بررسی اثر برخی کودهای آلی و شیمیایی بر ویژگی‌های کمی و کیفی اسانس گیاه دارویی آویشن
محورهای موضوعی : گیاهان دارویی
1 - دانشیار، گروه زراعت و گیاهان دارویی، واحد شهرکرد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، شهرکرد، ایران
کلید واژه: اسانس, آویشن باغی, کود شیمیایی, کود آلی,
چکیده مقاله :
باتوجه به نقش بسیار ارزشمند و مهم کودهای آلی در تولید کمی و کیفی گیاهان دارویی و نقش ارزشمند این گیاهان در صنایع غذایی، این تحقیق جهت بررسی اثرات کودهای آلی و شیمیایی بر میزان تولید اسانس و ترکیبات مؤثره اسانس گیاه دارویی آویشن باغی در قالب طرح بلوک کامل تصادفی در چهار تکرار در دو سال زراعی 1399 و 1400 در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد شهرکرد انجام شد. تیمارها شامل تیمار شاهد (عدم کود دهی)، کودهای اسبی، گوسفندی، گاوی، مرغی، ورمی‌کمپوست و کود کامل شیمیایی بود. هر کدام از کودهای دامی و ورمی‌کمپوست به میزان 20 تن در هکتار در زمان تهیه بستر و کود کامل یوروسالید به میزان 5/1 گرم در یک لیتر آب، به‌صورت محلول‌پاشی دوبار با فاصله زمانی 3 هفته بعد از مرحله 10 برگی شدن گیاه؛ استفاده شدند. شاخسار هوایی نمونه‌های گیاهی، قبل از زمان گلدهی در زمان اوج رویش (252-270 برگی) و ابتدای گلدهی به طور جداگانه از هر کدام از تیمارهای مورد بررسی در انتهای مرداد ماه تهیه شدند. 1000 گرم از ساختار هوایی در هر تکرار با آب ترکیب گردیده و اسانس‌گیری به روش تقطیر با بخار آب توسط دستگاه کلونجر و شناسایی ترکیبات اسانس توسط کروماتوگرافی گازی صورت گرفت. بیشترین میزان وزن خشک (1/17±352 گرم در مترمربع در سال نخست و 9/18±04/359 گرم در مترمربع در سال دوم) و اسانس (1/0±91/0 درصد در سال اول و 01/0 ±1/1 درصد در سال دوم) متعلق به تیمار کود کامل بود که هم‌گروه با کود مرغی و ورمی‌کمپوست قرار گرفت. چهار ترکیب کارواکرول، پاراسیمن، گاماترپینن و تیمیل استات از دسته مونوترپن‌های حلقوی در تیمارهای مختلف بیش از 60 درصد از ترکیبات اسانس را به خود اختصاص دادند. تعداد 29 ترکیب مؤثره در اسانس تمام نمونه‌های گیاهی تحت تیمارهای مختلف بدست آمد.
Organic manuares have important effectiveness on quantity and quality of medicinal plants and this plants have important role in food industries, then this research was done to evaluate the effects of organic and chemical fertilizers on essential oil content and composition of Thyme. This research was conducted in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications in Research Farm of Islamic Azad University Branch of Shahrekord at 2020 and 2021. Treatments were: control (no fertilizer), cow manure, sheep manure, hen manure, horse manure, vermi-compost and complete chemical fertilizers. Each of animal manuares and vermi-compost in 20 t.ha-1 in planting time and complete chemical fertilizer in 1.5 g.l-1 concentration after V10 stage in two step by 3 weeks interval, were used. Shoot of plant samples beginning of flowering stage in end of vegetative stage (252-270 leaf) prepared from treatments separately in the end of august. For measurement of the content and yield of the volatile oil, 1000g of the fresh shoots harvested and mixed with water and placed in a flask connected to the condenser of a Clevenger apparatus and the GC analysis was done to detect the essential oil composition. The most weight of dry matter (352±17.1 g.m-2 in first year and 359.04±18.9 g.m-2 in second year) and essential oil content (0.91±0.1% in first year and 1.1±0.01% in second year) were observed in chemical fertilizer was the same group with vermi-compost and hen manure. Four components of P-cymene, Gamma terpinen, Carvacrol and Thymyl acetate are classified as cyclic monoterpene made more than 70% of essential oil content in different treatments. 29 components in essential oil of treatments were detected. The greatest amount of major components were Carvacrol (35.2-36.8%) in chemical fertilizer and vermicompost, P-cymene (8.3-7.8%) in chemical fertilizer; Gamma terpinene (18.6-18.7%) in vermi-compost and Thymyl acetate (4.6-4.8%) in hen manure.
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