تنش‌ خشکی و راهکارهای مقابله با آن در گیاهان زراعی

محورهای موضوعی : تنش

اسماعیل قلی نژاد ¹ ( گروه علمی علوم کشاورزی، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران، )
رضا درویش زاده ² ( گروه تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران، )
عباس ابهری ³ ( گروه علمی علوم کشاورزی، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران )

تاریخ دریافت : 1401/06/04 تاریخ پذیرش : 1401/09/19 تاریخ انتشار : 1401/07/01

کلید واژه: "اجتناب", "پتانسیل اسمزی", "تبخیر و تعرق", "تحمل", "تنش", "فرار از خشکی", "مکانیسم خشکی",

چکیده مقاله :

تنش خشکی روی جنبه های مختلف رشد و نمو گیاهان (رشد رویشی، زایشی، پیدایش و تشکیل گل، گرده افشانی و لقاح و تشکیل دانه) تاثیر می گذارد. برای کاهش اثرات تنش خشکی بر گیاهان، شناسایی مکانیسم های عکس العمل گیاه در برابر تنش خشکی بسیار مهم است. در پاسخ به تنش خشکی در گیاهان تغییرات مورفوفیزیولوژیکی، بیوشیمیایی، سلولی و مولکولی رخ می دهند که برآیند این تغییرات بهبود در سیستم ریشه، ساختار برگ، تنظیم اسمزی، محتوای نسبی آب و تنظیم روزنه و برخی عوامل دیگر است. نمود فنوتیپی مواجهۀ گیاهان با تنش خشکی به صورت فرار از خشکی (زودرسی یا دوره رشد کوتاه، حساسیت به طول روز و کنترل پنجه‎دهی)، اجتناب از خشکی (سیستم ریشه‎ای توسعه یافته، هدایت روزنه‎ای مطلوب، بهبود اندازه و فراوانی روزنه‎ها، تجمع آبسیزیک اسید و ضخامت کوتیکول و قشر مومی روی برگ)، تحمل خشکی (تنظیم فشار اسمزی، تنظیم غیر فعال، تنظیم فعال، تجمع پرولین و جابجایی مواد پرورده) و بازیافت بروز پیدا می کند. از روش های مدیریتی بهبود تحمل تنش خشکی می توان ایجاد ارقام متحمل، استفاده از اسمولیت های خارجی مانند گلیسین بتائین و پرولین، محلول پاشی با هورمون‌های گیاهی مانند آبسیزیک اسید، سالسیلیک اسید (آسپرین)، جیبرلیک اسید، جاسمونیک‌ اسید، براسینو استروییدها و پلی آمین ها، کاربرد خارجی آنتی اکسیدان هایی مانند گلوتاتیون، آسکوربیک اسید (ویتامین C)، توکوفرول (ویتامین E) و اکسید نیتریک، محلول پاشی با عناصر ریز مغذی مانند آهن و روی، محلول پاشی با عناصر کمیاب مانند سیلیکون و سلنیوم و برهمکنش های میکروبی گیاهان مانند باکتری های محرک رشد و قارچ ها اشاره کرد. مقاله حاضر یک مقاله مروری است که با جستجو در مقاله های مرتبط در سایت های معتبر (Google scholar, Web of science, PubMed, Scopus, sid) بدست آمده است و با هدف بررسی اثرات، مکانیسم های تحمل، روش های پژوهش، صفات مهم قابل اندازه گیری، مدیریت و کنترل تنش خشکی تهیه شده است.

چکیده انگلیسی:

Drought stress affects various aspects of plant growth (vegetative growth, reproductive growth, flower formation, pollination, fertilization, and seed formation). To reduce the effects of drought stress on plants, it is important to determine the mechanisms of plant response to drought stress. In response to drought stress, plants experience morphophysiological, biochemical, cellular, and molecular changes with the ultimate result of improved root system, leaf structure, osmotic regulation, relative water content, and stomatal regulation. The phenotypic manifestations in plants facing drought stress include drought escape (early or short growing period, day length sensitivity, and tiller control), drought avoidance (developed root system, stomatal conductance, size and frequency of stomata, accumulation of abscisic acid, and cuticle thickness and waxy crust on the leaf), drought tolerance (osmotic pressure regulation, passive regulation, active regulation, proline accumulation, and displacement of sap phloem materials), and recovery (improvement). Management methods to improve drought stress tolerance include the development of tolerant cultivars, the use of external osmotic protectors such as glycine betaine and proline, spraying with plant hormones such as abscisic acid, salicylic acid (aspirin), gibberellic acid, jasmonic acid, brasino steroids, and polyamines, application of foreign substances with antioxidants such as glutathione, ascorbic acid (vitamin C), tocopherol (vitamin E), and nitric oxide, foliar application of micronutrients such as iron and zinc, spraying with trace elements such as silicon and selenium, and microbial interactions of plants such as growth-promoting bacteria and fungi. This review article is a content analysis study that was carried out by searching related articles in reliable sites (Google scholar, Web of science, PubMed, Scopus, Sid) aiming to investigate the effects, mechanisms of tolerance, research methods, important measurable traits, drought stress management, and control.

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