اثر کاربرد خارجی اسیدآبسیزیک بر برخی عوامل فیزیولوژیک، تبادلات گازی، کارایی مصرف آب گیاه اسطوخودوس (Lavandula angustifolia cv. Munstead Organic) در پاسخ به تنش خشکی
محورهای موضوعی : ژنتیکحسین گرگینی شبانکاره 1 , سارا خراسانی نژاد 2 , وحید شریعتی 3 , حسن سلطانلو 4
1 - گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده تولید گیاهی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران
2 - گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده تولید گیاهی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران
3 - گروه مهندسی ژنتیک و بیوانفورماتیک، مرکز ملی مهندسی ژنتیک و بیوتکنولوژی، تهران، ایران
4 - گروه اصلاح و بیوتکنولوژی، دانشکده تولید گیاهی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران
کلید واژه: کلروفیل, فتوسنتز خالص, کاروتنوئیدها, کارآیی مصرف آب, محتوی آب برگ,
چکیده مقاله :
به‌منظور بررسی اثر رژیم آبیاری و محلول‌پاشی اسیدآبسیزیک بر برخی عوامل فیزیولوژیک و تبادلات گازی اسطوخودوس (Lavandula angustifolia cv. MunsteadOrganic) آزمایشی به‌صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان طی سال های زراعی 97-1396به‌اجرا درآمد. تیمارهای آزمایش در چهار سطح رژیم‌های آبیاری (شامل 100-90، 80-70، 60-50 و 40-30 درصد ظرفیت زراعی) و سه سطح اسیدآبسیزیک (شامل صفر، 15 و 30 میکرومولار در لیتر) لحاظ گردید. نتایج نشان داد افزایش رژیم آبیاری سبب کاهش کلروفیل a، b و a+b، تبادلات گازی و محتوای آب نسبی برگ گردید. در حالی‌که کارایی مزوفیلی، کارآیی مصرف آب و کارآیی مصرف آب داخلی برگ افزایش یافت. اسیدآبسیزیک نیز بر تمامی صفات مورد بررسی به‌جز کاروتنوئیدها اثر معنی‌دار داشت و این اثر به جز برای صفات کارایی مصرف آب که در 15 میکرومولار بیشترین بودند برای سایر صفات در 30 میکرومولار در لیتر به حداکثر خود رسید. همچنین اثر متقابل رژیم آبیاری و کاربرد اسیدآبسیزیک به‌جز برای صفت کلروفیلa+b برای سایر صفات مورد بررسی معنی‌دار بود و بیشترین این صفات از کاربرد 30 میکرومولار اسیدآبسیزیک مشاهده شد. محلول‌پاشی 15 میلی‌گرم در لیتر اسیدآبسیزیک در شرایط رژیم آبیاری 40-30 درصد ظرفیت زراعی به‌ترتیب موجب افزایش 04/25 و 75/38 درصدی کارایی مصرف آب داخلی برگ و کارایی مصرف آب نسبت به عدم کاربرد اسیدآبسیزیک در این سطح خشکی گردید. به‌طورکلی نتایج این آزمایش، کاربرد 15 میکرومولار در لیتر اسیدآبسیزیک را در شرایط رژیم آبیاری 40-30 درصد ظرفیت زراعی به‌عنوان بهترین تیمار جهت دریافت بیشترین کارایی مصرف آب معرفی می‌کند، زیرا با مصرف کمتر آب و کاربرد اسیدآبسیزیک در شرایط تنش، می‌توان به سطوح بالاتری از عملکرد اسیدآبسیزیک در القاء تحمل به خشکی دست یافت.
In order to study the effects of irrigation and abscisic acid regime on physiological factors and gas exchanges of Lavandula angustifolia CV. Organic Munestead, a pot experiment was conducted as factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications at Plant Production faculty of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, during growing season of 2016- 17. The treatments were four levels of irrigation regimes (30-40, 50-60, 70-80 and 90-100 percent field capacity) and Abscisic acid including three levels (0, 15 and 30 Mm/L). The results showed that irrigation regimes increase chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll a+b, gas exchange and RWC. Abscisic acid had significant effect on all traits except of carotenoid content that except to efficiency of water consumption was Abscisic acid 15 Mm/L, the others were the highest in Abscisic acid 30 Mm/L. Also interaction effect of irrigation regimes and Abscisic acid was significant for all traits except of chlorophyll a+b. Abscisic acid 15 Mm/L spray and irrigation regimes 30-40 percent field capacity increase 25.04 and 38,75 in efficiency of leaf water consumption and efficiency of water consumption, respectively. Generally, Abscisic acid 15 Mm/L application and irrigation regimes 30-40 percent field capacity Introduces the best treatment, due to the lower consumption of water and the use of Abscisic acid in stress conditions, higher levels of Abscisic acid can be achieved in inducing drought tolerance.
References
Abedi, T. and Pakniyat, H. (2010). Antioxidant enzyme changes in response to drought stress in ten cultivars of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding. 46: 27-34.
Ahmadi, A. and Siosemardeh, A. (2005). Investigation on the physiological basis of grain yield and drought resistance in wheat: leaf photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and non stomatal limitation. International journal of Agriculture and Biology. 7, 807-811.
Akhtar, S., Li, G., Andersen, M.N. and Liu, F. (2014). Biochar enhances yield and quality of tomato under reduced irrigation. Agricultural Water Management. 138:37–44.
Alvarez, S. and Sanchez-Blanco, M.J. (2013). Changes in growth rate, root morphology and water use efficiency of potted Callistemon citrinus plants in response to different levels of water deficit. Scientia Horticulture. 156:54–62.
Amraie, B., paknejad, F, Ebrahimi, M.A. and Sobhanian, H. (2017). Effect of methanol spraying on some biochemical and physiological properties of soybean under drought stress. Journal of Iranian Plant Ecophysiologycal Research. 45: 81-94.
Amirian, H., Ghasempour H., Ghorbnli, M., Vanaie, S. and Ghasemi, H.R. (2014). Effect of Abscisic Acid on Increased Drought Tolerance of Resistant Herb (Sporobolus stapfianus) Compared to Non Resistant Herb (Sporobolus pyramidalis). Journal of Iranian Plant Ecophysiologycal Research. 9: 1-11.
Anjum, S.A., Xie, X., Wang, L., Saleem, M.F., Man, C. and Lei, W. (2015). Morphological, physiological and biochemical responses of plants to drought stress. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum. 32(11): 551-563.
Arnon, D. I. 1949. Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts. Polyphenoloxidases in Beta vulgaris. Plant Physiology. 24: 1-15.
Arulbalachandran, D., Yasmin, K. and Jothimani, K. (2016). Role of ABA on antioxidant mechanism under drought crops. International Journal for Species. 17, 48-55.
Barzegar, T., Parkhideh, J., Nekounam, F. and Nikbakht, N. 2018. Evaluation of growth, yield and physiological responses of some watermelon accessions to water deficit stress. Iranian Journal of Plant Biology. 10(2): 73-88.
Bates S, Waldern, R.P. and Teare, E.D. (1973). Rapid determination of free proline for water stress studies. Plant and Soli. 39: 205-207.
Chehelgardi, A., Saffari, M. and abdolshahie, A. (2014). The Effect of superabsorbent polymer, sulfatepthasium and manure on physiological traits of Setaria italica in favorable irrigation and drought stress conditions. Journal of Crop production publication, 7: 43-60.
Dai, A. (2013). Increasing drought under global warming in observations and models. Nature.
Dashti, M., Kafi, M., Tavakoli, M. and Mirza, M. (2014). Influence of water deficit stress on water relationships, photosynthesis and accumulation of osmolytes in Salvia lerifolia. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 12: 813-821.
Du, B. and Rennenberg, H. (2018). Physiological responses of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) to water deficit and recovery. Journal Science African of Botony. 119: 212–218.
Fischer, R A., Rees, D., Sayre, K.D., Lu, Z.M., Candon, A.G. and Saaverda, A.L. (1998). Wheat yield progress associated with higher stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate, and cooler canopies. Crop Science. 38: 1467-1475.
Flexas, J. and Medrano, H. (2008). Drought-inhibition of photosynthesis in C3- plants: stomatal and nonstomatal limitation revisited. Annals of Botany. 183: 183-189.
Gill, S.S. and Tuteja, N. (2010). Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant machinery in abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 48: 909–930.
Gorgini Shabankareh, H., Khorasaninejad, S., Sadeghi, M. and Tabasi, A. (2018). The Effect of irrigation interval and humic acid on morphophysiological and biochemical characteristics of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.). Journal of Iranian Plant Ecophysiologycal Research. 51: 67-82.
Kar, R.K. (2011). Plant responses to water stress: Role of reactive oxygen species. Plant Signalling & Behavior. 6: 1741–1745.
Keles, Y. and Oncel, I. (2004). Growth and solute composition on two wheat species experiencing combined influence of stress conditions. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology. 51: 203- 208.
Kuromori, T., Mitsunori Seo, M. and Shinozaki K. (2018). ABA Transport and Plant Water Stress Responses. Trends in Plant Science. 23: 513-522.
Langroudi, A.R and Nura, R. (2018). Effect of various biochemical levels on the physiological traits of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) Under the stress of water scarcity. Journal of Plant Environmental Physiology. 13: 13-32.
Lim, C.W., Baek, W., Jung, J., Kim, J. and Lee S.C., (2015). Function of ABA in Stomatal Defense against Biotic and Drought Stresses. International Journal of Molecular science. 16: 15251-15270.
Lu, Q., Lu, C., Zhang, J. and Kuang, T. (2002). Photosynthesis and chlorophyll a fluorescence during flag leaf senescence of field-grown wheat plants. Journal of Plant Physiology. 159: 1173- 1178.
Mansuri, H and Asrar, Z. (2013). Effects ABA on pigments and delta 9 of cannabis tantrahydrocannabinol (Cannabis sativa) at flowering stage. Iranian Journal of Biology. 26 (1): 82-89.
Osakabe, Y., Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K., Shinozak, K. and Tran, L. (2014). Response of plants to water stress. Iranian journal of biology. 26 (1):82-89.
Oukarroum, A., Schansker, G. and Strasser, R. (2009). Drought stress effects on photosystem I content and photosystem II thermotolerance analyzed using Chl a fluorescence kinetics in barley varieties differing in their drought tolerance. Physiologia Plantarum. 137: 188–199.
Pessarakli, M. (2011). Hand book of Plant and Crop Stress, 3rd edn. Published by Taylor & Francis Group.
Ponte, N. and Santos, R. (2019). Morphological assessments evidence that higher number of pneumatophores improves tolerance to long-term waterlogging in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) seedlings. Flora. 250: 52-58.
Rasoli, F. (2011). Investigate effects of flooding stress on physiological characteristics, yield and yield components in rapeseed (Brassica napuse). M.Sc. Thesis, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources.
Rahbarian, P., Afsharmanesh, G. and Shirzadi, M.H. (2010). Effects of drought stress and manure on relative water content and cell membrane stability in dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica). Scientific Journal of Plant Ecophysiology. 2(1): 13-19.
Rostamabadi, A., Jalilvand H., Nematzadeh, Gh., Godarzi, M. and Sayad, A. (2016). Parameters of gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence performance of seedlings under drought stress in the province of Golestan (Quercus macranthera F & M) Oak Ore. Ecology of Iranian Forests. 4:41-50.
Sadat Mohaerani, SH., Alavi Fazel, M., Madani, H., Lak, SH. Madhaj, A. (2015). Effects of water deficiency during growth stages on physiological and biochemical traits of red bean (Phaseolous vulgaris L.) genotypes. Journal of Iranian Plant Ecophysiologycal Research. 40: 41-50.
Sah, S., Reddy, K. and Li, J. (2016). Abscisic Asid and Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Crop Plant. Frontiers in Plant Science. 7: 1-26.
Shinohara, T. and Leskovar, D. (2014). Effects of ABA, antitranspirants, heat and drought stress on plant growth, physiology and water status of artichoke transplants. Scientia Horticulturae. 165: 225–234.
Sisakhtnejad, M. and Zolfeghari, R. (2014). Effect of Drought Stress on Gas Exchanges in Two Iranian Oak Species (Quercus brantii) and Vivel (Quercus libani). Zagros Forests Research Journal. 2: 15-30.
Stanev, S., Zagorcheva, T. and Atanassiov, I. (2016). Lavender cultivation in Bulgaria-21st century developments, breeding challenges and opportunities. Bulgarian Journal Biologicula Agricultural of Science. 22: 584–590.
Sun, W., Zhao, X., Ling, Q., Li, H. and Gao, X. (2018). Exotic shrub species (Caragana korshinskii) is more resistant to extreme natural drought than native species (Artemisia gmelinii) in a semiarid revegetated ecosystem. Agriculture of Forest Meteorology. 263: 207–216.
Upson, T.M. & Andrews, S. (2004). The Genus Lavandula, a Botanical Magazine Monograph. Kew: Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew, UK.
Wang, F., Liu, J., Chen, M., Zhou, L., Li, Z., Zhao, Q., Pan, G., Zaidi, S.-H.-R. and Cheng, F. (2016). Involvement of Abscisic Acid in PSII Photo damage and D1 Protein Turnover for Light-Induced Premature Senescence of Rice Flag Leaves.PLOS ONE.11: e0161203.
Wilkinson, S. and Davies, W.J. (2010). Drought, ozone, ABA and ethylene: New insights from cell to plant to community. Plant, cell & Environment. 33: 510–525.
Xu, ZZ. Jiang, YL. And Zhou, GS. (2015). Response and adaptation of photosynthesis, respiration, and antioxidant systems to elevated CO2 with environmental stress in plants. Plant Science. 6: 1-17.
Yamasaki, S. and Dillenburg, L.R. (1999). Measurements of leaf relative water content in Araucaria angustifolia. Revista Brasilleira de Fisiologia Vegetal. 11: 69-75.
Yu, F., Wu, Y. and Xie, Q. (2016). Ubiquitin–Proteasome System in ABA Signaling: From Perception to Action. Molocholar Plant, 9, 21–33.
Zhen, S. and Burnett, S. (2015). Effects of Substrate Volumetric Water Content on English Lavender Morphology and Photosynthesis. Hortscience. 50(6):909-915.
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References
Abedi, T. and Pakniyat, H. (2010). Antioxidant enzyme changes in response to drought stress in ten cultivars of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding. 46: 27-34.
Ahmadi, A. and Siosemardeh, A. (2005). Investigation on the physiological basis of grain yield and drought resistance in wheat: leaf photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and non stomatal limitation. International journal of Agriculture and Biology. 7, 807-811.
Akhtar, S., Li, G., Andersen, M.N. and Liu, F. (2014). Biochar enhances yield and quality of tomato under reduced irrigation. Agricultural Water Management. 138:37–44.
Alvarez, S. and Sanchez-Blanco, M.J. (2013). Changes in growth rate, root morphology and water use efficiency of potted Callistemon citrinus plants in response to different levels of water deficit. Scientia Horticulture. 156:54–62.
Amraie, B., paknejad, F, Ebrahimi, M.A. and Sobhanian, H. (2017). Effect of methanol spraying on some biochemical and physiological properties of soybean under drought stress. Journal of Iranian Plant Ecophysiologycal Research. 45: 81-94.
Amirian, H., Ghasempour H., Ghorbnli, M., Vanaie, S. and Ghasemi, H.R. (2014). Effect of Abscisic Acid on Increased Drought Tolerance of Resistant Herb (Sporobolus stapfianus) Compared to Non Resistant Herb (Sporobolus pyramidalis). Journal of Iranian Plant Ecophysiologycal Research. 9: 1-11.
Anjum, S.A., Xie, X., Wang, L., Saleem, M.F., Man, C. and Lei, W. (2015). Morphological, physiological and biochemical responses of plants to drought stress. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum. 32(11): 551-563.
Arnon, D. I. 1949. Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts. Polyphenoloxidases in Beta vulgaris. Plant Physiology. 24: 1-15.
Arulbalachandran, D., Yasmin, K. and Jothimani, K. (2016). Role of ABA on antioxidant mechanism under drought crops. International Journal for Species. 17, 48-55.
Barzegar, T., Parkhideh, J., Nekounam, F. and Nikbakht, N. 2018. Evaluation of growth, yield and physiological responses of some watermelon accessions to water deficit stress. Iranian Journal of Plant Biology. 10(2): 73-88.
Bates S, Waldern, R.P. and Teare, E.D. (1973). Rapid determination of free proline for water stress studies. Plant and Soli. 39: 205-207.
Chehelgardi, A., Saffari, M. and abdolshahie, A. (2014). The Effect of superabsorbent polymer, sulfatepthasium and manure on physiological traits of Setaria italica in favorable irrigation and drought stress conditions. Journal of Crop production publication, 7: 43-60.
Dai, A. (2013). Increasing drought under global warming in observations and models. Nature.
Dashti, M., Kafi, M., Tavakoli, M. and Mirza, M. (2014). Influence of water deficit stress on water relationships, photosynthesis and accumulation of osmolytes in Salvia lerifolia. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 12: 813-821.
Du, B. and Rennenberg, H. (2018). Physiological responses of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) to water deficit and recovery. Journal Science African of Botony. 119: 212–218.
Fischer, R A., Rees, D., Sayre, K.D., Lu, Z.M., Candon, A.G. and Saaverda, A.L. (1998). Wheat yield progress associated with higher stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate, and cooler canopies. Crop Science. 38: 1467-1475.
Flexas, J. and Medrano, H. (2008). Drought-inhibition of photosynthesis in C3- plants: stomatal and nonstomatal limitation revisited. Annals of Botany. 183: 183-189.
Gill, S.S. and Tuteja, N. (2010). Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant machinery in abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 48: 909–930.
Gorgini Shabankareh, H., Khorasaninejad, S., Sadeghi, M. and Tabasi, A. (2018). The Effect of irrigation interval and humic acid on morphophysiological and biochemical characteristics of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.). Journal of Iranian Plant Ecophysiologycal Research. 51: 67-82.
Kar, R.K. (2011). Plant responses to water stress: Role of reactive oxygen species. Plant Signalling & Behavior. 6: 1741–1745.
Keles, Y. and Oncel, I. (2004). Growth and solute composition on two wheat species experiencing combined influence of stress conditions. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology. 51: 203- 208.
Kuromori, T., Mitsunori Seo, M. and Shinozaki K. (2018). ABA Transport and Plant Water Stress Responses. Trends in Plant Science. 23: 513-522.
Langroudi, A.R and Nura, R. (2018). Effect of various biochemical levels on the physiological traits of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) Under the stress of water scarcity. Journal of Plant Environmental Physiology. 13: 13-32.
Lim, C.W., Baek, W., Jung, J., Kim, J. and Lee S.C., (2015). Function of ABA in Stomatal Defense against Biotic and Drought Stresses. International Journal of Molecular science. 16: 15251-15270.
Lu, Q., Lu, C., Zhang, J. and Kuang, T. (2002). Photosynthesis and chlorophyll a fluorescence during flag leaf senescence of field-grown wheat plants. Journal of Plant Physiology. 159: 1173- 1178.
Mansuri, H and Asrar, Z. (2013). Effects ABA on pigments and delta 9 of cannabis tantrahydrocannabinol (Cannabis sativa) at flowering stage. Iranian Journal of Biology. 26 (1): 82-89.
Osakabe, Y., Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K., Shinozak, K. and Tran, L. (2014). Response of plants to water stress. Iranian journal of biology. 26 (1):82-89.
Oukarroum, A., Schansker, G. and Strasser, R. (2009). Drought stress effects on photosystem I content and photosystem II thermotolerance analyzed using Chl a fluorescence kinetics in barley varieties differing in their drought tolerance. Physiologia Plantarum. 137: 188–199.
Pessarakli, M. (2011). Hand book of Plant and Crop Stress, 3rd edn. Published by Taylor & Francis Group.
Ponte, N. and Santos, R. (2019). Morphological assessments evidence that higher number of pneumatophores improves tolerance to long-term waterlogging in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) seedlings. Flora. 250: 52-58.
Rasoli, F. (2011). Investigate effects of flooding stress on physiological characteristics, yield and yield components in rapeseed (Brassica napuse). M.Sc. Thesis, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources.
Rahbarian, P., Afsharmanesh, G. and Shirzadi, M.H. (2010). Effects of drought stress and manure on relative water content and cell membrane stability in dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica). Scientific Journal of Plant Ecophysiology. 2(1): 13-19.
Rostamabadi, A., Jalilvand H., Nematzadeh, Gh., Godarzi, M. and Sayad, A. (2016). Parameters of gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence performance of seedlings under drought stress in the province of Golestan (Quercus macranthera F & M) Oak Ore. Ecology of Iranian Forests. 4:41-50.
Sadat Mohaerani, SH., Alavi Fazel, M., Madani, H., Lak, SH. Madhaj, A. (2015). Effects of water deficiency during growth stages on physiological and biochemical traits of red bean (Phaseolous vulgaris L.) genotypes. Journal of Iranian Plant Ecophysiologycal Research. 40: 41-50.
Sah, S., Reddy, K. and Li, J. (2016). Abscisic Asid and Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Crop Plant. Frontiers in Plant Science. 7: 1-26.
Shinohara, T. and Leskovar, D. (2014). Effects of ABA, antitranspirants, heat and drought stress on plant growth, physiology and water status of artichoke transplants. Scientia Horticulturae. 165: 225–234.
Sisakhtnejad, M. and Zolfeghari, R. (2014). Effect of Drought Stress on Gas Exchanges in Two Iranian Oak Species (Quercus brantii) and Vivel (Quercus libani). Zagros Forests Research Journal. 2: 15-30.
Stanev, S., Zagorcheva, T. and Atanassiov, I. (2016). Lavender cultivation in Bulgaria-21st century developments, breeding challenges and opportunities. Bulgarian Journal Biologicula Agricultural of Science. 22: 584–590.
Sun, W., Zhao, X., Ling, Q., Li, H. and Gao, X. (2018). Exotic shrub species (Caragana korshinskii) is more resistant to extreme natural drought than native species (Artemisia gmelinii) in a semiarid revegetated ecosystem. Agriculture of Forest Meteorology. 263: 207–216.
Upson, T.M. & Andrews, S. (2004). The Genus Lavandula, a Botanical Magazine Monograph. Kew: Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew, UK.
Wang, F., Liu, J., Chen, M., Zhou, L., Li, Z., Zhao, Q., Pan, G., Zaidi, S.-H.-R. and Cheng, F. (2016). Involvement of Abscisic Acid in PSII Photo damage and D1 Protein Turnover for Light-Induced Premature Senescence of Rice Flag Leaves.PLOS ONE.11: e0161203.
Wilkinson, S. and Davies, W.J. (2010). Drought, ozone, ABA and ethylene: New insights from cell to plant to community. Plant, cell & Environment. 33: 510–525.
Xu, ZZ. Jiang, YL. And Zhou, GS. (2015). Response and adaptation of photosynthesis, respiration, and antioxidant systems to elevated CO2 with environmental stress in plants. Plant Science. 6: 1-17.
Yamasaki, S. and Dillenburg, L.R. (1999). Measurements of leaf relative water content in Araucaria angustifolia. Revista Brasilleira de Fisiologia Vegetal. 11: 69-75.
Yu, F., Wu, Y. and Xie, Q. (2016). Ubiquitin–Proteasome System in ABA Signaling: From Perception to Action. Molocholar Plant, 9, 21–33.
Zhen, S. and Burnett, S. (2015). Effects of Substrate Volumetric Water Content on English Lavender Morphology and Photosynthesis. Hortscience. 50(6):909-915.
