بررسی تاثیر بیوچار حاصله از Azolla filiculoides بر مشخصه‌های مورفو فیزیولوژیکی گونه Kochia prostrata L. تحت تنش خشکی
محورهای موضوعی : کود زیستی
فاطمه حیدری
1
(گروه مرتعداری، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، نور، ایران)
قاسمعلی دیانتی تیلکی
2
(گروه مرتعداری، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، نور، ایران)
یحیی کوچ
3
(گروه مرتعداری، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، نور، ایران)
مهدی عبداللهی
4
(گروه مهندسی فرایندهای پلیمریزاسیون، دانشکده مهندسی شیمی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران)
کلید واژه: Kochia prostrata, فتوسنتز, بیوچار, آزولا, تنش حشکی,
چکیده مقاله :
تنش آبی از مهم‌ترین تنش‌های غیر‌زیستی است که تاثیر نامطلوبی بر رشد گیاهان در مناطق خشک و نیمه‌خشک دارد و صفات گیاهی منعکس‌کننده واکنش و سازگاری گیاهان به تغییرات محیطی هستند که نقش مهمی در پیش‌بینی اثرات مختلف محیطی بر گیاهان و فرآیندهای گیاهی ایفا می‌کنند. در این تحقیق به منظور بررسی تاثیر بیوچار بر مشخصه‌های مورفوفیزیولوژیک گونه( Kochia prostrata.L) در شرایط کم آبی،. آزمایشی به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی با سه تکرار در شرایط گلخانه انجام شد. تیمارهای تنش کم‌آبی شامل چهار سطح ] 25، 50، 75 و 100 درصد ظرفیت زراعی مزرعه [و تیمار بیوچارتولید شده از آزولا شامل چهار سطح (شاهد ، 5 گرم، 15 گرم و 30 گرم) بودند. مشخصه‌های مورفولوژیکی (ارتفاع گیاه، طول ریشه، وزن زیست توده اندام‌های هوایی، وزن زیست توده ریشه) و مشخصه‌های فیزیولوژیکی (فتوسنتز، پتانسیل آبی گیاه، هدایت روزنه‌ای و تعرق)گونه مورد نظر تحت دو تیمار خشکی و بیوچار قرار گرفتند. نتایج نشان داد که اثر متقابل تنش خشکی و بیوچار بر تمامی مشخصه‌ها (بجز ارتفاع گیاه) معنی‌دار شد. اثر اصلی تنش خشکی بجز مشخصه‌های (فتوسنتز و پتانسیل آبی) و اثر اصلی بیوچار بجز مشخصه (طول ریشه) بر سایر مشخصه‌ها اثر معنی‌داری داشتند. تیمار 30 گرم بیوچار باعث افزایش مشخصه‌های مورفولوژی (طول ریشه، ارتفاع گیاه، زیست‌توده گیاهی) به ترتیب به میزان 22، 36 و 50 درصد نسبت به شاهد شد و همچنین تیمار 30 گرم بیوچار باعث افزایش معنی‌دار مشخصه فتوسنتز و هدایت روزنه‌ای به میزان 107 و 32 درصد نسبت به شاهد گردید. با توجه به نتایج این پژوهش می‌توان اذعان کرد که تیمار بیوچار 15 گرم در بین سطوح مختلف عملکرد بهتری نشان داده است و می‌تواند مقدار مناسبی برای افزایش کارایی گونه مورد مطالعه باشد. نتایج به دست آمده از این پژوهش می‌تواند گامی مهم، در جهت استفاده کاربردی از بیوچار در احیا و اصلاح مراتع باشد.
Water stress is one of the most important abiotic stresses that harms the growth of plants in arid and semi-arid regions. Plant traits reflect their response and adaptation to environmental changes, which play an essential role in predicting various environmental effects on plants and plant processes. In order to investigate the effect of biochar on the morpho-physiological characteristics of the species (Kochia prostrata L.) in water shortage conditions, a factorial experiment was conducted in the form of a completely randomized design with three replications in greenhouse condition. Drought stress treatments included four levels (25, 50, 75, and 100% of the field capacity), and biochar treatment included four levels (control, 5 g, 15 g, and 30 g). Morphological traits (plant height, root length, aerial biomass weight, and root biomass weight) and physiological traits (photosynthesis, plant water potential, stomatal conductance, and transpiration) of the target species were assayed under drought and biochar treatments. Results showed that the interaction effect of drought stress and biochar on all characteristics except for plant height was significant. Moreover, the main effect of drought stress on all characteristics except for photosynthesis and water potential and also the main effect of biochar on all characteristics except for root length) were significant. The treatment with 30 grams of biochar caused an increase in morphological characteristics (root length, plant height, and plant biomass) by 22%, 36%, and 50%, respectively, compared to the control; this treatment also caused a significant increase in photosynthesis and stomatal conductance by 107% and 32%, respectively compared to control. According to the findings, the biochar treatment of 15 grams resulted in a better performance and can be suitable to increase the efficiency in the species under study. The results obtained from this research can be an essential step toward the practical use of biochar in restoration and improvement of rangelands.
Abbasnasab, Z., and Abedi, M. (2021). Effect of biochar on some morphological and physiological traits in Medicago sativa and Bromus tomentellus. Journal of Plant Process and Function. 10(41): 145-156.
Abbaspour, H. and Rezaei, H. (2014). Effect of Gibberellic Acid on Hill Reaction Rate, Photosynthetic Pigments and Phenolic Compounds in Dracocephalum moldavica L. under Drought Stress Conditions. Journal of Plant Research. 27(5):893-903
Agegnehu, G., Srivastava, A. K., and Bird, M. I. (2017). The role of biochar and biochar-compost in improving soil quality and crop performance: A review. Journal of Applied Soil Ecology. 119: 156-170.
Akhavan Armaki, M., Azarnivand, H., Asareh, M., Jafari, A., and Tavili, A. (2012). Effects of water stress on germination indices in three species of Bromus. Iranian Journal of Range and Desert Research 18(4): 558-568. doi: 10.22092/ijrdr.2012.102192
Akhtar, S. S., Andersen, M. N. and Fulai, L. (2015). Residual effects of biochar on improving growth, physiology and yield of wheat under salt stress, Journal of Agricultural Water Management 158: 61-68.
Akhtar, S. S., M. N. Andersen, and F. Liu. (2014). Biochar enhances yield and quality of tomato under reduced irrigation. Agric. Journal of Agricultural Water Management. 138: 37-44.
Alvani, F., and Dianati Tilaki, G., and SADATI, E. (2017). The effects of priming with acid ascorbic on physiological traits of Taverniera cuneifolia seeds under drought stress. Journal of Rangeland. 11(3): 294-305.
Asadzadeh, A., (2006). The effect of using superabsorbent hydrogels in reducing the drought stress of olive fruit trees, 160p.
Bhattarai, B., Neupane, J., Dhakal, S. P., Nepal, J., Gnyawali, B., Timalsina, R. and Poudel, A. (2015). Effect of Biochar from different origin on physio-chemical properties of soil and yield of garden pea (Pisum sativum L.) at Paklihawa, Rupandehi. Nepal World Journal of Agricultural Research 3: 129-138.
Blum, A., (2011). Plant water relations, plant stress and plant production, pp. 11-52.
Bouyoucos, G. J. (1962). Hydrometer method improved for making particle size analyses of soils 1. International Journal of Agronomy. 54(5): 464-465.
Bower, C.A., Reitemeier, R.F., and Fireman, M., (1952). Exchangeable cation analysis of saline and alkali soils. Journal of Soil Science. 73: 251–262.
Bremnner, J.M., and Mulvaney, C.S., (1982). Nitrogen-total. Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2. Chemical and Microbiological Properties, (Methodsofsoilan2). 595–624 pp.
Carter, S., Shackley, S., Sohi, S., Suy, T. B., and Haefele, S. (2013). The impact of biochar application on soil properties and plant growth of pot grown lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and cabbage (Brassica chinensis). International Journal of Agronomy. 3(2): 404-418.
Chan, K. Y., and Xu, Z. (2012). Biochar: nutrient properties and their enhancement. In Biochar for environmental management. Routledge. (99-116pp)..
Dianatitilaki G, Pichand M, and Sadati S E. (2016). Effects of drought stress and seed hydro-priming on some morphological, physiological and biochemical traits of Cymbopogon olivieri Boiss. Journal of Rangeland. 9(4): 304-318. https://www.sid.ir/en/journal/ ViewPaper.aspx?id=568243
Fallahi, H. R., Kalantari, R. T., Aghhavani-shajari, M., and Soltanzade, M. G. (2015). Effect of super absorbent polymer and irrigation deficit on water use efficiency, growth and yield of cotton. Journal of Notulae Scientia Biologicae. 7(3): 338-344.
Fateh, H., Siosemardeh, A., Karimpoor, M. and Sharafi, S. (2012). Effect of drought stress on photosynthesis and physiological characteristics of barley. International Journal Farming and Allied Science. 1(2): 33-41.
Gavili, E., and Mousavi, S., and Kamgar haghighi, A. (2016). Effect of Cattle Manure Biochar and drought Stress on the growth characteristics and water use efficiency of spinach under greenhouse conditions. Iranian journal of water research in agriculture (formerly soil and water science). 30(2): 243-259.
Guzmán, C., Autrique, J. E., Mondal, S., Singh, R. P., Govindan, V., Morales-Dorantes, A., and Peña, R. J. (2016). Response to drought and heat stress on wheat quality, with special emphasis on bread-making quality, in durum wheat. Journal of Field Crops Research. 186: 157-165.
Hossain, A., Sarker, M. A. Z., Hakim, M. A., Lozovskaya, M. V. and Zvolinsky, V. P. (2011). Effect of temperature on yield and some agronomic characters of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes. International Journal of Agricultural Research Innovation and Technology 1: 44-54.
Jeffery, S., Verheijen, F. G., van der Velde, M. and Bastos, A. C. (2011). A quantitative review of the effects of biochar application to soils on crop productivity using meta-analysis. Journal of Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 144: 175-187.
Lehmann J., da Silva J.P., Jr C., Steiner C., Nehls T., Zech W., and Glaser B. (2003). Nutrient availability and leaching in an archaeological anthrosol and a ferralsol of the Central Amazon basin: fertilizer, manure and charcoal amendments. Journal of Plant and Soil, 249:343–357.
Nabati, J., and Kafi, M., and Rezvani Moghadam, P., and Masoumi, A., and Zare wehrjerdi, M. (2011). Effect of Salinity on Morphological characteristics, yield and yield components of Kochia (Kochia Scoparia L.). Iranian journal of field crop science (Iranian journal of agricultural°sciences). 42(2): 735-743. https://www.sid.ir/en/journal /ViewPaper. aspx?id=262093
Nazarli, H., Zardashti, M. R., Darvishzadeh, R., and Najafi, S. (2010). The effect of water stress and polymer on water use efficiency, yield and several morphological traits of sunflower under greenhouse condition. Journal of Notulae Scientia Biologicae. 2(4): 53-58.
Nohong, B. and Nompo, S. (2015). Effect of water stress on growth, yield, proline and soluble sugars contents of Signal grass and Napier grass species. American Merican-eurasian Journal of Sustainable Agriculture. 9(5): 14-21.
Olmo, M., Villar, R., Salazar, P. and Alburquerque, J. A. (2016). Changes in soil nutrient availability explain biochar’s impact on wheat root development. Journal of the Plant Soil 399: 333-343
Polat, E., Karaca, M., Demir, H., and Onus, A. N. (2004). Use of natural zeolite (clinoptilolite) in agriculture. Journal of Fruit and Ornamental Plant Research. 12(1): 183-189.
Rajapaksha A.U., Chen S.S., Tsang D.C., Zhang M., Vithanage M., Mandal S., Gao B., and Bolan N.S., Ok Y.S. (2016). Engineered / designer biochar for contaminant removal/immobilization from soil and water: potential and implication of biochar modification. . Journal of Chemosphere, 148:276–291.
Rashti, M. R., Esfandbod, M., Phillips, I. R., and Chen, C. (2019). Biochar amendment and water stress alter rhizosphere carbon and nitrogen budgets in bauxite-processing residue sand under rehabilitation. Journal of Environmental Management. 230: 446-455.
Rehman, M.Z.U., Rizwan, M., Ali, S., Fatima, N., Yousaf, B., Naeem, A., Sabir, M., Ahmad, H.R. and Ok, Y.S., (2016). Contrasting effects of biochar, compost and farm manure on alleviation of nickel toxicity in maize (Zea mays L.) in relation to plant growth, photosynthesis and metal uptake Journal of. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 133:218-225.
Rizwan, M., Ali, S., Ibrahim, M., Farid, M., Adrees, M., Bharwana, S. A. and Abbas, F. (2015). Mechanisms of silicon-mediated alleviation of drought and salt stress in plants: a review. Journal of Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 22(20): 15416-15431.
Rodrigues, J. G., P. M J. Edvardo, B. Forner, and F. Angeles. (2010). Citrus rootstock response to water stress. Journal of Scientia Horticulturae. 126: 95-102.
Saxena, J., Rana, G., and Pandey, M. (2013). Impact of addition of biochar along with Bacillus sp. on growth and yield of French beans. Journal of Scientia Horticulturae.162: 351-356.
Saxton, K. E., Rawis, W. J., Romberger, J. S., papendick, R. I., (1986). Estimating Generalized Soil-Water Characteristics from Texture, Journal of Soil Science Society of America, 50 (4): 1031-1036.
Schulz, H. and Glaser, B. (2012). Effects of biochar compared to organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil quality and plant growth in a greenhouse experiment. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 175: 410-412.
Sohi, S. P., Krull, E., Lopez-Capel, E., and Bol, R. (2010). A review of biochar and its use and function in soil. Journal of Advances in Agronomy. 105: 47-82.
Tavanapoor, R, Dianatitilaki G., and Abedi, M. (2019). Influence of Biochar on soil characteristics and drought tolerance of two species Festuca ovina L. and Festuca arundinacea Schreb. M.Sc. thesis, Department of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University.
Van Zwieten, L., Kimber, S., Morris, S., Chan, K. Y., Downie, A., Rust, J. and Cowie, A. (2010). Effects of biochar from slow pyrolysis of papermill waste on agronomic performance and soil fertility. Journal of Plant and Soil. 327(1): 235-246.
Vemmos, S. N. (1994). Net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll content and specific leaf weight of pistachio trees (cv. Aegenes) as influenced by fruiting. Journal of Horticultural Science. 69(5): 775-782.
Walkley, A. and Black, I.A. (1934). An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Journal of Soil Science. 37(1): pp.29-38
Wang, L., Sun, X., Li, S., Zhang, T., Zhang, W., and Zhai, P. (2014). Application of organic amendments to a coastal saline soil in north China: effects on soil physical and chemical properties and tree growth. PloS one, 9(2): e89185.
Xiaoling, L., Ning, L., Jin, Y., Fuzhou, Y., Faju, C., and Fangqing, C. (2011). Morphological and photosynthetic responses of riparian plant Distylium chinense seedlings to simulated Autumn and Winter flooding in Three Gorges Reservoir Region of the Yangtze River, China. Journal of Acta Ecologica Sinica. 31(1): 31-39.
Xu, C. Y., Hosseini-Bai, S., Hao, Y., Rachaputi, R. C., Wang, H., Xu, Z., and Wallace, H. (2015). Effect of biochar amendment on yield and photosynthesis of peanut on two types of soils. Journal of Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 22(8): 6112-6125.
Zoghi, Z., Hosseini, S. M., Kouchaksaraei, M. T., Kooch, Y., and Guidi, L. (2019). The effect of biochar amendment on the growth, morphology and physiology of Quercus castaneifolia seedlings under water-deficit stress. European Journal of Forest Research. 138(6): 967-979.
_||_Abbasnasab, Z., and Abedi, M. (2021). Effect of biochar on some morphological and physiological traits in Medicago sativa and Bromus tomentellus. Journal of Plant Process and Function. 10(41): 145-156.
Abbaspour, H. and Rezaei, H. (2014). Effect of Gibberellic Acid on Hill Reaction Rate, Photosynthetic Pigments and Phenolic Compounds in Dracocephalum moldavica L. under Drought Stress Conditions. Journal of Plant Research. 27(5):893-903
Agegnehu, G., Srivastava, A. K., and Bird, M. I. (2017). The role of biochar and biochar-compost in improving soil quality and crop performance: A review. Journal of Applied Soil Ecology. 119: 156-170.
Akhavan Armaki, M., Azarnivand, H., Asareh, M., Jafari, A., and Tavili, A. (2012). Effects of water stress on germination indices in three species of Bromus. Iranian Journal of Range and Desert Research 18(4): 558-568. doi: 10.22092/ijrdr.2012.102192
Akhtar, S. S., Andersen, M. N. and Fulai, L. (2015). Residual effects of biochar on improving growth, physiology and yield of wheat under salt stress, Journal of Agricultural Water Management 158: 61-68.
Akhtar, S. S., M. N. Andersen, and F. Liu. (2014). Biochar enhances yield and quality of tomato under reduced irrigation. Agric. Journal of Agricultural Water Management. 138: 37-44.
Alvani, F., and Dianati Tilaki, G., and SADATI, E. (2017). The effects of priming with acid ascorbic on physiological traits of Taverniera cuneifolia seeds under drought stress. Journal of Rangeland. 11(3): 294-305.
Asadzadeh, A., (2006). The effect of using superabsorbent hydrogels in reducing the drought stress of olive fruit trees, 160p.
Bhattarai, B., Neupane, J., Dhakal, S. P., Nepal, J., Gnyawali, B., Timalsina, R. and Poudel, A. (2015). Effect of Biochar from different origin on physio-chemical properties of soil and yield of garden pea (Pisum sativum L.) at Paklihawa, Rupandehi. Nepal World Journal of Agricultural Research 3: 129-138.
Blum, A., (2011). Plant water relations, plant stress and plant production, pp. 11-52.
Bouyoucos, G. J. (1962). Hydrometer method improved for making particle size analyses of soils 1. International Journal of Agronomy. 54(5): 464-465.
Bower, C.A., Reitemeier, R.F., and Fireman, M., (1952). Exchangeable cation analysis of saline and alkali soils. Journal of Soil Science. 73: 251–262.
Bremnner, J.M., and Mulvaney, C.S., (1982). Nitrogen-total. Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2. Chemical and Microbiological Properties, (Methodsofsoilan2). 595–624 pp.
Carter, S., Shackley, S., Sohi, S., Suy, T. B., and Haefele, S. (2013). The impact of biochar application on soil properties and plant growth of pot grown lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and cabbage (Brassica chinensis). International Journal of Agronomy. 3(2): 404-418.
Chan, K. Y., and Xu, Z. (2012). Biochar: nutrient properties and their enhancement. In Biochar for environmental management. Routledge. (99-116pp)..
Dianatitilaki G, Pichand M, and Sadati S E. (2016). Effects of drought stress and seed hydro-priming on some morphological, physiological and biochemical traits of Cymbopogon olivieri Boiss. Journal of Rangeland. 9(4): 304-318. https://www.sid.ir/en/journal/ ViewPaper.aspx?id=568243
Fallahi, H. R., Kalantari, R. T., Aghhavani-shajari, M., and Soltanzade, M. G. (2015). Effect of super absorbent polymer and irrigation deficit on water use efficiency, growth and yield of cotton. Journal of Notulae Scientia Biologicae. 7(3): 338-344.
Fateh, H., Siosemardeh, A., Karimpoor, M. and Sharafi, S. (2012). Effect of drought stress on photosynthesis and physiological characteristics of barley. International Journal Farming and Allied Science. 1(2): 33-41.
Gavili, E., and Mousavi, S., and Kamgar haghighi, A. (2016). Effect of Cattle Manure Biochar and drought Stress on the growth characteristics and water use efficiency of spinach under greenhouse conditions. Iranian journal of water research in agriculture (formerly soil and water science). 30(2): 243-259.
Guzmán, C., Autrique, J. E., Mondal, S., Singh, R. P., Govindan, V., Morales-Dorantes, A., and Peña, R. J. (2016). Response to drought and heat stress on wheat quality, with special emphasis on bread-making quality, in durum wheat. Journal of Field Crops Research. 186: 157-165.
Hossain, A., Sarker, M. A. Z., Hakim, M. A., Lozovskaya, M. V. and Zvolinsky, V. P. (2011). Effect of temperature on yield and some agronomic characters of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes. International Journal of Agricultural Research Innovation and Technology 1: 44-54.
Jeffery, S., Verheijen, F. G., van der Velde, M. and Bastos, A. C. (2011). A quantitative review of the effects of biochar application to soils on crop productivity using meta-analysis. Journal of Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 144: 175-187.
Lehmann J., da Silva J.P., Jr C., Steiner C., Nehls T., Zech W., and Glaser B. (2003). Nutrient availability and leaching in an archaeological anthrosol and a ferralsol of the Central Amazon basin: fertilizer, manure and charcoal amendments. Journal of Plant and Soil, 249:343–357.
Nabati, J., and Kafi, M., and Rezvani Moghadam, P., and Masoumi, A., and Zare wehrjerdi, M. (2011). Effect of Salinity on Morphological characteristics, yield and yield components of Kochia (Kochia Scoparia L.). Iranian journal of field crop science (Iranian journal of agricultural°sciences). 42(2): 735-743. https://www.sid.ir/en/journal /ViewPaper. aspx?id=262093
Nazarli, H., Zardashti, M. R., Darvishzadeh, R., and Najafi, S. (2010). The effect of water stress and polymer on water use efficiency, yield and several morphological traits of sunflower under greenhouse condition. Journal of Notulae Scientia Biologicae. 2(4): 53-58.
Nohong, B. and Nompo, S. (2015). Effect of water stress on growth, yield, proline and soluble sugars contents of Signal grass and Napier grass species. American Merican-eurasian Journal of Sustainable Agriculture. 9(5): 14-21.
Olmo, M., Villar, R., Salazar, P. and Alburquerque, J. A. (2016). Changes in soil nutrient availability explain biochar’s impact on wheat root development. Journal of the Plant Soil 399: 333-343
Polat, E., Karaca, M., Demir, H., and Onus, A. N. (2004). Use of natural zeolite (clinoptilolite) in agriculture. Journal of Fruit and Ornamental Plant Research. 12(1): 183-189.
Rajapaksha A.U., Chen S.S., Tsang D.C., Zhang M., Vithanage M., Mandal S., Gao B., and Bolan N.S., Ok Y.S. (2016). Engineered / designer biochar for contaminant removal/immobilization from soil and water: potential and implication of biochar modification. . Journal of Chemosphere, 148:276–291.
Rashti, M. R., Esfandbod, M., Phillips, I. R., and Chen, C. (2019). Biochar amendment and water stress alter rhizosphere carbon and nitrogen budgets in bauxite-processing residue sand under rehabilitation. Journal of Environmental Management. 230: 446-455.
Rehman, M.Z.U., Rizwan, M., Ali, S., Fatima, N., Yousaf, B., Naeem, A., Sabir, M., Ahmad, H.R. and Ok, Y.S., (2016). Contrasting effects of biochar, compost and farm manure on alleviation of nickel toxicity in maize (Zea mays L.) in relation to plant growth, photosynthesis and metal uptake Journal of. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 133:218-225.
Rizwan, M., Ali, S., Ibrahim, M., Farid, M., Adrees, M., Bharwana, S. A. and Abbas, F. (2015). Mechanisms of silicon-mediated alleviation of drought and salt stress in plants: a review. Journal of Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 22(20): 15416-15431.
Rodrigues, J. G., P. M J. Edvardo, B. Forner, and F. Angeles. (2010). Citrus rootstock response to water stress. Journal of Scientia Horticulturae. 126: 95-102.
Saxena, J., Rana, G., and Pandey, M. (2013). Impact of addition of biochar along with Bacillus sp. on growth and yield of French beans. Journal of Scientia Horticulturae.162: 351-356.
Saxton, K. E., Rawis, W. J., Romberger, J. S., papendick, R. I., (1986). Estimating Generalized Soil-Water Characteristics from Texture, Journal of Soil Science Society of America, 50 (4): 1031-1036.
Schulz, H. and Glaser, B. (2012). Effects of biochar compared to organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil quality and plant growth in a greenhouse experiment. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 175: 410-412.
Sohi, S. P., Krull, E., Lopez-Capel, E., and Bol, R. (2010). A review of biochar and its use and function in soil. Journal of Advances in Agronomy. 105: 47-82.
Tavanapoor, R, Dianatitilaki G., and Abedi, M. (2019). Influence of Biochar on soil characteristics and drought tolerance of two species Festuca ovina L. and Festuca arundinacea Schreb. M.Sc. thesis, Department of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University.
Van Zwieten, L., Kimber, S., Morris, S., Chan, K. Y., Downie, A., Rust, J. and Cowie, A. (2010). Effects of biochar from slow pyrolysis of papermill waste on agronomic performance and soil fertility. Journal of Plant and Soil. 327(1): 235-246.
Vemmos, S. N. (1994). Net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll content and specific leaf weight of pistachio trees (cv. Aegenes) as influenced by fruiting. Journal of Horticultural Science. 69(5): 775-782.
Walkley, A. and Black, I.A. (1934). An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Journal of Soil Science. 37(1): pp.29-38
Wang, L., Sun, X., Li, S., Zhang, T., Zhang, W., and Zhai, P. (2014). Application of organic amendments to a coastal saline soil in north China: effects on soil physical and chemical properties and tree growth. PloS one, 9(2): e89185.
Xiaoling, L., Ning, L., Jin, Y., Fuzhou, Y., Faju, C., and Fangqing, C. (2011). Morphological and photosynthetic responses of riparian plant Distylium chinense seedlings to simulated Autumn and Winter flooding in Three Gorges Reservoir Region of the Yangtze River, China. Journal of Acta Ecologica Sinica. 31(1): 31-39.
Xu, C. Y., Hosseini-Bai, S., Hao, Y., Rachaputi, R. C., Wang, H., Xu, Z., and Wallace, H. (2015). Effect of biochar amendment on yield and photosynthesis of peanut on two types of soils. Journal of Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 22(8): 6112-6125.
Zoghi, Z., Hosseini, S. M., Kouchaksaraei, M. T., Kooch, Y., and Guidi, L. (2019). The effect of biochar amendment on the growth, morphology and physiology of Quercus castaneifolia seedlings under water-deficit stress. European Journal of Forest Research. 138(6): 967-979.
