Chemical Reaction, Substructure, and Mechanical Behavior of Spinel MgAl2O4, Mullite, and Forsterite Nanocrystallines by Applying Mechanochemical Process and Subsequent Three-Step Heat Treatment
محورهای موضوعی : CeramicsHabib Fazelinezhad 1 , Kourosh Hormozi 2 , Iman Emami 3 , Saeid Jabbarzare 4 , Ahmad Monshi 5
1 - Department of Materials Engineering, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran
2 - Department of Materials Engineering, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran
3 - Department of Materials Engineering, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran
4 - Advanced Materials Research Center, Department of Materials Engineering, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran
5 - Department of Materials Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran.
کلید واژه: Mechanical Behavior, Spinel, Mullite, Forsterite, Three-step heat treatment,
چکیده مقاله :
This research aimed to evaluate the formation reaction, substructure, crystallite size, and mechanical behavior of spinel MgAl2O4, mullite, and forsterite nanocrystalline using a combination of mechano-chemical and three-step heat treatment. The main aim was achieved by decreasing the annealing temperature to the level of nanostructures and high mechanical strength by considering three-step heat treatment. We conducted the mechanism of these phases by considering low milling and declining annealing temperatures. More specifically, phase transformation was conducted with proper activation energy to form the nanocrystalline at 1050 oC. The obtained crystallite sizes for spinel MgAl2O4, mullite, and forsterite nanocrystallites were 49.5, 70.71, and 47.8 nm, respectively, and their substructure verified the formation of 50 nm nanocrystalline. It was revealed that mechanical strengths were in order of increasing 378.33, 216.33, and 179.66 MPa. Interestingly, spinel MgAl2O4 was outstanding compared to mullite and forsterite due to the strong comparison between ionic and covalent bonds and the breaking of silicate networks by alumina and magnesia in mullite and forsterite structures. Declining the annealing temperature by three-step heat treatment proved to help develop spinel, mullite, and forsterite, and enhance their mechanical strengths as potential substrates for porous materials, ceramics, and refractory industries.
[1] R. Lanos, I. Lazau, and P. Barvinschi, “Solution Combustion Synthesis of MgAl2O4 Using Fuel Mixtures”, Mat. Res. Bull. J., Vol. 43, 2008, pp. 3408-3415.
[2] L. Duras, et. al., “MgAl2O4 Spinel Synthesis by Combustion and Detonation Reactions: a Thermochemical Evaluation”, Euro. Ceram. Soc. J., Vol. 32, 2012 pp. 3161-3170.
[3] R. Salomao, M.O.C. Boas, and V.C. Pandolfelli, “Porous Alumina – Spinel Ceramics for High Temperature Applications”, Ceram. Int. J., Vol. 37, 2011, pp. 1393-1399.
[4] A. Banerjee, et. al., “Structural Analysis on Spinel (MgAl2O4) for Application in Spinel – Bonded Castables”, Ceram. Int. J., Vol. 35, 2009, pp. 381 – 390.
[5] Y.F. Liu, et. al., “Porous Mullite Ceramics from National Clay Produced by Gel-casting”, Ceram. Int. J., Vol. 27, 2001, pp. 1-7.
[6] J. Bai, “Fabrication and Properties of Porous Mullite Ceramics from Calcined Carbonaceous Kaolin and Al2O3”, Ceram. Int. J., Vol. 36, 2010, pp. 673-678.
[7] M.H. Talou. and M.A. Camerucci, “Processing of Porous Mullite Ceramics Using Novel Routes by Starch Cosolidation Casting”, Euro. Ceram. Soc. J., Vol. 35, 2015, pp.1021-1030.
[8] O. Ebrahimpour, C. Dubois, and J. Chaouki, “ Fabrication of Mullite-Bonded Porous SiC Ceramics via a Sol-gel Assisted In situ Reaction Bonding”, Euro. Ceram. Soc. J., Vol. 34, 2014, pp. 237-247.
[9] T. Ebadzadeh, “Formation of Mullite from Precursor Powders: Sintering Microstructure and Mechanical Properties”, Mat. Sci. Eng. J., Vol. A355, 2003, pp.56-61.
[10] H.J. Kleebe, et. al., “Conversion of Al2O3-SiO2 Powder Mixtures to 3:2 Mullite Following the Stable or Metastable Phase Diagram”, Euro. Ceram. Soc. J., Vol. 21, 2001, pp. 2521-2533.
[11] I.A. Aksay, D.M. Dabbs, and M. Sarikaya, “Mullite for Structural, Electronic and Optical Applications”, Amer. Ceram. Soc. J., Vol. 74, 1991, pp. 2343-2358.
[12] C.Y. Chen, and W.H. Tuan, “The Processing Kaolin Powder Compact”, Ceram. Int. J., Vol. 27, 2001, pp.795-800.
[13] Y.F. Chen, M.C. Wang, and M.H. Hon, “Transformation Kinetics for Mullite in Kaolin-Al2O3 ceramics”, Mat. Res. J., Vol. 18, 2003, pp.1355-1362.
[14] Y.F. Liu, et. al., “Kinetics of the Reactive Sintering of Kaolinite-Aluminum Hydroxide Extrudate”, Ceram. Int. J., Vol. 28, 2002, pp. 479-486.
[15] F. Sahnoune, et. al., “Algerian Kaolinite Used for Mullite Formation”, Appl.Cla. Sci. J., Vol. 38, 2008, pp.304-310.
[16] T. Nezuka, et. al., “In situ Neutron Diffraction Investigation on the Phase Transformation Sequence of Kaolinite and Halloysite to Mullite”, Phy. B J., Vol. 385-386, 2006, pp. 555-557.
[17] F. Tavangarian, R. Emadi, A. Shafiei, “Influence of Mechanical Activation and Thermal Treatment on Nanoparticle Forsterite Formation Mechanism”, Pow. Tech. J., Vol. 198, 2010, pp. 412-416.
[18] F. Tavangarian, R. Emadi, “Synthesis of Nanocrystalline Forsterite Powder by Combined Mechanical Activation and Thermal Treatment”, Mat. Res. Bull. J., Vol. 45, 2010, pp. 388-391.
[19] C.B. Abi, et. al., “Production of Forsterite from Serpentine-Effects of Magnesium Chloride Hexahydrate Addition”, Adv. Pow. Tech. J., Vol. 26, 2015, pp. 947-953.
[20] F. Tavangarian, R. Emadi, “Effects of Mechanical and Chlorine Ion on Nanoparticle Forsterite Formation”, Mat. Lett. J., Vol. 65, 2011, pp. 126-129.
[21] X. Zhang, and S. Li, “Mechanochemical Approach for Synthesis of Layered Double Hydroxides”, Appl. Surf. Sci. J., Vol. 274, 2013, pp. 111- 123.
[22] M.F. Zawrah, H. Hamaad, S. Meky, “Synthesis and Characterization of Nano MgAl2O4 by the Co – Precipitated Method”, Ceram. Int. J., Vol. 33, 2007, pp. 969 – 978.
[23] K.J.D. Mackenzie, et al., “Mechanochemical Synthesis and Sintering Behavior of Magnesium Aluminate Spinel”, Mat. Sci. J., Vol. 35, 2000, pp. 5529 – 5535.
[24] L.B. Kong, J. Ma, and H. Huang, “MgAl2O4 Spinel phase Derived from Oxide Mixture Activated by a High – Energy Ball Milling Process”, Mat. Lett. J., Vol. 56, 2002, pp. 238 – 243.
[25] T. Tsuzuki, and G. Paul, “Mechanochemical Synthesis of Nanoparticles”, Mat. Sci. J., Vol. 39, 2004, pp. 5143 – 5146.
[26] A. Monshi, M. Foroughi, and M. Monshi, “Modified Scherrer Equation to Estimate More Accurately Nano-Crystallite Size Using XRD”, Nan. Sci. and Eng. J., Vol. 2, 2012, pp. 154-160.
