a packed-bed pyrolyser. Fuel 2007;86:169–80.

[75] Luo S, Liu C, Xiao B, Xiao L. A novel biomass pulverization technology. RenewEnergy 2011;36:578–82.

[76] Ge Z, Guo S, Guo L, Cao C, Su X, Jin H. Hydrogen production by non-catalytic partial oxidation of coal in supercritical water: explore the way to complete gasification of lignite and bituminous coal. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2013;38: 12786–94.

 [77] Abdoulmoumine N, Adhikari S,Kulkarni A, Chattanathan S. A review on biomass gasification syngas cleanup. Appl Energy 2015;155:294–307.

[78] Gerun L, Paraschiv M, Vijeu R, Bellettre J, Tazerout M, Gøbel B, et al. Numerical investigation of the partial oxidation in a two-stage downdraft gasifier. Fuel 2008; 87:1383–93.

[79]  BrancaC,DiBlasiC,GalganoA.Chemicalcharacterizationofvolatileproductsof biomass pyrolysis under significant reaction-induced overheating. J Anal Appl Pyrol 2016;119:8–17.

[80] Aranda G, Grootjes A, Van der Meijden C, Van der Drift A, Gupta D, Sonde R, et al. Conversion of high-ash coal under steam and CO2 gasification conditions. Fuel Process Technol 2016;141:16–30.

 [81] Hermann H, Reinhard R, Klaus B, Reinhard K, Christian A. Biomass CHP plant Güssing–a success story. In: Expert meeting on pyrolysis and gasification of biomass and waste; 2002.

[82] Dasappa S, Paul P, Mukunda H, Rajan N, Sridhar G, Sridhar H. Biomass gasification technology–a route to meet energy needs. Curr Sci 2004;87:908–16.

[83] Higman C, Van der Burgt M. Gasification. Gulf Professional Publishing; 2003.

[84] Antal MJ, Croiset E, Dai X, DeAlmeida C, Mok WS-L, Norberg N, et al. High-yield biomass charcoal. Energy Fuels 1996;10:652–8.

[85]  McKendry P. Energy production from biomass (part 1): overview of biomass. Bioresour Technol 2002;83:37–46.

 [86] McKendry P. Energy production from biomass (part 3): gasification technologies. Bioresour Technol 2002;83:55–63.

[87] Amick P. E-gas technology coal & petcoke gasification. Columbus, Asia-PacificPartnership on Clean Development and Climate 2006:10.

[88] Antal MJ, Croiset E, Dai X, DeAlmeida C, Mok WS-L, Norberg N, et al. High-yield biomass charcoal. Energy Fuels 1996;10:652–8.

 [89] Gonzalez J, Kim M, Buonomo E, Bonelli P, Cukierman A. Pyrolysis of biomass.

 [90] Pakdel H, Roy C. Hydrocarbon content of liquid products and tar from pyrolysis and gasification of wood. Energy Fuels 1991;5:427–36.

[91]  MahamulkarS,YinK,AgrawalPK,DavisRJ,JonesCW,MalekA,etal.Formation and oxidation/gasification of carbonaceous deposits: a review. Ind Eng Chem Res 2016;55:9760–818.

 [92] Chiodini A, Bua L, Carnelli L, Zwart R, Vreugdenhil B, Vocciante M. Enhancements in Biomass-to-Liquid processes: gasification aiming at high hydrogen/carbon monoxide ratios for direct Fischer-Tropsch synthesis applications. Biomass Bioenergy2017;106:104–14.

[93] PatraTK, Sheth PN. Biomass gasification models for down draft gasifier: a state-of- the-art review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2015;50:583–93.

[94] Rios MLV, Gonz ́alez AM, Lora EES, del Olmo OAA. Reduction of tar generated during biomass gasification: a review. Biomass Bioenergy 2018;108:345–70.

[95] Díaz-ReyM,Cort ́es-Reyes M, Herrera C, Larrubia M, Amadeo N, Laborde M, et al. Hydrogen-rich gas production from algae-biomass by low temperature catalytic gasification. Catal Today 2015;257:177–84.

[96] Janajreh I, Syed S, Qudaih R, Talab I. Solar assisted gasification: systematic analysis and numerical simulation. Int. J. of Thermal & Environmental Engineering 2010;1:81–90.

[97] Parthasarathy P, Narayanan KS. Hydrogen production from steam gasification of biomass: influence of process parameters on hydrogen yield–a review. Renew Energy 2014;66:570–9.

[98] Gautam G, Adhikari S, Gopalkumar ST, Brodbeck C, Bhavnani S, Taylor S. Tar analysis in syngas derived from pelletized biomass in a commercial stratified biomass in a commercial stratified downdraft gasifier. Bioresources 2011;6(4):4652–61.

[99] Rajvanshi AK. Biomass gasification. Boca Raton, Florida, United States: CRC  Press; 1986. p. 83–102.

[100] Reed TB. Handbook of biomass down draft gasifier engine systems. Solar Technical Information Program.Golden, CO: Solar Energy Research Institute;1988.

[101] Gautam G, Adhikari S, Gopalkumar ST, Brodbeck C, Bhavnani S, Taylor S. Tar analysis in syngas derived from pelletized biomass in a commercial stratified biomass in a commercial stratified downdraft gasifier. Bioresources 2011;6(4):4652–61.

[102] Santanu De, Avinash Kumar Agarwal, V.S. Moholkar, Bhaskar Thallada. Coal and Biomass Gasification Recent Advances and Future Challenges, Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2018

[103] Loha C (2013) Studies on fluidized bed gasification of biomass. PhD thesis, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India

[104] Buragohani B,Mahanta P, Moholkar VS (2010) Biomass gasification for decentralized power generation: the Indian respective. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 14:73–92.

[105] Kunii D, Levenspiel O (1991) Fluidization engineering, 2nd edn. Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston.

[106] Pena JAP (2011) Bubbling fluidized bed (BFB), when to use this technology? In: IASA, Industrial fluidization South Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa

[107] Basu P (2006) Combustion and gasification in fluidized beds. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA

[108] Messerle VE, Ustimenko AB (2007) Solid fuel plasma gasification.In: Advanced combustion and aerothermal technologies. NATO science for peace and security series C. Environmental security pp 141–156.

[109] Kumar A, Jones DD, Hanna MA. Thermochemical biomass gasification: a review of the current status of the technology. Energies 2009;2:556–81.

[110] Hanping C, Bin L, Haiping Y, Guolai Y, Shihong Z. Experimental investigation of biomass gasification in a fluidized bed reactor. Energy Fuels 2008;22:3493–8.

[111] Sharma AK. Experimental study on 75 KWth downdraft (Biomass) gasifier system. Renew Energy 2009;34:1726–33.

[112] Hanping C, Bin L, Haiping Y, Guolai Y, Shihong Z. Experimental investigation of biomass gasification in a fluidized bed reactor. Energy Fuels 2008;22:3493–8.

[113] Gil J, Corella J, Aznar MP, Caballero MP. Biomass gasification in atmospheric and bubbling fluidized bed: effect of the type of gasifying agent on the product distribution. Biomass- Bioenergy 1999;17:389–403.

[114] Sansaniwal SK, Pal K, Rosen MA, Tyagi SK. Recent advances in the development of biomass gasification technology: a comprehensive review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2017;72:363–84.

[115] Zhou J, Chen Q, Zhao H, Cao X, Mei Q, Luo Z, Cen K. Biomass–oxygen gasification in a hightemperature entrained-flow gasifier. Biotechnol Adv 2009;27(5):606–11.

[116] Overend RP. Direct combustion of biomass. Renewable Energy sources charged with energy from the sun and originated from earth moon interaction. 〈http:// www.eolss.net/sample-chapters/c08/e3-08-01-04.pdf

[117] Shukla JP. Technologies for sustainable rural development: having potential of socio-economic upliftment (TSRD–2014). Allied Publishers; 2014, [ISBN 8184248628].

[118] Rahardjo BS. Effect of gasifying agent (air + steam) injection towards syngas quality from rice husk gasification. Int J Eng Appl Sci 2013;4(2):74–86.

[119] Kinoshita CM, Wang Y, Zhou J. Tar formation under different biomass gasification conditions. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 1994;19:169–81.

[120] Olivares A, Aznar MP, Caballero MA, Gil J, Frances E, Corella J. Biomass gasification: produced gas upgrading by in-bed use of dolomite. Ind Eng Chem Res 1997;36:5220–6.

[121] James A, Yuan W, Boyette M, Wang D, Kumar A. In-chamber thermocatalytic tar cracking in an updraft biomass gasifier. Int J Agric Biol Eng 2014;7(6):91–7.