Fabrication and characterization of the Ti-6Al-4V/Mg scaffold

محورهای موضوعی : Finite Element Modeling

Seyed Kalantari ¹ , Hossein Arabi ² , Shamsodin Mirdamadi ³ , Seyed Mirsalehi ⁴

1 - Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, Tehran,Iran
2 - Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, Tehran,Iran
3 - Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, Tehran,Iran
4 - Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, Tehran,Iran

تاریخ دریافت : 1393/09/19 تاریخ پذیرش : 1393/12/07 تاریخ انتشار : 1394/01/12

کلید واژه: Ti-6Al-4V, Scaffold, Mg, Powder Metallurgy, SBF,

چکیده مقاله :

Ti–6Al–4V scaffolds were fabricated by powder metallurgical space holder technique in this research. The most added magnesium (Mg) powder was evaporated and a skeleton of Ti-6Al-4V alloy was produced. For this purpose Ti-6Al-4V and Mg powders mixture compacted in a steel die by applying uniaxial pressure of 500 MPa before sintering the green product in a sealed quartz tubes at 900 °C for 2 hours. Employing Archimedes’ principle and an Image Tool software, the total and open volume percent of porosities within the scaffolds were found to be in the range of 46-64% and 41-47%, respectively. Bioactivity properties of the scaffolds were investigated in a simulated body fluid (SBF). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) were used for studying the specimens’ surfaces after immersing them for 28 days. The results showed that the amounts of calcium (Ca) and phosphor (P) deposited into the porous areas were more than that of smooth surfaces due to the presence of Mg particles within the pores which provoked formation of apatite layers. Changing in the pH values of the SBF during 18 days of immersion revealed that gradual improvement in pH level due to releasing OHˉ .Using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) indicated that by increasing Mg content of scaffolds, Ca concentration of SBF decreased which is an indication of apatite formation on the scaffold. Results of SBF bioactivity assays exhibited that the scaffold with 60 vol.% Mg has the best ability to induce apatite nucleation.

منابع و مأخذ:

1. Y. F. Zheng, X. N. Gu, F. Witte, Biodegradable metals, Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports, 77, 2014, pp. 1-34.


2. A. Pietak, P. Mahoney, G. J. Dias, M. P. Staiger, Bone-like matrix formation on magnesium and magnesium alloys, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 19, 2008, pp. 407-415.


3. G. Ryan, A. Pandit, D. P. Apatsidis, Fabrication methods of porous metals for use in orthopaedic applications, Biomaterials, 27, 2006,
   pp. 2651-2670.


4. Y. Chen, B. Feng, Y. Zhu, J. Weng, J. Wang, X. Lu, Fabrication of porous titanium implants with biomechanical compatibility, Materials Letters, 63, 2009, pp. 2659-2661.


5. S. W. Kim, H. D. Jung, M.-H. Kang, H.-E. Kim, Y.-H. Koh, Y. Estrin, Fabrication of porous titanium scaffold with controlled porous structure and net-shape using magnesium as spacer, Materials Science and Engineering: C, 33, 2013, pp. 2808-2815.


6. M. Niinomi, Mechanical properties of biomedical titanium alloys, Materials Science and Engineering: A, 243, 1998, pp. 231-236.


7. B. Arifvianto, J. Zhou, Fabrication of Metallic Biomedical Scaffolds with the Space Holder Method: A Review, Materials, 7, 2014,
   pp. 3588-3622.


8. G. Ryan, P. McGarry, A. Pandit, D. Apatsidis, Analysis of the mechanical behavior of a titanium scaffold with a repeating unit‐cell substructure, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials, 90, 2009, pp. 894-906.


9. Y. Oshida, Bioscience and bioengineering of titanium materials, Elsevier, 2010.


10. S. N. Dezfuli, S. Sadrnezhaad, M. Shokrgozar, S. Bonakdar, Fabrication of biocompatible titanium scaffolds using space holder technique, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 23, 2012, pp. 2483-2488.


11. J. Li, J. De Wijn, C. Van Blitterswijk, K. De Groot, Porous Ti6Al4V scaffolds directly fabricated by 3D fibre deposition technique: effect of nozzle diameter, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 16, 2005,
    pp. 1159-1163.


12. N. Ayda, M. Alam, M. Ravindranath, Corrosion in titanium dental implants: literature review, The Journal of Indian prosthodonic society, 5, 2005, pp. 126-131.


13. K. Alvarez, H. Nakajima, Metallic scaffolds for bone regeneration, Materials, 2, 2009,
    pp. 790-832.


14. H. Hermawan, Introduction to Metallic Biomaterials, in: Biodegradable Metals, Springer, 2012, pp. 1-11.


15. W. F. Ng, K. Y. Chiu, F. T. Cheng, Effect of pH on the in vitro corrosion rate of magnesium degradable implant material, Materials Science and Engineering: C, 30, 2010, pp. 898-903.


16. R. Zeng, W. Dietzel, F. Witte, N. Hort, C. Blawert, Progress and challenge for magnesium alloys as biomaterials, Advanced Engineering Materials, 10, 2008, B3-B14.


17. H. Zreiqat, C. Howlett, A. Zannettino, P. Evans, G. Schulze‐Tanzil, C. Knabe, M. Shakibaei, Mechanisms of magnesium‐stimulated adhesion of osteoblastic cells to commonly used orthopaedic implants, Journal of biomedical materials research, 62, 2002, pp. 175-184.


18. M. Nan, C. Yangmei, Y. Bangcheng, Magnesium metal—A potential biomaterial with antibone cancer properties, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, (2013).


19. A. Yamamoto, S. Hiromoto, Effect of inorganic salts, amino acids and proteins on the degradation of pure magnesium in vitro, Materials Science and Engineering: C, 29, 2009, pp. 1559-1568.


20. G. Song, Control of biodegradation of biocompatable magnesium alloys, Corrosion Science, 49, 2007, pp. 1696-1701.


21. A. F1580-01, Standard Specification for Titanium and Titanium-6 Aluminum-4 Vanadium Alloy Powders for Coatings of Surgical Implants


22. T. Kokubo, H. Takadama, How useful is SBF in predicting in vivo bone bioactivity Biomaterials, 27, 2006, pp. 2907-2915.


23. A. Mahboubi Soufiani, M. Enayati, F. Karimzadeh, Fabrication and characterization of nanostructured Ti6Al4V powder from machining scraps, Advanced Powder Technology, 21, 2010, pp. 336-340.


24. I.-H. Oh, N. Nomura, N. Masahashi, S. Hanada, Mechanical properties of porous titanium compacts prepared by powder sintering, Scripta Materialia, 49, 2003, pp. 1197-1202.


25. J. Bobyn, J. Miller, Features of biologically fixed devices, orthopaedic basic science. Am Acad Orthop Surg, 10, 1994, pp. 613-616.


26. A. I. Itälä, H. O. Ylänen, C. Ekholm, K. H. Karlsson, H. T. Aro, Pore diameter of more than 100 μm is not requisite for bone ingrowth in rabbits, Journal of biomedical materials research, 58, 2001, pp. 679-683.


27. D. A. Robinson, R. W. Griffith, D. Shechtman, R. B. Evans, M. G. Conzemius, In vitro antibacterial properties of magnesium metal against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonasaeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, Acta biomaterialia, 6, 2010, pp. 1869-1877.


28. M. Bohner, J. Lemaitre, Can bioactivity be tested in vitro with SBF solution Biomaterials, 30, 2009, pp. 2175-2179.


29. H. Kuwahara, Y. Al-Abdullat, N. Mazaki, S. Tsutsumi, T. Aizawa, Precipitation of magnesium apatite on pure magnesium surface during immersing in Hank's solution, Materials Transactions(Japan), 42, 2001, pp. 1317-1321.


30. L. Jonášová, F. A. Müller, A. Helebrant, J. Strnad, P. Greil, Biomimetic apatite formation on chemically treated titanium, Biomaterials, 25, 2004, pp. 1187-1194.


31. S. Ibasco, F. Tamimi, R. Meszaros, D. L. Nihouannen, S. Vengallatore, E. Harvey, J.E. Barralet, Magnesium-sputtered titanium for the formation of bioactive coatings, Acta biomaterialia, 5, 2009, pp. 2338-2347.


32. L. Xu, G. Yu, E. Zhang, F. Pan, K. Yang, In vivo corrosion behavior of Mg‐Mn‐Zn alloy for bone implant application, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 83, 2007, pp. 703-711.