تحلیل ساختاری راهکارهای برنامه‌ریزی شهری اعصاب محور شهر تهران از دیدگاه متخصصان با استفاده از نرم‌افزار (MICMAC)
محورهای موضوعی : آمایش محیط
خاطره مغانی رحیمی
1
(
دانشجوی دکتری شهرسازی، دانشکده هنر و معماری، گروه شهرسازی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران
)
مصطفی بهزادفر
2
(
استاد، شهرسازی، دانشگاه علم و صنعت ایران، تهران، ایران
)
سمانه جلیلی صدرآباد
3
(
استادیار، شهرسازی، دانشگاه علم و صنعت ایران، تهران، ایران
)
کلید واژه: سلامت روان شهری, نوروربانیسم, استرس شهری, مدلسازی ساختاری-تفسیری, تحلیل محتوا, نرم‌افزار MICMAC.,
چکیده مقاله :
اختلالات سلامت روان به عنوان یکی از تهدیدهای بزرگ برای سلامت انسان به خصوص انسان شهرنشین از مسائل مهم قرن حاضر می‌باشند. اما با وجود اهمیت سلامت روان شهری راهکارهای ارتقا آن به خوبی مطالعه نشده است. این موضوع در شهر تهران که نیاز جدی به کاربست این دسته از راهکارها دارد اهمیت چندین برابر پیدا کرده است. به همین منظور این پژوهش با هدف تعیین راهکارهای کلیدی ارتقا سلامت روان این شهر انجام شده است. روش تحقیق در این پژوهش توصیفی-تحلیلی بوده و ابتدا با استفاده از تحلیل محتوا راهکارهای مؤثر در ارتقاء سلامت روان شهری شناسایی شد. سپس به تحلیل ساختاری با استفاده از نرم‌افزار (MICMAC) و شناسایی راهکارهای کلیدی پرداخته شده و در نهایت چگونگی کاربست این راهکارها در برنامه‌های شهرداری تهران و قابلیت اجرای آنها مورد بحث واقع شده است. یافته‌های پژوهش حاکی از شناسایی چهار نوع متغیر شامل متغیرهای تأثیر گذار، متغیرهای مستقل، متغیرهای وابسته و متغیرهای تنظیم کننده است که سه راهکار، تدوین و اجرای طرح جامع سلامت روان، توجه به طراحی شهری زیبا و ترویج کننده سلامت روان و استفاده از رویکرد‌های نوآورانهای مانند برنامه‌های بهداشتی تلفن همراه و خدمات آنلاین به عنوان متغیرهای تأثیرگذار، اصلی‌ترین وکلیدی‌ترین راهکارها محسوب می‌شوند. در نتیجه با کاربست این راهکارها میتوان سلامت روان شهری را تا حد چشمگیری ارتقا داد.
Mental health disorders pose a significant threat to human well-being, particularly affecting urban populations. Despite the paramount importance of addressing urban mental health, effective strategies for improvement remain elusive. This concern has garnered heightened significance in Tehran, a city with a pressing need for viable solutions. This research aims to identify key strategies to enhance the mental health of the city. Employing a descriptive-analytical research method, the study utilizes content analysis and structural analysis to pinpoint crucial solutions. The findings reveal that three primary strategies — the formulation and execution of a comprehensive mental health plan, the integration of aesthetically pleasing urban design to promote mental well-being, and the adoption of innovative approaches such as mobile health programs and online services — are deemed pivotal variables. Consequently, the implementation of these solutions holds the potential to significantly enhance urban mental health in Tehran.
1. اکبریان، ا. 1398. تأثیر فضاهای سبز شهری در بهبود سلامت روانی شهروندان. معماری شناسی، 2(13)، 1-5.
2. امجدی، م. علی محمدزاده، خ. وحدت، ش. مسعودی اصل، ا. 1400. بررسی میزان مشارکت شهرداری‌های کلان‌شهرهای ایران در ارتقاء سلامت شهری و ارائه یک مدل پیشنهادی. آمایش محیط, 14(52), 147-170.
3. اوطاری، م. شمس، م.1400. ارائه مدل ساختاری - تفسیری شاخص‌های سلامت محوری در راستای تحقق زیست‌پذیری (مورد مطالعه: منطقه یک تهران). آمایش محیط, 14(55), 213-234.
4. بخش روانشناسی بیتوته. 1400. پارانویا چیست و چه علائمی دارد؟. بازیابی 3 مهر 1400، از https://www.beytoote.com .
5. پور احمد، ا. فرهادی، ا. قربانی، ر. درودی نیا، ع. 1397. تأثیر چشم‌انداز‌های شهری بر سلامت روان شهروندان (مطالعه موردی: مناطق 2 و 9 شهر تهران). فصلنامه شهر پایدار، 1(3)، 17-33.
6. پیمایش ملی سلامت روان. 1399. جلسه استقرار سند سلامت روان استان تهران به صورت مجازی برگزار شد. بازیابی 29 شهریور 1400، از https://pr.tums.ac.ir.
7. جعفر گندمی، س. 1399. آنهدونیا یا ناتوانی در لذت بردن چیست؟. بازیابی 3 مهر 1400، از https://virtualdr.ir .
8. خبرگزاری سلامت. 1399. نخستین مرکز جامع سلامت روان شهرداری تهران راه اندازی شد. بازیابی 29 شهریور 1400، از https://tebna.ir/?p=130783.
9. شریعت، ف. اصل، ن. قوامی، ف. 1400. نیم نگاهی به برنامه‌های سلامت روان شهرداری تهران سال‌های 1398-1399. تهران: انتشارات شهرداری تهران، معاونت امور اجتماعی و فرهنگی.
10. صابری فر، ر. (1397). بررسی رابطه بین میزان بهره مندی از فضاهای رفاهی شهری و سلامت روان شهروندان. مجله پژوهش سلامت، 3(2)، 89-94.
11. عماری، ح. (1393). روانشناسی، شهر و زندگی روزمره. تهران: انتشارات تیسا.
12. کریمی رزکانی، ع. شیخ الاسلامی، ع. پریزادی، ط. 1398. نقش مدیریت شهری در تاب‌آوری شهر‌ها در برابر سوانح طبیعی (مورد مطالعه: شهر باقر شهر). نگرش‌های نو در جغرافیای انسانی، 12(1)، 441-456.
13. گزارش شهرداری تهران. 1390. 40 مداخله درمانی در سند ارتقا سلامت روان جامعه. بازیابی 29 شهریور 1400، از https://www.salamatnews.com.
14. ماهری، س. (1390). شناسایی نقاط استرس درمحیط شهری و ایجاد نقاط آرامش در مکان‌های مذکور. پایان نامه کارشناسی ارشد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تهران مرکز، دانشکده هنر و معماری، گروه طراحی صنعتی.
15. نعیمی فروتنی نژاد، ف. رهبری منش، ک. البرزی، ف. خوانساری، ش. 1401. بررسی اهمیت مؤلفه‌های کالبدی معماری در گونه‌های مجتمع مسکونی (پراکنده، نواری، متمرکز) بر روی استرس و افسردگی (نمونه موردی: 9 مجتمع مسکونی در تهران بعد از انقلاب). آمایش محیط, 15(56), 153-180.
16. Abe, K.K., Brandao, L.d.C., Tufik, S. et al. 2008. The impact of urban air pollution exposure on the development of alterations on oxidative stress and behavioral parameters in adult mice. Ann Gen Psychiatry 7, S132. https://doi.org/10.1186/1744-859X-7-S1-S132
17. Abrahamyan Empson, Lilith; Baumann, Philipp S.; Söderström, Ola; Codeluppi, Zoé; Söderström, Dag; Conus, Philippe. 2019. Urbanicity: The need for new avenues to explore the link between urban living and psychosis. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, eip.12861–. doi:10.1111/eip.12861
18. Adli, m. 2011. Urban stress and mental health, CITIES, HEALTH AND WELL-BEING HONG KONG, NOVEMBER 2011.
19. Adli, M.; Schondorf, J. 2020. Macht uns die Stadt krank. Wirkung von Stadtstress auf Emotionen, Verhalten und psychische Gesundheit; Does the city make us ill? The effect of urban stress on emotions, behavior, and mental health. Bundesgesundheitsbl 63, 979–986. Doi: 10.1007/s00103-020-03185-w
20. Adli, M; Berger, M; Brakemeier, E.-L; Engel, L; Fingerhut, J; Hehl, R; Heinz, A; Mayer, J; Mehran, N; Tolaas, S; Walter, H; Weiland, U; Stollmann, J. 2016. Neurourbanistik – ein methodischer Schulterschluss zwischen Stadtplanung und Neurowissenschaften. Die Psychiatrie 2016; 13: 70–78. Downloaded from www.die-psychiatrie-online.de on 2017-03-12 | ID: 1001077299 | IP: 141.30.247.98
21. Adli, Mazda; Berger, Maximilian; Brakemeier, Eva-Lotta; Engel, Ludwig; Fingerhut, Joerg; Gomez-Carrillo, Ana; Hehl, Rainer; Heinz, Andreas; H, Juergen Mayer; Mehran, Nassim; Tolaas, Sissel; Walter, Henrik; Weiland, Ute; Stollmann, Joerg. 2017. Neurourbanism: towards a new discipline. The Lancet Psychiatry, 4(3), 183–185. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30371-6
22. Alcock, Ian; White, Mathew P.; Wheeler, Benedict W.; Fleming, Lora E.; Depledge, Michael H. 2014. Longitudinal Effects on Mental Health of Moving to Greener and Less Green Urban Areas. Environmental Science & Technology, 48(2), 1247–1255. doi:10.1021/es403688w
23. Baum; Andrew. Singer; Jerome E. Baum; Carlene S. 1981. Stress and the Environment, 37(1), 4–35. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1981.tb01056.x
24. Baumann, Philipp S.; Söderström, Ola; Abrahamyan Empson, Lilith; Söderström, Dag; Codeluppi, Zoe; Golay, Philippe; Birchwood, Max; Conus, Philippe. 2019. Urban remediation: a new recovery-oriented strategy to manage urban stress after first-episode psychosis. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. doi:10.1007/s00127-019-01795-7
25. Baumann, Philipp S.; Söderström, Ola; Abrahamyan Empson, Lilith; Söderström, Dag; Codeluppi, Zoe; Golay, Philippe; Birchwood, Max; Conus, Philippe. 2019. Urban remediation: a new recovery-oriented strategy to manage urban stress after first-episode psychosis. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. doi:10.1007/s00127-019-01795-7
26. Bedrosian, T A; Nelson, R J. 2013. Influence of the modern light environment on mood. Molecular Psychiatry, 18(7), 751–757. doi:10.1038/mp.2013.70
27. Beil, Kurt; Hanes, Douglas. 2013. "The Influence of Urban Natural and Built Environments on Physiological and Psychological Measures of Stress- A Pilot Study" Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 10, no. 4: 1250-1267. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10041250
28. Bertotti M, Watts P, Netuveli G, Yu G, Schmidt E, et al. 2013. Types of Social Capital and Mental Disorder in Deprived Urban Areas: A Multilevel Study of 40 Disadvantaged London Neighbourhoods. PLoS ONE 8(12): e80127. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080127
29. Bornioli, Anna; Parkhurst, Graham; Morgan, Phillip L. 2018. Psychological Wellbeing Benefits of Simulated Exposure to Five Urban Settings: an Experimental Study From the Pedestrian's Perspective. Journal of Transport & Health, S2214140517306977–. doi:10.1016/j.jth.2018.02.003
30. Buttazzoni A, Doherty S, Minaker L. 2021. How Do Urban Environments Affect Young People's Mental Health? A Novel Conceptual Framework to Bridge Public Health, Planning, and Neurourbanism. Public Health Rep. Feb 9:33354920982088. doi: 10.1177/0033354920982088. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33563094.
31. Caracci, Giovanni. 2006. Urban Mental Health: An International Survey. International Journal of Mental Health, 35(1), 39–45. doi:10.2753/imh0020-7411350103
32. Caracci, Giovanni. 2008. General concepts of the relationship between urban areas and mental health. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 21(4), 385–390. doi:10.1097/yco.0b013e328303e198
33. Caracci, Giovanni; Mezzich, Juan Enrique. 2001. CULTURE AND URBAN MENTAL HEALTH. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 24(3), 581–593. doi:10.1016/S0193-953X(05)70249-5
34. Castillejos MC, Martín-Pérez C, Moreno-Küstner B. 2018. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the incidence of psychotic disorders: the distribution of rates and the influence of gender, urbanicity, immigration and socio-economic level. Psychological Medicine https://doi.org/10.1017/ S0033291718000235
35. Cerrato, Paul. Halamka, John. 2019. The Transformative Power of Mobile Medicine || Mental Health. , (), 109–116. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-814923-2.00006-4
36. Chinomnso C NNEBUE1, Echendu D ADINMA2 ,Queencallista N. 2014. Urbanization and Health , Orient Journal of Medicine , Vol 26 [1-2].
37. Coope, Jonathan; Barrett, Andy; Brown, Brian; Crossley, Mark; Raghavan, Raghu; Sivakami, Muthusamy. 2020. Resilience, mental health and urban migrants: a narrative review. International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care, 16(2), 137–159. doi:10.1108/ijmhsc-04-2019-0048
38. Crespo Suárez, Jorge Luis; Machin Suárez, Raudelio. 2020. Medicalisation in public primary mental health care services in Chile. Social Theory & Health. doi:10.1057/s41285-020-00130-4
39. D’Acci, L.S. 2020. Urbanicity mental costs valuation: a review and urban-societal planning consideration. Mind Soc 19, 223–235. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11299-020-00235-3
40. De Silva, M. J. 2005. Social capital and mental illness: a systematic review. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 59(8), 619–627. doi:10.1136/jech.2004.029678
41. Didonato. 2019. Best vitamins for stress. Retrieved 7 October 2021, from http://www.personanutrition.com .
42. Ellett Lyn; Freeman Daniel; Garety Philippa A. 2008. The psychological effect of an urban environment on individuals with persecutory delusions: The Camberwell walk study. , 99(1-3), 77–84. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2007.10.027
43. Elsamahy, E. M. & Abd EL-Fattah, R. .2018. DESIGNING NON-STRESSED PSYCHOLOGICAL PUBLIC SPACES, BAU Journal: Health & Well-Being, special edition, 121-132
44. Evans, B. E.; Buil, J. M.; Burk, W. J.; Cillessen, A. H. N.; van Lier, Pol A. C. 2018. Urbanicity is Associated with Behavioral and Emotional Problems in Elementary School-Aged Children. Journal of Child and Family Studies. Doi:10.1007/s10826-018-1062z.
45. Evans, Brittany E.; Huizink, Anja C.; Greaves-Lord, Kirstin; Tulen, Joke H. M.; Roelofs, Karin; van der Ende, Jan; Santana, Geilson Lima. 2020b. Urbanicity, biological stress system functioning and mental health in adolescents. PLOS ONE, 15(3), e0228659–. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0228659
46. Evans, G. W. 2003. The built environment and mental health. , 80(4), 536-555. doi:10.1093/jurban/jtg063
47. Ewart, C. K., & Suchday, S. 2002. Discovering how urban poverty and violence affect health: Development and validation of a neighborhood stress index. Health Psychology, 21(3), 254–262. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.21.3.254
48. Freeman, Daniel; Emsley, Richard; Dunn, Graham; Fowler, David; Bebbington, Paul; Kuipers, Elizabeth; Jolley, Suzanne; Waller, Helen; Hardy, Amy; Garety, Philippa. 2015. The Stress of the Street for Patients With Persecutory Delusions: A Test of the Symptomatic and Psychological Effects of Going Outside Into a Busy Urban Area. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 41(4), 971–979. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbu173
49. French, D. 2009. Residential segregation and health in Northern Ireland. , 15(3), 888–896. doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2009.02.012
50. Freudenberg, N. 2000. Health Promotion in the City: A Review of Current Practice and Future Prospects in the United States. Annual Review of Public Health, 21(1), 473–503. doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.21.1.473
51. Fuller, Richard A.; Irvine, Katherine N.; Devine-Wright, Patrick; Warren, Philip H.; Gaston, Kevin J. 2007. Psychological benefits of greenspace increase with biodiversity. Biology Letters, 3(4), 390–394. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2007.0149
52. Galea, S; Freudenberg, N; Vlahov, D. 2005. Cities and population health. , 60(5), 1017–1033. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.06.036
53. Gong, Yi; Palmer, Stephen; Gallacher, John; Marsden, Terry; Fone, David. 2016. A systematic review of the relationship between objective measurements of the urban environment and psychological distress. Environment International, 96, 48-57. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2016.08.019
54. Gruebner O, Rapp MA, Adli M, Kluge U, Galea S, Heinz A. 2017. Cities and mental health. Dtsch Arztebl Int; 114: 121–7. DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2017.0121
55. Hazer, Meghan; Formica, Margaret K.; Dieterlen, Susan; Morley, Christopher P. 2018. The relationship between self-reported exposure to greenspace and human stress in Baltimore, MD. Landscape and Urban Planning, 169, 47–56. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2017.08.006
56. Helbich, Marco. 2018. Toward dynamic urban environmental exposure assessments in mental health research. Environmental Research, 161(), 129–135. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2017.11.006
57. Herrera, Ronald; Markevych, Iana; Berger, Ursula; Genuneit, Jon; Gerlich, Jessica; Nowak, Dennis; Schlotz, Wolff; Vogelberg, Christian; von Mutius, Erika; Weinmayr, Gudrun; Windstetter, Doris; Weigl, Matthias; Heinrich, Joachim; Radon, Katja. 2018. Greenness and job-related chronic stress in young adults: a prospective cohort study in Germany. BMJ Open, 8(6), e021599–. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-021599
58. Interdisciplinary Forum Neurourbanism. 2018. Charta of Neurourbanism. Retrieved 23 September 2021, from https://neurourbanistik.de
59. Jevtic, M. 2020. Building capacity for public urban mental health – example of Reflecting Citizens workshops, European Journal of Public Health, Volume 30, Issue Supplement_5, September 2020, ckaa165.975, https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckaa165.975
60. Joshua, Ceñido. F.; Freeman, C.; Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad. 2019. Environmental Interventions for Physical and Mental Health: Challenges and Opportunities for Greater Los Angeles. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(12), 2180–. doi:10.3390/ijerph16122180
61. Kalff, A. C., Kroes, M., Vles, J. S., Hendriksen, J. G., Feron, F. J., Steyaert, J., van Zeben, T. M., Jolles, J., & van Os, J. 2001. Neighbourhood level and individual level SES effects on child problem behaviour: a multilevel analysis. Journal of epidemiology and community health, 55(4), 246–250. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.55.4.246
62. Knight, B.G. Lee, L. 2007. Mental Health, 159-166, doi.org/10.1016/B0-12-370870-2/00124-4.
63. Knöll, Martin; Neuheuser, Katrin; Cleff, Thomas; Rudolph-Cleff, Annette. 2017. A tool to predict perceived urban stress in open public spaces. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science. doi:10.1177/0265813516686971
64. Krzywicka, Paulina; Byrka, Katarzyna. 2017. Restorative Qualities of and Preference for Natural and Urban Soundscapes. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1705–. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01705
65. Kyriakou, Kalliopi; Resch, Bernd; Sagl, Günther; Petutschnig, Andreas; Werner, Christian; Niederseer, David; Liedlgruber, Michael; Wilhelm, Frank; Osborne, Tess; Pykett, Jessica. 2019. Detecting Moments of Stress from Measurements of Wearable Physiological Sensors. Sensors, 19(17), 3805–. doi:10.3390/s19173805
66. Larcombe, ; Etten, ; Logan, ; Prescott, ; Horwitz. 2019. High-Rise Apartments and Urban Mental Health—Historical and Contemporary Views. Challenges, 10(2), 34–. doi:10.3390/challe10020034 .
67. Lazarus, R. S., & Cohen, J. B. 1977. Environmental Stress. Human Behavior and Environment, 89–127. doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-0808-9_3
68. Le, An T.D.; Payne, Jasmine; Clarke, Charlotte; Kelly, Murphy A.; Prudenziati, Francesca; Armsby, Elise; Penacchio, Olivier; Wilkins, Arnold J. 2017. Discomfort from urban scenes: Metabolic consequences. Landscape and Urban Planning, 160, 61–68. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.12.003
69. Lederbogen, Florian; Haddad, Leila; Meyer-Lindenberg, Andreas. 2013. Urban social stress – Risk factor for mental disorders. The case of schizophrenia. Environmental Pollution, 183, 2–6. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2013.05.046
70. Lewis, Charles A.; Sturgill, Susan. 1979. Comment: Healing in the Urban Environment A Person/Plant Viewpoint. Journal of the American Planning Association, 45(3), 330–338.
doi:10.1080/01944367908976971
71. Li, J., & Rose, N. 2017. Urban social exclusion and mental health of China’s rural-urban migrants – A review and call for research. Health & Place, 48, 20–30. doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2017.08.009
72. Lloyd, Sederer; Kelly, Ryan; Kimberly, Gill; Joshua, Rubin. 2005. Challenges of Urban Mental Health Disaster Planning. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 10(3), 695–706. doi:10.1300/J146v10n03_03
73. Maas, J., Verheij, R. A., Groenewegen, P. P., de Vries, S., & Spreeuwenberg, P. 2006. Green space, urbanity, and health: how strong is the relation?. Journal of epidemiology and community health, 60(7), 587–592. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2005.043125
74. Manning, Nick. 2018. Sociology, biology and mechanisms in urban mental health. Social Theory & Health, (17), 1-22. doi:10.1057/s41285-018-00085-7
75. Maureen O., (CNN). 2017. Revealed: The world's least stressful cities. Retrieved 15 September 2021, from https://edition.cnn.com.
76. McGrath, J. 1999. Hypothesis: Is low prenatal vitamin D a risk-modifying factor for schizophrenia? Schizophrenia Research, 40(3), 173–177.
77. Meloni, A., Fornara, F., & Carrus, G. 2019. Predicting pro-environmental behaviors in the urban context: The direct or moderated effect of urban stress, city identity, and worldviews. Cities, 88, 83–90. doi:10.1016/j.cities.2019.01.001
78. Miles, R.; Coutts, C.; Mohamadi, A. 2012. Neighborhood Urban Form, Social Environment, and Depression. , 89(1), 1–18. Doi:10.1007/s11524-011-9621-2 .
79. Miller, Keva M.; Phillips, Michael H. 2005. Correlates of Urban Stress and Mental Health: The Impact of Social Context on Resilience. Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless, 14(1-2), 46–64. doi:10.1179/105307805807066301
80. Mubi Brighenti, Andrea; Pavoni, Andrea. 2017. City of unpleasant feelings. Stress, comfort and animosity in urban life. Social & Cultural Geography, 1–20. doi:10.1080/14649365.2017.1355065
81. NANDA; U. EISEN; S. ZADEH; R. S. OWEN; D. 2011. Effect of visual art on patient anxiety and agitation in a mental health facility and implications for the business case. , 18(5), 386–393. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2850.2010.01682.x
82. Neale, Chris; Aspinall, Peter; Roe, Jenny; Tilley, Sara; Mavros, Panagiotis; Cinderby, Steve; Coyne, Richard; Thin, Neil; Bennett, Gary; Thompson, Catharine Ward. 2017. The Aging Urban Brain: Analyzing Outdoor Physical Activity Using the Emotiv Affectiv Suite in Older People. Journal of Urban Health, doi:10.1007/s11524-017-0191-9
83. Neale, Chris; Aspinall, Peter; Roe, Jenny; Tilley, Sara; Mavros, Panagiotis; Cinderby, Steve; Coyne, Richard; Thin, Neil; Ward Thompson, Catharine. 2019. The impact of walking in different urban environments on brain activity in older people. Cities & Health, 1–13. doi:10.1080/23748834.2019.1619893
84. Newbury, J., Arseneault, L., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., Odgers, C. L., & Fisher, H. L. 2016. Why are children in urban neighborhoods at increased risk for psychotic symptoms? Findings from a UK longitudinal cohort study. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 42(6), 1372–1383. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbw052.
85. Okkels, Niels; Kristiansen, Christina Blanner; Munk-Jørgensen, Povl; Sartorius, Norman. 2018. Urban mental health. Current Opinion in Psychiatry. doi:10.1097/YCO.0000000000000413
86. Paksarian, D.; Eaton, W. W.; Mortensen, P. B.; Pedersen, C. B. 2015. Childhood Residential Mobility, Schizophrenia, and Bipolar Disorder: A Population-based Study in Denmark. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 41(2), 346–354. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbu074
87. Pheasant, Robert J; Fisher, Mark N; Watts, Greg R; Whitaker, David J; Horoshenkov, Kirill V. 2010. The importance of auditory-visual interaction in the construction of ‘tranquil space, 30(4), 501–509. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2010.03.006
88. Pykett, Jessica; Osborne, Tess; Resch, Bernd. 2020b. From Urban Stress to Neurourbanism: How Should We Research City Well-Being?. Annals of the American Association of Geographers, 1–16. doi:10.1080/24694452.2020.1736982
89. Rishi, Parul; Khuntia, Gayatri. 2012. Urban Environmental Stress and Behavioral Adaptation in Bhopal City of India. Urban Studies Research, 2012, 1–9. doi:10.1155/2012/635061
90. Rodríguez M.D., Rosas C.M.C. 2013. Ambient Urban Games for Reducing the Stress of Commuters Crossing the Mexico-US Border. In: Urzaiz G., Ochoa S.F., Bravo J., Chen L.L., Oliveira J. (eds) Ubiquitous Computing and Ambient Intelligence. Context-Awareness and Context-Driven Interaction. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 8276. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03176-7_52
91. Roe, Jenny; Aspinall, Peter. 2011. The restorative benefits of walking in urban and rural settings in adults with good and poor mental health. , 17(1), 103–113. doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.09.003
92. Sarkar, C., Gallacher, J. & Webster, C. 2013. Urban built environment configuration and psychological distress in older men: Results from the Caerphilly study. BMC Public Health 13, 695. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-695
93. Scully, Crispian. 2014. Scully's Medical Problems in Dentistry || Mental health, 294–322. doi:10.1016/b978-0-7020-5401-3.00010-2
94. Semenza, Jan C. 2003. The Intersection of Urban Planning, Art, and Public Health: The Sunnyside Piazza. American Journal of Public Health, 93(9), 1439–1441. doi:10.2105/ajph.93.9.1439
95. Sigmund, B; Mijatovic, M. 2019. Gesundheit in der Stadt. Retrieved 22 September 2021, from https://www.detail.de
96. Söderström, Ola. Söderström, Dag. Codeluppi, Zoé. Abrahamyan Empson, Lilith. & Conus, Philippe. 2017: Emplacing recovery: how persons diagnosed with psychosis handle stress in cities, Psychosis, DOI: 10.1080/17522439.2017.1344296
97. Söderström, Ola; Empson, Lilith Abrahamyan; Codeluppi, Zoé; Söderström, Dag; Baumann, Philipp S.; Conus, Philippe. 2016. Unpacking ‘the City’: An experience-based approach to the role of urban living in psychosis. Health & Place, 42, 104–110. doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2016.09.002
98. Staats, Henk; Jahncke, Helena; Herzog, Thomas R.; Hartig, Terry; Nater, Urs M. 2016. Urban Options for Psychological Restoration: Common Strategies in Everyday Situations. PLOS ONE, 11(1), e0146213–. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0146213
99. Stansfeld, S.; Haines, M.; Brown, B. 2000. Noise and Health in the Urban Environment. Reviews on Environmental Health, 15(1-2). doi:10.1515/REVEH.2000.15.1-2.43.
100. SWINNEN, S. G. H. A.; SELTEN, J.-P. 2007. Mood disorders and migration: Meta-analysis. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 190(1), 6–10. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.105.020800
101. Szabo, Christopher Paul. 2018. Urbanization and mental health. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, doi:10.1097/YCO.0000000000000414
102. Thoits, P. A. 2011. Mechanisms Linking Social Ties and Support to Physical and Mental Health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 52(2), 145–161. doi:10.1177/0022146510395592
103. Toulopoulou, Timothea; Picchioni, Marco; Mortensen, Preben Bo; Petersen, Liselotte. 2017. IQ, the Urban Environment, and Their Impact on Future Schizophrenia Risk in Men. Schizophrenia Bulletin, Volume 43, Issue 5, September 2017, Pages 1056–1063, https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbw147
104. van den Berg, A. E., Maas, J., Verheij, R. A., & Groenewegen, P. P. 2010. Green space as a buffer between stressful life events and health. Social science & medicine (1982), 70(8), 1203–1210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.01.002
105. VAN OS, J. 2004. Does the urban environment cause psychosis?. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 184(4), 287–288. doi:10.1192/bjp.184.4.287
106. Veling, Wim; Pot-Kolder, Roos; Counotte, Jacqueline; van Os, Jim; van der Gaag, Mark. 2016. Environmental Social Stress, Paranoia and Psychosis Liability: A Virtual Reality Study. Schizophrenia Bulletin, sbw031–. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbw031
107. Ventriglio, Antonio; Torales, Julio; Castaldelli-Maia, João M.; De Berardis, Domenico; Bhugra, Dinesh. 2020. Urbanization and emerging mental health issues. CNS Spectrums,1–8. doi:10.1017/S1092852920001236
108. Vojnovic, I., Pearson, A., Asiki, G., Allen, A., & DeVerteuil, G. (Eds.). 2019. Handbook of Global Urban Health (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315465456
109. Vujcic, M., Tomicevic-Dubljevic, J., Grbic, M., Lecic-Tosevski, D., Vukovic, O., & Toskovic, O. 2017. Nature based solution for improving mental health and well-being in urban areas. Environmental Research, 158, 385–392. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2017.06.030
110. Weeland, Joyce. Laceulle, Odilia M. Nederhof, Esther. Overbeek, Geertjan. Reijneveld, Sijmen A. 2019, The greener the better? Does neighborhood greenness buffer the effects of stressful life events on externalizing behavior in late adolescence? , Health & Place, Volume 58, 2019, doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2019.102163.
111. Wickham S, Taylor P, Shevlin M, Bentall RP. 2014. The Impact of Social Deprivation on Paranoia, Hallucinations, Mania and Depression: The Role of Discrimination Social Support, Stress and Trust. PLoS ONE 9(8): e105140. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0105140
112. World Health Organization. 2013. The European Mental Health Action Plan 2013–2020. http://www.euro.who.int/pubrequest.
113. Xie, S. 2019. Quality matters: housing and the mental health of rural migrants in urban China. Housing Studies, 1–23. doi:10.1080/02673037.2019.1577956.
114. Yang, Tingzhong; Barnett, Ross; Fan, Yafeng; Li, Lu. 2019. The effect of urban green space on uncertainty stress and life stress: A nationwide study of university students in China. Health & Place, 59, 102199–. doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2019.102199
