بررسی مقایسه‌‌ای اثر برخی از انواع کودهای نیتروژنه بر رشد، محتوای آلکالوئیدی و برخی صفات فیزیولوژیکی گیاه زینتی-دارویی آگاو آمریکایی (Agave Americana cv marginata) در شرایط کشت گلخانه‌ای
محورهای موضوعی : ژنتیک
ابراهیم جوکار
1
(گروه زیست شناسی، دانشکده علوم پایه، واحد گرگان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، گرگان، ایران)
آرین ساطعی
2
(گروه زیست شناسی، دانشکده علوم پایه، واحد گرگان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، گرگان، ایران)
مهدی عبادی
3
(گروه شیمی، دانشکده علوم پایه، واحد گرگان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، گرگان، ایران)
مازیار احمدی گلسفیدی
4
(گروه شیمی، دانشکده علوم پایه، واحد گرگان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، گرگان، ایران)
کلید واژه: گیاه دارویی, گیاه زینتی, آلکالوئید, آگاو آمریکایی, آمینواسید, کشت گلخانه‌ای, نیترات ردوکتاز,
چکیده مقاله :
در پژوهش حاضر اثر ۲ نوع کود نیتروژنه و کودزیستی ازتوباکتر در شرایط کشت گلدانی و گلخانه‌ای بر میزان رشد، محتوای کلی نیتروژن، پروتئین‎های کل، آمینواسیدهای آزاد و آلکالوئیدهای برگ و ریشه و همچنین میزان فعالیت نیترات ردوکتازی برگ‌ها در گیاه آگاو آمریکایی رقم مارجیناتا در مرحله رشد ۸ برگی موردبررسی قرار گرفت. کودهای نیتروژنه شامل کود اوره ۴۶ درصد با دو غلظت ۵ و۱۰ گرم بر لیتر، کود NPK با دو غلظت ۴ و۶ گرم بر لیتر و کود زیستی دکتر بایو(حاوی ازتوباکتر) با دو غلظت ۱ و ۴ میلی‎گرم بر کیلوگرم پس از مرحله ۸ برگی به‌صورت محلول‎پاشی به خاک گلدان اضافه شدند و اثرات آن‌ها با اثرات گیاه در خاک بدون کود به‌عنوان شاهد مقایسه شد. نتایج به‌دست‌آمده نشان ‎دهنده اثرگذاری معنی‌دار تیمارهای مورداستفاده بر صفات مورد ارزیابی بود.. افزایش کود در همه موارد و به‌ویژه در مورد کود زیستی، موجب کاهش فعالیت نیترات ردوکتازی برگ‌ها شد و نیز محتوای کلی نیتروژن ریشه را به نفع افزایش آن در برگ‌ها تغییر داد.افزودن اوره ۴۶% با هر دو غلظت موجب افزایش وزن‎تر و خشک، محتوای کلی پروتئین‌ها، آمینواسیدهای آزاد و آلکالوئیدهای برگ و ریشه شد. کود زیستی با هر دو غلظت باعث افزایش معنی‌دار وزن‌تر و خشک و محتوای پروتئین برگ، وزن‎تر و محتوای آمینواسیدهای آزاد و پروتئین ریشه شد. این کود بر محتوای آلکالوئیدی برگ و ریشه اثر معنی‌داری نداشت. افزایش کود NPK با هر دو غلظت نیز موجب افزایش وزن‌تر و خشک و آمینواسیدهای آزاد برگ‌ها و محتوای پروتئین و کاهش وزن‌تر و آمینواسیدهای آزاد ریشه گردید. از نظر کاربردی، کود اوره ۵ گرم بر لیتر بر رشد و افزایش آلکالوئیدهای گیاه عملکرد بهتری داشت.
In the present study, the effect of three types of nitrogen fertilizers under potting and greenhouse cultivation on growth rate, total nitrogen content, protein, free amino acids and leaf and root alkaloids and leaf nitrate reductase activity in American agave cultivar Marginata was investigated.Fertilizers including urea (46%), NPK compound fertilizer of type 20 20 20, and Dr. Bio biofertilizer (containing Azotobacter) were applied in two concentrations each, and their effects were compared with the effects ofsoil without fertilizer as a control. Increasing fertilizer in all cases, and especially in the case of biofertilizer, reduced the nitrate reductase activity of the leaves and also changed the overall nitrogen content of the root in favor of increasing it in the leaves. Urea increased wet and dry weight, total protein content, free amino acids and leaf and root alkaloids. Biofertilizer significantly increased fresh and dry weight and leaf protein content, fresh weight and content of free amino acids and root protein. This fertilizer had no significant effect on the alkaloid content of leaves and roots. Increasing the NPK fertilizer also increased the fresh and dry weight and free amino acids of the leaves and the content of total proteins and alkaloids in the leaves and roots and decreased the fresh weight and free amino acids of the roots.
Almrani, H.A. (2019). Effect of Chemical Fertilizers (N P K) in the Growth Two Species of Henbane and Total Alkaloids Content. Iraq Journal of Agriculture. 24(1): 52-61.
Amissah, J.N., Alorvor, F.E., Okorley, B.A., Asare, C.M., Osei-Safo, D., Appiah-Opong, R. and Addae-Mensah, I. (2022). Mineral Fertilization Influences the Growth, Cryptolepine Yield, and Bioefficacy of Cryptolepis sanguinolenta (Lindl.) Schlt. Plants. 11(1): 122.
Borja Reis, A.F., Tamagno, S., Moro Rosso, L.H., Ortez, O.L., Naeve, S. and Ciampitti, I.A. (2020). Historical trend on seed amino acid concentration does not follow protein changes in soybeans. Scientific Reports. 10: 17707.
Borquaye, L.S., Gasu, E.N., Ampomah, G.B., Kyei, L.K., Amarh, M.A., Mensah, C.N., Nartey, D., Commodore, M., Adomako, A.K. and Acheampong, P. (2020). Alkaloids from Cryptolepis sanguinolenta as potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 viral proteins: An in silico study. BioMedical Researches. Int. 2020: 1–14.
Bradford, M.M. (1976). A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anals of Biochemistry. 72:248-250.
Erisman, J.W., Sutton, M.A., Galloway, J., Klimont, Z. and Winiwarter, W. (2008). How a century of ammonia synthesis changed the world. National Geoscience. 1: 636–639.
Farha, A. and Inam, A. (2020). Accumulation of metals, antioxidant activity, growth and yield attributes of mustard (Brassica juncea L.) grown on soil amendments with fly ash together with inorganic nitrogen fertilizer. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum. 42: 150.
Gholamhosseinpour, Z., Hemati, K., Dorodian, H. and Bashiri-Sadr, Z. (2011). Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on yield and amount of alkaloids in periwinkle and determination of vinblastine and vincristine by HPLC and TLC. Plant Science Research. 3: 4–9.
HAN, R.C., XU, Z.R., LI, C.Y., RASHEED, A., PAN, X.H., SHI, Q.H. and WU, Z.M. (2022). The removal of nitrate reductase phosphorylation enhances tolerance to ammonium nitrogen deficiency in rice. Journal of Integrative Agriculture. 21(3): 631-643.
Iqbal, A., Dong, Q., Wang, X., Gui, H., Zhang, H., Zhang, X. and Song, M. (2020). Variations in Nitrogen Metabolism are Closely Linked with Nitrogen Uptake and Utilization Efficiency in Cotton Genotypes under Various Nitrogen Supplies. Plants. 9(2): 250-258.
Izadi, Z., Ahmadvand, G., Asna-Ashri, M. and Piri, J. (2010). Effect of nitrogen and plant density on some growth characteristic, yield and essence in peppermint. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 8(5): 24-36.
Jeshni, M.G., Mousavinik, M., Khammari, I. and Rahimi, M. (2017). The changes of yield and essential oil components of German Chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) under application of phosphorus and zinc fertilizers and drought stress conditions. Journal of Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences 16: 60–65.
Kapoor, R., Giri, B. and Mukerji, K.G. (2004). Improved growth and essential oil yield and quality in Foeniculum vulgare mill on mycorrhizal inoculation supplemented with P-fertilizer. Bioresource and Technology 93: 307–311.
Karamanos, A.J. and Sotiropoulou, D.E. (2013). Field studies of nitrogen application on Greek oregano (Origanum vulgare ssp. hirtum (Link) Ietswaart) essential oil during two cultivation seasons. Indian Crop Production. 46: 246–252.
Kour, D., Rana, K.L., Yadav, A.N., Yadav, N., Kumar, M., Kumar, V., Vyas, P., Dhaliwal, H.S. and Saxena, A.K. (2020). Microbial biofertilizers: Bioresources and eco-friendly technologies for agricultural and environmental sustainability. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology. 23: 101487.
Lee, Y.J., Lee W.J., Le, Q.T., Hong, S.W. and Lee, H. (2021). Growth Performance Can Be Increased Under High Nitrate and High Salt Stress Through Enhanced Nitrate Reductase Activity in Arabidopsis Anthocyanin Over-Producing Mutant Plants. Frontiers in Plant Science. DOI: 10.3389 /fpls.2021.644455.
Lin,D.C., Li, Y., Wang, H., Niazi, N. K., Zhang, S., Liu, D., Zhao, K., Fu, W., Li, Y., and Ye, Z. (2020). Nitrogen fertilizer enhances zinc and cadmium uptake by hyperaccumulator Sedum alfredii Hance. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 20(1): 320–329.
Liu, R. Zhu, P.F., Wang, Y.S., Chen, Z., Zhu, J.R., Shu, L.Z. and Zhang, W.J. (2020). Alternate partial root-zone drip irrigation with nitrogen fertigationpromoted tomato growth, water and fertilizer-nitrogen use efficiency. Agricultural Water Management . 233(30): 106049.
Lubbe, A. and Verpoorte, R. (2011). Cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants for specialty industrial materials. Indian Crop Production. 34: 785–801.
Nurzyńska-Wierdak, R. (2013). Does mineral fertilization modify essential oil content and chemical composition in medicinal plants. Acta Science. Poland-Hortorum Cultus. 12: 3–16.
Rahmani, A., Sateei, A., Ebadi, M. and Ahmadi Golsefidi, M. (2021). Investigation of growth, nitrate reductase activity, total content of flavonoids, anthocyanins and some elements in Zamioculcas zamiifolia Engl. under the influence of three types of nitrogen fertilizers in greenhouse conditions, Journal of Iranian Plant Ecophysiological Research. Doi: 10.30495 /iper.2021.679564.
Rao, B.R. (2001). Biomass and essential oil yields of rainfed palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) Wats. var. motia Burk.) supplied with different levels of organic manure and fertilizer nitrogen in semi-arid tropical climate. Indian Crop Production 14: 171–178.
Rivero, R.M., Ruiz, J.M. and Romero, L.M. (2004). Importance of N source on heat stress tolerance due to the accumulation of proline and quaternary ammonium compounds in tomato plants. Plant Biology (Stuttg) 6: 702-707.
Ronga, D., Pentangelo, A., and Parisi, M. (2020). Optimizing N fertilization to improve yield, technological and nutritional quality of tomato grown in high fertility soil conditions. Plants. 9:575. DOI: 10.3390/plants9050575.
Rosso, L.H., Moro, W.D., Carciochi, S.L., Naeve, P., Kovács, S.N., Casteel, S.N. and I.A. Ciampitti, I.A. (2020). Nitrogen and Sulfur Fertilization in Soybean: Impact on Seed Yield and Quality. Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports. 6(5): 27.
Roy, A. (2017). A review on the alkaloids an important therapeutic compound from plants. Int. Journal of Plant Biotechnology, 3: 1–9.
Rupani, R. and Chavez, A. (2018). Medicinal plants with traditional use: ethnobotany in the Indian subcontinent. Clinical Dermatology. 36: 306–309.
Ruminska, A. and El Gamal, E.S. (1978). Effect of nitrogen fertilization on growth, yield and alkaloid content in Datura innoxia mill. Acta Horticulture. 73: 173–180.
Sadia, S., Tariq, A., Shaheen, S., Malik, K., Khan, F., Ahmad, M., Qureshi, H. and Nayyar, B.G. (2018). Ethnopharmacological profile of anti-arthritic plants of Asia—a systematic review. Journal of Herbal Medicine. 1–68.
Shamsa, F., Monsef, H., Ghamooshi, R. and Verdian -rizi, M. (2008).Spectrophotometric determination of total alkaloids in some Iranian medicinal plants. The Thai Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 32: 17-20.
Sifola, M.I. and Barbieri, G. (2006). Growth, yield and essential oil content of three cultivars of basil grown under different levels of nitrogen in the field. Scientific Horticulture. 108: 408–413.
Stutte, G.W. (2006). Process and product: Recirculating hydroponics and bioactive compounds in a controlled environment. Horticultural Sciences. 41: 526–530.
Sym,G.L. (1984). Optimisation of the invivo assay conditions for nitrate reductase in barly. Journal of Science, Food and Agriculture. 35: 725-730.
Uniyal, S.K., Singh, K.N., Jamwal, P., Lal, B. (2006). Traditional use of medicinal plants among the tribal communities of Chhota Bhangal, Western Himalaya. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 2: 1–8.
Xu., F. Chu, C. and Xu., Z. (2020). Effects of different fertilizer formulas on the growth of loquat root stocks and stem lignification. Scientific Reports. 10: 1033.
Yousaf, M., Li, J., Lu, J., Ren, T., Cong, R., Fahad, S. and Li, X. (2017). Effects of fertilization on crop production and nutrient-supplying capacity under rice-oilseed rape rotation system. Scientific Reports. 7: 1–9.
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Almrani, H.A. (2019). Effect of Chemical Fertilizers (N P K) in the Growth Two Species of Henbane and Total Alkaloids Content. Iraq Journal of Agriculture. 24(1): 52-61.
Amissah, J.N., Alorvor, F.E., Okorley, B.A., Asare, C.M., Osei-Safo, D., Appiah-Opong, R. and Addae-Mensah, I. (2022). Mineral Fertilization Influences the Growth, Cryptolepine Yield, and Bioefficacy of Cryptolepis sanguinolenta (Lindl.) Schlt. Plants. 11(1): 122.
Borja Reis, A.F., Tamagno, S., Moro Rosso, L.H., Ortez, O.L., Naeve, S. and Ciampitti, I.A. (2020). Historical trend on seed amino acid concentration does not follow protein changes in soybeans. Scientific Reports. 10: 17707.
Borquaye, L.S., Gasu, E.N., Ampomah, G.B., Kyei, L.K., Amarh, M.A., Mensah, C.N., Nartey, D., Commodore, M., Adomako, A.K. and Acheampong, P. (2020). Alkaloids from Cryptolepis sanguinolenta as potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 viral proteins: An in silico study. BioMedical Researches. Int. 2020: 1–14.
Bradford, M.M. (1976). A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anals of Biochemistry. 72:248-250.
Erisman, J.W., Sutton, M.A., Galloway, J., Klimont, Z. and Winiwarter, W. (2008). How a century of ammonia synthesis changed the world. National Geoscience. 1: 636–639.
Farha, A. and Inam, A. (2020). Accumulation of metals, antioxidant activity, growth and yield attributes of mustard (Brassica juncea L.) grown on soil amendments with fly ash together with inorganic nitrogen fertilizer. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum. 42: 150.
Gholamhosseinpour, Z., Hemati, K., Dorodian, H. and Bashiri-Sadr, Z. (2011). Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on yield and amount of alkaloids in periwinkle and determination of vinblastine and vincristine by HPLC and TLC. Plant Science Research. 3: 4–9.
HAN, R.C., XU, Z.R., LI, C.Y., RASHEED, A., PAN, X.H., SHI, Q.H. and WU, Z.M. (2022). The removal of nitrate reductase phosphorylation enhances tolerance to ammonium nitrogen deficiency in rice. Journal of Integrative Agriculture. 21(3): 631-643.
Iqbal, A., Dong, Q., Wang, X., Gui, H., Zhang, H., Zhang, X. and Song, M. (2020). Variations in Nitrogen Metabolism are Closely Linked with Nitrogen Uptake and Utilization Efficiency in Cotton Genotypes under Various Nitrogen Supplies. Plants. 9(2): 250-258.
Izadi, Z., Ahmadvand, G., Asna-Ashri, M. and Piri, J. (2010). Effect of nitrogen and plant density on some growth characteristic, yield and essence in peppermint. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 8(5): 24-36.
Jeshni, M.G., Mousavinik, M., Khammari, I. and Rahimi, M. (2017). The changes of yield and essential oil components of German Chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) under application of phosphorus and zinc fertilizers and drought stress conditions. Journal of Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences 16: 60–65.
Kapoor, R., Giri, B. and Mukerji, K.G. (2004). Improved growth and essential oil yield and quality in Foeniculum vulgare mill on mycorrhizal inoculation supplemented with P-fertilizer. Bioresource and Technology 93: 307–311.
Karamanos, A.J. and Sotiropoulou, D.E. (2013). Field studies of nitrogen application on Greek oregano (Origanum vulgare ssp. hirtum (Link) Ietswaart) essential oil during two cultivation seasons. Indian Crop Production. 46: 246–252.
Kour, D., Rana, K.L., Yadav, A.N., Yadav, N., Kumar, M., Kumar, V., Vyas, P., Dhaliwal, H.S. and Saxena, A.K. (2020). Microbial biofertilizers: Bioresources and eco-friendly technologies for agricultural and environmental sustainability. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology. 23: 101487.
Lee, Y.J., Lee W.J., Le, Q.T., Hong, S.W. and Lee, H. (2021). Growth Performance Can Be Increased Under High Nitrate and High Salt Stress Through Enhanced Nitrate Reductase Activity in Arabidopsis Anthocyanin Over-Producing Mutant Plants. Frontiers in Plant Science. DOI: 10.3389 /fpls.2021.644455.
Lin,D.C., Li, Y., Wang, H., Niazi, N. K., Zhang, S., Liu, D., Zhao, K., Fu, W., Li, Y., and Ye, Z. (2020). Nitrogen fertilizer enhances zinc and cadmium uptake by hyperaccumulator Sedum alfredii Hance. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 20(1): 320–329.
Liu, R. Zhu, P.F., Wang, Y.S., Chen, Z., Zhu, J.R., Shu, L.Z. and Zhang, W.J. (2020). Alternate partial root-zone drip irrigation with nitrogen fertigationpromoted tomato growth, water and fertilizer-nitrogen use efficiency. Agricultural Water Management . 233(30): 106049.
Lubbe, A. and Verpoorte, R. (2011). Cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants for specialty industrial materials. Indian Crop Production. 34: 785–801.
Nurzyńska-Wierdak, R. (2013). Does mineral fertilization modify essential oil content and chemical composition in medicinal plants. Acta Science. Poland-Hortorum Cultus. 12: 3–16.
Rahmani, A., Sateei, A., Ebadi, M. and Ahmadi Golsefidi, M. (2021). Investigation of growth, nitrate reductase activity, total content of flavonoids, anthocyanins and some elements in Zamioculcas zamiifolia Engl. under the influence of three types of nitrogen fertilizers in greenhouse conditions, Journal of Iranian Plant Ecophysiological Research. Doi: 10.30495 /iper.2021.679564.
Rao, B.R. (2001). Biomass and essential oil yields of rainfed palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) Wats. var. motia Burk.) supplied with different levels of organic manure and fertilizer nitrogen in semi-arid tropical climate. Indian Crop Production 14: 171–178.
Rivero, R.M., Ruiz, J.M. and Romero, L.M. (2004). Importance of N source on heat stress tolerance due to the accumulation of proline and quaternary ammonium compounds in tomato plants. Plant Biology (Stuttg) 6: 702-707.
Ronga, D., Pentangelo, A., and Parisi, M. (2020). Optimizing N fertilization to improve yield, technological and nutritional quality of tomato grown in high fertility soil conditions. Plants. 9:575. DOI: 10.3390/plants9050575.
Rosso, L.H., Moro, W.D., Carciochi, S.L., Naeve, P., Kovács, S.N., Casteel, S.N. and I.A. Ciampitti, I.A. (2020). Nitrogen and Sulfur Fertilization in Soybean: Impact on Seed Yield and Quality. Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports. 6(5): 27.
Roy, A. (2017). A review on the alkaloids an important therapeutic compound from plants. Int. Journal of Plant Biotechnology, 3: 1–9.
Rupani, R. and Chavez, A. (2018). Medicinal plants with traditional use: ethnobotany in the Indian subcontinent. Clinical Dermatology. 36: 306–309.
Ruminska, A. and El Gamal, E.S. (1978). Effect of nitrogen fertilization on growth, yield and alkaloid content in Datura innoxia mill. Acta Horticulture. 73: 173–180.
Sadia, S., Tariq, A., Shaheen, S., Malik, K., Khan, F., Ahmad, M., Qureshi, H. and Nayyar, B.G. (2018). Ethnopharmacological profile of anti-arthritic plants of Asia—a systematic review. Journal of Herbal Medicine. 1–68.
Shamsa, F., Monsef, H., Ghamooshi, R. and Verdian -rizi, M. (2008).Spectrophotometric determination of total alkaloids in some Iranian medicinal plants. The Thai Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 32: 17-20.
Sifola, M.I. and Barbieri, G. (2006). Growth, yield and essential oil content of three cultivars of basil grown under different levels of nitrogen in the field. Scientific Horticulture. 108: 408–413.
Stutte, G.W. (2006). Process and product: Recirculating hydroponics and bioactive compounds in a controlled environment. Horticultural Sciences. 41: 526–530.
Sym,G.L. (1984). Optimisation of the invivo assay conditions for nitrate reductase in barly. Journal of Science, Food and Agriculture. 35: 725-730.
Uniyal, S.K., Singh, K.N., Jamwal, P., Lal, B. (2006). Traditional use of medicinal plants among the tribal communities of Chhota Bhangal, Western Himalaya. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 2: 1–8.
Xu., F. Chu, C. and Xu., Z. (2020). Effects of different fertilizer formulas on the growth of loquat root stocks and stem lignification. Scientific Reports. 10: 1033.
Yousaf, M., Li, J., Lu, J., Ren, T., Cong, R., Fahad, S. and Li, X. (2017). Effects of fertilization on crop production and nutrient-supplying capacity under rice-oilseed rape rotation system. Scientific Reports. 7: 1–9.
