ارزیابی بالینی تاثیر عصاره هیدروالکلی گیاه علف چای (Hypericum perforatum) در بهبودی ضایعات دهانیِ بیماری تب برفکی در گاو
محورهای موضوعی :
آسیب شناسی درمانگاهی دامپزشکی
محمد طلوعی
1
,
امیر دانشوری
2
,
حسین طایفی نصرآبادی
3
,
امید مددگار
4
1 - دانشیار گروه علوم درمانگاهی، دانشکده دامپزشکی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران.
2 - دانش‌آموخته دکترای حرفه‌ای، دانشکده دامپزشکی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران.
3 - دانشیار گروه علوم پایه، دانشکده دامپزشکی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران.
4 - دانشیار گروه پاتوبیولوژی، دانشکده دامپزشکی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.
تاریخ دریافت : 1399/12/02
تاریخ پذیرش : 1400/03/24
تاریخ انتشار : 1400/02/01
کلید واژه:
درمان,
گاو,
ضایعات دهانی,
تب‌برفکی,
گیاه علف چای,
چکیده مقاله :
شکل گیری طاول و زخم ها ی شدید در محوطه دهانی گاوهای مبتلا به تب برفکی و کافی نبودن روش هـای درمانی موجود، معمولاً خسارات زیادی را به گله های درگیر وارد می کند. عصاره گیاه علف چای یا گل راعی (Hypericum perforatum) و ماده موثره هایپریسین موجود در آن، در شرایط آزمایشگاهی به عنوان سرکوبگر تکثیر ویروس تب برفکی مطرح شده و همچنین نقش موثری در بهبود انواع زخم ها داشته است. مطالعه حاضر با هدف بررسی اثرات درمانیِ عصاره گیاه مذکور بر ضایعات دهانی ناشی از بیماری تب برفکی در گاوهای مبتلا انجام گرفت. بدین منظور، تعداد 72 رأس گاو مبتلا به بیماری مذکور (36 رأس در سه گروه تیمار 12 تایی و 36 رأس در سه گروه شاهد 12 تائی)، در سه کانون درگیری در استان آذربایجان غربی انتخاب شدند. تعیین سروتیپ به روش تثبیت کمپلمان، حاکی از درگیری دام‌های مورد مطالعه با سروتیپ O ویروس تب برفکی بود. گل راعی به روش خیساندن عصاره گیری شده، غلظت‌های 25/0، 5/0 و 5 درصد از عصاره هیدروالکلی آن تهیه شد. در گروه های شاهد از سرم فیزیولوژی و در گروه های تیمار از عصاره با غلظت های مذکور به صورت اسپری دهانی (روزی دو بار به مدت 4 روز) استفاده شد. دام های تیمارشده با عصاره 5 درصد بهبودی چشمگیری در ضایعات دهانی داشته و ترمیم ضایعات در دوره درمان اختلاف معنی داری با گروه شاهد داشت (05/0>p ). نتایج حاکی از این بود که اسپری عصاره 5 درصد گل راعی بر روی ضایعات دهانی ناشی از بیماری تـب برفکـی، اثرات بهبودی قابل توجهی دارد.
چکیده انگلیسی:
Formation of excessive blisters and sores on the mouth of affected cattle with Foot-and-Mouth disease and the insufficiency of existing therapeutic methods, leads to extensive damages to the affected herds. The extract of Hypericum perforatum and its active ingredient, Hypericin, have inhibitory effects on the adsorption ability of Foot-and-Mouth virus to host cells in vitro. The medicinal plant also has an effective role in healing various kinds of wounds. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of H. perforatum extract on the healing of FMD oral lesions in affected cattle. In this study, 72 affected cattle (36 heads in 3 treatment groups of 12 and 36 heads in 3 control groups of 12) from 3 conflict centers in West-Azarbaijan province were selected. Determination of serotype by complement fixation method indicated that the studied animals were infected with serotype O of FMD. Dry aerial parts of H. perforatum were extracted with maceration method and 0.25, 0.5 and 5% concentrations of hydroalcoholic extract were prepared. In control groups, normal saline solution and in treatment groups, the extract with the mentioned concentrations was used as an oral spray (twice a day for 4 days). Cattle treated with 5% extract had a significant improvement in oral lesions and lesion repair during the treatment period was significantly different from the control groups (p<0.05). The results showed that spraying 5% concentration of H. perforatum extract had significant healing effects on oral lesions caused by FMD.
منابع و مأخذ:
Alamdari, M., Ghorashi, S.A., Ahmadi, M. and Salehi-Tabar, R. (2006). Detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus and identifi cation of serotypes in East Azerbaijan province of Iran. Veterinarski Archiv, 76(5): 413-419.
Asghari, A. and Kardooni, M. (2015). Evaluation of wound healing activity of Echinophora platyloba extract on experimental full thickness skin wound in the rat. Journal of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 8(32): 691-699. [In Persian]
Ashrafi, A., Rezaii, A., Sohrabi- Haghdost, I., Mohajeri, D., Mehdineghad, B., Ashrafi, I., et al. (2010). Histometric and histophatologic evaluation of the effects of Equistum arvense herbal extract versus Zinc Oxide in rabbit skin wound healing model. Journal of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 4(14): 843-853. [In Persian]
Birt, D.F., Widrlechner, M.P., Hammer, K.D., Hillwig, M.L., Wei, J., Kraus, G.A., et al. (2009). Hypericum in infection: Identification of anti-viral and anti-inflammatory constituents. Pharmaceutical Biology, 47(8): 774-782.
Brooksby, J.B. (1982). Portraits of viruses: foot-and-mouth disease virus. Intervirology, 18(2): 1-23.
Craig Schneider, M.D. and Theodore Wissink, M.D. (2018). Integrative Medicine. 4th ed., London: Elsevier, pp: 324-360.
Choobkar, N. (2015). Effect of using Falcaria vulgaris on skin wound healing and immune response of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Journal of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 9(33): 1-9. [In Persian]
Constable, P.D., Hinchliff, K.W., Done, S.H. and Grunberg, W. (2017). Veterinary Medicine: A textbook of the diseases of cattle, horse, sheep, pigs, and goats. 11th ed., London: Elsevier, pp: 2058-2067.
Duz, E., Icen, H., Arserrim, N.B., Cakmak, F., Bakir, B. and Uysal, E. (2012). Comparison of classic, Theranekron and classic-plus Theranekron treatment on the foot and mouth disease lesions in cattle in Van, Diyarbakir and Ankara Regions in Turkey. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 11(18): 3258-3261.
Farahpour, M.R. (2014). Evaluation of the combined effect of St John's wort hydroethanolic flower extract and flaxseed oil on skin wound healing in rats. Journal of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 8(29): 417-434. [In Persian]
Farahpour, M.R. and Aghae, M. (2016). Assessment of the effect of co-administration of Aloevera gel and Fenugreek seed hydroethanolic extract on the improvement of full-thickness excisional skin wound healing in diabetic mice. Journal of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 9(36): 285-296. [In Persian]
Farahpour, M. and Ghafouri, M. (2014). Effect of topical combination of flaxseed oil and alcoholic extract of Ceylon cinnamon in full-thickness surgical wound healing in a rabbit model. Journal of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 8(31): 564-574. [In Persian]
Ferris, N.P. and Dawson, M. (1988). Routine application of enzyme linked immunosorbent assay in comparison with complement fixation for the diagnosis of foot-and-mouth and swine vesicular diseases. Veternary Microbiology, 16: 201-209.
Jacobson, J.M., Feinman, L., Liebes, L., Ostrow, N., Koslowski, V., Tobia, A., et al. (2001). Pharmacokinetics, safety, and antiviral effects of hypericin, a derivative of St. John's wort plant, in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 45(2): 517-524.
Hao, B., Hu, X., Wang, X., Liu, Y., Yang, Z., Guo, W., et al. (2017) Effects of Hypericum perforatum extract on the endocrine immune network factors in the immunosuppressed Wistar rat. Indian Journal of Animal Research, 51(6): 1038-1042.
Kitching, R.P. (1999). Foot-and-mouth disease: current world situation. Vaccine, 17: 1772-1774.
Kıyan, S., Uyanıkgil, Y., Altuncı, Y.A., Çavuşoğlu, T., Uyanıkgil, E.Ö.Ç. and Karabey, F. (2015). Investigation of acute effects of Hypericum perforatum (St. John’s Wort-Kantaron) treatment in experimental thermal burns and comparison with silver sulfadiazine treatment. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg, 21(5): 323-336.
Klein, J. (2009). Understanding the molecular epidemiology of foot and Mouth disease virus. Infection, Genetics and Envolution, 9: 153-161.
Klemow, K.M., Bartlow, A., Crawford, J., Kocher, N., Shah, J. and Ritsick, M. (2011). Medical attributes of St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum). Herbal medicine: biomolecular and clinical aspects. 2nd ed., Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, pp: 111-147.
Knight-Jones, T.J.D. and Rushton, J. (2013). The economic impacts of foot and mouth disease–What are they, how big are they and where do they occur? Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 112(3):161-173.
Knowles, N.J. and Samuel, A.R. (2003). Molecular epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease virus. Virus Research, 91: 65-80.
Kraus, G.A., Pratt, D., Tossberg, J. and Carpenter, S. (1990). Antiretroviral activity of synthetic hypericin and related analogs. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 172(1): 149-153.
Läuchli, S., Hafner, J., Wehrmann, C., French, L.E. and Hunziker, T. (2012). Post-surgical scalp wounds with exposed bone treated with a plant-derived wound therapeutic. Journal of Wound Care, 21(5): 228-233.
Lavagna, S.M., Secci, D., Chimenti, P., Bonsignore, L., Ottaviani, A. and Bizzarri, B. (2001). Efficacy of Hypericum and Calendula oils in the epithelial reconstruction of surgical wounds in childbirth with caesarean section. Farmaco, 56(5): 451-453.
Lenard, J., Rabson, A. and Vanderoef, R. (1993). Photodynamic inactivation of infectivity of human immunodeficiency virus and other enveloped viruses using hypericin and Rose Bengal: inhibition of fusion and syncytia formation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 90(1): 158-162.
Mahmoudi, M., Semnani, M., Saeidi, K. and Javanmardi, M. (2006). Survey on anti-inflammatory, analgesic and acute toxicity effects of Hypericum perfuratom and determing the amount of hypericin of it. Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences, 8(4): 7-14. [In Persian]
Meruelo, D., Lavie, G. and Lavie, D. (1988). Therapeutic agents with dramatic antiretroviral activity and little toxicity at effective doses: aromatic polycyclic diones hypericin and pseudohypericin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 85(14): 5230-5234.
Momen, N.R., Godarzi, T.M., Bahonar, A., Akbari, H. and Darabi, M. (2011). Clinical evaluation of the effect of essence of Myrtus communis on the oral lesions of Foot and mouth disease in cattle. Journal of Medicinal Plants, 2(38): 135-141. [In Persian]
Moraleda, G., Wu, T.T., Jilbert, A.R., Aldrich, C.E., Condreay, L.D., Larsen, S.H., et al. (1993). Inhibition of duck hepatitis B virus replication by hypericin. Antiviral Research, 20(3): 235-247.
Mortensen, T., Shen, S., Shen, F., Walsh, M.K., Sims, R.C. and Miller, C.D. (2012). Investigating the effectiveness of St John's wort herb as an antimicrobial agent against Mycobacteria. Phytotherapy Research, 26(9): 1327-1333.
Motallebnejad, M., Moghadamnia, A. and Talei, M. (2008). The efficacy of Hypericum perforatum extract on recurrent aphthous ulcers. Journal of Medical Sciences, 8(1): 39-43.
OIE. (2012). Manual of diagnostic tests and vaccines for terrestrial manual, in Version Adopted by the World Assembly of Delegates of the OIE. 7th ed., France: Paris, pp: 257-271.
Prince, A.M., Pascual, D., Meruelo, D., Liebes, L., Mazur, Y., Dubovi, E., et al. (2000). Strategies for evaluation of enveloped virus inactivation in red cell concentrate using hypericin. Photochemistry and Photobiology, 71(2):188-195.
Samadi, S., Khadivzadeh, T., Emami, A., Moosavi, N.S., Tafaghodi, M. and Behnam, H.R. (2010). The effect of Hypericum perforatum on the wound healing and scar of cesarean. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 16(1): 113-117.
Samuel, A.R. and Knowles, N.J. (2001) Foot-and-mouth disease type O viruses exhibit genetically and geographically distinct evolutionary lineages (topotypes). Journal of General Virology, 82: 609-621.
Schempp, C.M., Pelz, K., Wittmer, A., Schöpf, E. and Simon, J.C. (1999). Antibacterial activity of hyperforin from St John's wort, against multiresistant Staphylococcus aureus and gram-positive bacteria. The Lancet, 353(9170): 21-29.
Shang, R., He, C., Chen, J., Pu, X., Liu, Y., Hua, L., et al. (2012). Hypericum perforatum extract therapy for chickens experimentally infected with infectious bursal disease virus and its influence on immunity. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research, 76(3): 180-185.
Sosa, S., Pace, R., Bornanciny, A., Morazzoni, P., Riva, A., Tubaro, A. et al. (2007). Topical anti‐inflammatory activity of extracts and compounds from Hypericum perforatum. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 59(5): 703-709.
Süntar, I.P., Akkol, E.K., Yılmazer, D., Baykal, T., Kırmızıbekmez, H., Alper, M., et al. (2010). Investigations on the in vivo wound healing potential of Hypericum perforatum. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 127(2): 468-477.
Tang, J., Colacino, J.M., Larsen, S.H. and Spitzer, W. (1990). Virucidal activity of hypericin against enveloped and non-enveloped DNA and RNA viruses. Antiviral Research, 13(6): 313-325.
Tanideh, N., Namazi, F., Tadbir, A.A., Ebrahimi, H. and Koohi-Hosseinabadi, O. (2014). Comparative assessment of the therapeutic effects of the topical and systemic forms of Hypericum perforatum extract on induced oral mucositis in golden hamsters. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 43(10): 1286-1292.
Tayefi‐Nasrabadi, H., Sadigh‐Eteghad, S. and Aghdam, A. (2012). The effects of the hydroalcohol extract of Rosa canina L. fruit on experimentally nephrolithiasic Wistar rats. Phytotherapy Research, 26(1): 78-85.
Wang, S.Y. and Chen, J.H. (2009). Studies on the inhibitory effects of hypericin on the adsorption ability of Foot-and-Mouth virus to host cells in vitro. Journal of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, 28(1): 5-8.
Wölfle, U., Seelinger, G. and Schempp, C.M. (2014). Topical application of St. Johnʼs wort (Hypericum perforatum). Planta Medica, 80(2):109-120.
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Alamdari, M., Ghorashi, S.A., Ahmadi, M. and Salehi-Tabar, R. (2006). Detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus and identifi cation of serotypes in East Azerbaijan province of Iran. Veterinarski Archiv, 76(5): 413-419.
Asghari, A. and Kardooni, M. (2015). Evaluation of wound healing activity of Echinophora platyloba extract on experimental full thickness skin wound in the rat. Journal of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 8(32): 691-699. [In Persian]
Ashrafi, A., Rezaii, A., Sohrabi- Haghdost, I., Mohajeri, D., Mehdineghad, B., Ashrafi, I., et al. (2010). Histometric and histophatologic evaluation of the effects of Equistum arvense herbal extract versus Zinc Oxide in rabbit skin wound healing model. Journal of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 4(14): 843-853. [In Persian]
Birt, D.F., Widrlechner, M.P., Hammer, K.D., Hillwig, M.L., Wei, J., Kraus, G.A., et al. (2009). Hypericum in infection: Identification of anti-viral and anti-inflammatory constituents. Pharmaceutical Biology, 47(8): 774-782.
Brooksby, J.B. (1982). Portraits of viruses: foot-and-mouth disease virus. Intervirology, 18(2): 1-23.
Craig Schneider, M.D. and Theodore Wissink, M.D. (2018). Integrative Medicine. 4th ed., London: Elsevier, pp: 324-360.
Choobkar, N. (2015). Effect of using Falcaria vulgaris on skin wound healing and immune response of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Journal of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 9(33): 1-9. [In Persian]
Constable, P.D., Hinchliff, K.W., Done, S.H. and Grunberg, W. (2017). Veterinary Medicine: A textbook of the diseases of cattle, horse, sheep, pigs, and goats. 11th ed., London: Elsevier, pp: 2058-2067.
Duz, E., Icen, H., Arserrim, N.B., Cakmak, F., Bakir, B. and Uysal, E. (2012). Comparison of classic, Theranekron and classic-plus Theranekron treatment on the foot and mouth disease lesions in cattle in Van, Diyarbakir and Ankara Regions in Turkey. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 11(18): 3258-3261.
Farahpour, M.R. (2014). Evaluation of the combined effect of St John's wort hydroethanolic flower extract and flaxseed oil on skin wound healing in rats. Journal of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 8(29): 417-434. [In Persian]
Farahpour, M.R. and Aghae, M. (2016). Assessment of the effect of co-administration of Aloevera gel and Fenugreek seed hydroethanolic extract on the improvement of full-thickness excisional skin wound healing in diabetic mice. Journal of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 9(36): 285-296. [In Persian]
Farahpour, M. and Ghafouri, M. (2014). Effect of topical combination of flaxseed oil and alcoholic extract of Ceylon cinnamon in full-thickness surgical wound healing in a rabbit model. Journal of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 8(31): 564-574. [In Persian]
Ferris, N.P. and Dawson, M. (1988). Routine application of enzyme linked immunosorbent assay in comparison with complement fixation for the diagnosis of foot-and-mouth and swine vesicular diseases. Veternary Microbiology, 16: 201-209.
Jacobson, J.M., Feinman, L., Liebes, L., Ostrow, N., Koslowski, V., Tobia, A., et al. (2001). Pharmacokinetics, safety, and antiviral effects of hypericin, a derivative of St. John's wort plant, in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 45(2): 517-524.
Hao, B., Hu, X., Wang, X., Liu, Y., Yang, Z., Guo, W., et al. (2017) Effects of Hypericum perforatum extract on the endocrine immune network factors in the immunosuppressed Wistar rat. Indian Journal of Animal Research, 51(6): 1038-1042.
Kitching, R.P. (1999). Foot-and-mouth disease: current world situation. Vaccine, 17: 1772-1774.
Kıyan, S., Uyanıkgil, Y., Altuncı, Y.A., Çavuşoğlu, T., Uyanıkgil, E.Ö.Ç. and Karabey, F. (2015). Investigation of acute effects of Hypericum perforatum (St. John’s Wort-Kantaron) treatment in experimental thermal burns and comparison with silver sulfadiazine treatment. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg, 21(5): 323-336.
Klein, J. (2009). Understanding the molecular epidemiology of foot and Mouth disease virus. Infection, Genetics and Envolution, 9: 153-161.
Klemow, K.M., Bartlow, A., Crawford, J., Kocher, N., Shah, J. and Ritsick, M. (2011). Medical attributes of St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum). Herbal medicine: biomolecular and clinical aspects. 2nd ed., Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, pp: 111-147.
Knight-Jones, T.J.D. and Rushton, J. (2013). The economic impacts of foot and mouth disease–What are they, how big are they and where do they occur? Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 112(3):161-173.
Knowles, N.J. and Samuel, A.R. (2003). Molecular epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease virus. Virus Research, 91: 65-80.
Kraus, G.A., Pratt, D., Tossberg, J. and Carpenter, S. (1990). Antiretroviral activity of synthetic hypericin and related analogs. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 172(1): 149-153.
Läuchli, S., Hafner, J., Wehrmann, C., French, L.E. and Hunziker, T. (2012). Post-surgical scalp wounds with exposed bone treated with a plant-derived wound therapeutic. Journal of Wound Care, 21(5): 228-233.
Lavagna, S.M., Secci, D., Chimenti, P., Bonsignore, L., Ottaviani, A. and Bizzarri, B. (2001). Efficacy of Hypericum and Calendula oils in the epithelial reconstruction of surgical wounds in childbirth with caesarean section. Farmaco, 56(5): 451-453.
Lenard, J., Rabson, A. and Vanderoef, R. (1993). Photodynamic inactivation of infectivity of human immunodeficiency virus and other enveloped viruses using hypericin and Rose Bengal: inhibition of fusion and syncytia formation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 90(1): 158-162.
Mahmoudi, M., Semnani, M., Saeidi, K. and Javanmardi, M. (2006). Survey on anti-inflammatory, analgesic and acute toxicity effects of Hypericum perfuratom and determing the amount of hypericin of it. Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences, 8(4): 7-14. [In Persian]
Meruelo, D., Lavie, G. and Lavie, D. (1988). Therapeutic agents with dramatic antiretroviral activity and little toxicity at effective doses: aromatic polycyclic diones hypericin and pseudohypericin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 85(14): 5230-5234.
Momen, N.R., Godarzi, T.M., Bahonar, A., Akbari, H. and Darabi, M. (2011). Clinical evaluation of the effect of essence of Myrtus communis on the oral lesions of Foot and mouth disease in cattle. Journal of Medicinal Plants, 2(38): 135-141. [In Persian]
Moraleda, G., Wu, T.T., Jilbert, A.R., Aldrich, C.E., Condreay, L.D., Larsen, S.H., et al. (1993). Inhibition of duck hepatitis B virus replication by hypericin. Antiviral Research, 20(3): 235-247.
Mortensen, T., Shen, S., Shen, F., Walsh, M.K., Sims, R.C. and Miller, C.D. (2012). Investigating the effectiveness of St John's wort herb as an antimicrobial agent against Mycobacteria. Phytotherapy Research, 26(9): 1327-1333.
Motallebnejad, M., Moghadamnia, A. and Talei, M. (2008). The efficacy of Hypericum perforatum extract on recurrent aphthous ulcers. Journal of Medical Sciences, 8(1): 39-43.
OIE. (2012). Manual of diagnostic tests and vaccines for terrestrial manual, in Version Adopted by the World Assembly of Delegates of the OIE. 7th ed., France: Paris, pp: 257-271.
Prince, A.M., Pascual, D., Meruelo, D., Liebes, L., Mazur, Y., Dubovi, E., et al. (2000). Strategies for evaluation of enveloped virus inactivation in red cell concentrate using hypericin. Photochemistry and Photobiology, 71(2):188-195.
Samadi, S., Khadivzadeh, T., Emami, A., Moosavi, N.S., Tafaghodi, M. and Behnam, H.R. (2010). The effect of Hypericum perforatum on the wound healing and scar of cesarean. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 16(1): 113-117.
Samuel, A.R. and Knowles, N.J. (2001) Foot-and-mouth disease type O viruses exhibit genetically and geographically distinct evolutionary lineages (topotypes). Journal of General Virology, 82: 609-621.
Schempp, C.M., Pelz, K., Wittmer, A., Schöpf, E. and Simon, J.C. (1999). Antibacterial activity of hyperforin from St John's wort, against multiresistant Staphylococcus aureus and gram-positive bacteria. The Lancet, 353(9170): 21-29.
Shang, R., He, C., Chen, J., Pu, X., Liu, Y., Hua, L., et al. (2012). Hypericum perforatum extract therapy for chickens experimentally infected with infectious bursal disease virus and its influence on immunity. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research, 76(3): 180-185.
Sosa, S., Pace, R., Bornanciny, A., Morazzoni, P., Riva, A., Tubaro, A. et al. (2007). Topical anti‐inflammatory activity of extracts and compounds from Hypericum perforatum. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 59(5): 703-709.
Süntar, I.P., Akkol, E.K., Yılmazer, D., Baykal, T., Kırmızıbekmez, H., Alper, M., et al. (2010). Investigations on the in vivo wound healing potential of Hypericum perforatum. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 127(2): 468-477.
Tang, J., Colacino, J.M., Larsen, S.H. and Spitzer, W. (1990). Virucidal activity of hypericin against enveloped and non-enveloped DNA and RNA viruses. Antiviral Research, 13(6): 313-325.
Tanideh, N., Namazi, F., Tadbir, A.A., Ebrahimi, H. and Koohi-Hosseinabadi, O. (2014). Comparative assessment of the therapeutic effects of the topical and systemic forms of Hypericum perforatum extract on induced oral mucositis in golden hamsters. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 43(10): 1286-1292.
Tayefi‐Nasrabadi, H., Sadigh‐Eteghad, S. and Aghdam, A. (2012). The effects of the hydroalcohol extract of Rosa canina L. fruit on experimentally nephrolithiasic Wistar rats. Phytotherapy Research, 26(1): 78-85.
Wang, S.Y. and Chen, J.H. (2009). Studies on the inhibitory effects of hypericin on the adsorption ability of Foot-and-Mouth virus to host cells in vitro. Journal of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, 28(1): 5-8.
Wölfle, U., Seelinger, G. and Schempp, C.M. (2014). Topical application of St. Johnʼs wort (Hypericum perforatum). Planta Medica, 80(2):109-120.
