مطالعه تاثیر مصرف یک دوز کراک مورد استفاده معتادان ایرانی بر پاسخ بیگانه‌خواری نوتروفیل‌ها در موش صحرایی
محورهای موضوعی :
آسیب شناسی درمانگاهی دامپزشکی
مهسا فتح اله زاده
1
,
بهرام عمواوغلی تبریزی
2
1 - دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد بیوشیمی، واحد اهر، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهر، ایران
2 - دانشیار گروه علوم درمانگاهی، واحد تبریز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تبریز، ایران
تاریخ دریافت : 1397/02/04
تاریخ پذیرش : 1397/09/20
تاریخ انتشار : 1397/10/01
کلید واژه:
موش صحرایی,
نوتروفیل,
کراک,
بیگانه‌خواری,
چکیده مقاله :
امروزه یکی از مشکلات جوامع بشری استفاده از مواد مخدر به خصوص کراک می باشد. هدف از این مطالعه بررسی تأثیر مصرف یک دوز کراک بر پاسخ بیگانه خواری نوتروفیل ها در موش صحرایی بود. بدین منظور 30 سر موش صحرایی نر ویستار در 5 گروه 6 تایی به طور تصادفی تقسیم و در آکواریوم‌های شیشه‌ای با 12 ساعت روشنایی و 12 ساعت تاریکی و شرایط یکسان تغذیه‌ای و دسترسی آزاد به آب نگه داری شدند. بعد از عادت کردن به محیط جدید، کراک با دوز mg/kg 8/7، به چهار گروه تیمار به صورت داخل صفاقی تزریق شد. از گروه اول 3 ساعت، از گروه دوم 6 ساعت، از گروه سوم 24 ساعت و از گروه چهارم 1 هفته بعد از تزریق و از گروه شاهد در همان روز اول، خون‌گیری بعد از بی‌هوشی با اتر، از طریق ورید دم به عمل آمد. قدرت بیگانه خواری نوتروفیل ها بعد از مجاورت با مخمر ارزیابی گردید. کاهش معنی‌دار در تعداد گلبول های سفید در زمان های 3 و 6 ساعت بعد از تزریق و کاهش معنی‌دار در تعداد نوتروفیل‌ها و افزایش معنی‌دار در تعداد لنفوسیت ها در زمانهای 3، 6 و 24 ساعت بعد از تزریق مشاهده شد (05/0p<). قدرت بیگانه خواری نوتروفیل ها نیز در زمان های 3 و 6 ساعت بعد از تزریق کاهش آماری معنی‌داری نشان داد (05/0p<)، که این امر احتمالاً می‌تواند ناشی از تأثیر کراک بر مهاجرت بافتی، کاهش عمر نوتروفیل ها و یا احتمالاً افزایش تولید رادیکال های آزاد توسط این ماده مخدر باشد. بنابراین مصرف کراک می‌تواند زمینه را برای ایجاد عفونت با کاهش تعداد گلبول های سفید و کاهش قدرت بیگانه خواری نوتروفیل ها هموار کند.
چکیده انگلیسی:
Nowadays, one of the main problems of human societies is the use of narcotics such as crack. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a single dose of crack on neutrophil phagocytosis in rats. For this purpose, 30 male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into 5 groups of 6 rats and kept in glass aquariums with 12 hours of light and darkness, same feeding conditions and free access to water. After acclimitisation to the new environment, intraperitoneal crack was injected with a dose of 7.8 mg/kg in four treatment groups. Under ether anesthesia, blood samples were collected from the tail vein after 3, 6, 24 hours and a week after crack injection in the treatment groups respectively and on the first day of the study in the control group. The strength of neutrophil phagocytosis was estimated after adjacency with yeast. A significant decrease in white blood cells was observed 3 and 6 hours after crack injection while significant decrease of neutrophils and increase of lymphocytes was seen 3, 6 and 24 hours following crack injection (p<0/05).The strength of neutrophil phagocytosis was also significantly decreased after three and six hours of injection (p<0/05) which could be attributed to the effects of crack on tissue migration of neutrophils, decreased life span of neutrophils or increased production of free radicals. Therefore, the use of crack can pave the way for creationof infection by decreasingthe number of white blood cells and strength of neutrophil phagocytosis.
منابع و مأخذ:
Akhgari, M., Jokar, F., Bahmanabadi, L. and Etemadi Aleagha, A. (2012). Street level heroin seizures in Iran: a survey of components. Journal of Substance Use, 17(4): 348-355.
Amini, M., Roghani, M., Shirinbayan, P., Taghi Joghataei, M., Farhoudian, A., Roshanpajouh, M., et al. (2013). Effects of crack used in addict Iranian people on fertility of adult mice. Tehran University of Medical Journal, 71(5): 293-302. [In Persian]
Amiri, M., Khosravi, A. and Chaman, R. (2010). Drug abuse pattern and high risk behaviors among addicts in Shahroud county of Semnan province, Northeast Iran in 2009. Journal of Research in Health Sciences, 10(2): 104-109.
Beitia, G., Cobreros, A., Sainz, L. and Cenarruzabeita, E. (2000). Ecstasy- induced toxicity in rat liver. Liver International, 20(10): 8-15.
Boot, B., McGregor, I.S. and Hall, W. (2000). MDMA (ecstasy) neurotoxicity: assessing and communicating the risks. Lancet, 3(55): 1818-1821.
Dyssalar, K., Meymandi, M.S., Saravani, R., Zarandi, M.M. and Sheikholeslami, A. (2008). Electrophoretic profile of serum proteins in opium and heroin dependents. American Journal of Drug Alcohol Abuse, 34(6): 769-773.
Eskandarieh, S., Nikfarjam, A., Tarjoman, T., Nasehi, A., Jafari, F. and Saberi-Zafarghandi, M.B. (2013). Descriptive aspects of injection drug users in iran's national harm reduction program by methadone maintenance treatment. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 42(6): 588-593.
Farhoudian, A., Rahimi Movaghar, A., Mohammadi, F. and Fekri, M. (2010). The assessment of chemical constituents, situation of use, sign, symptoms, side effects of crack and norgesic use and their supplies in tehran. In Press. [In Persian]
Farhoudian, A., Sadeghi, M., Khoddam, I., Vishteh, H.R., Moazen, B., Fekri, M., et al. (2014). Component analysis of Iranian crack; a newly abused narcotic substance in iran. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research: IJPR, 13(1): 337-344. [In Persian]
Harvey-Lewis, C., Brisebois, A.D., Yong, H. and Franklin, K.B. (2015). Naloxone-precipitated withdrawal causes an increase in impulsivity in morphine-dependent rats. Behavioural Pharmacology, 26(3): 326-329.
Hassani Anzabi, S. (2010). Study on the effect of crack on the levels of some hematological parameters (RBC, HCT, WBC, PT, PTT, Fibrinogen, Platelet, Neutrophile, Lymphocyte, Monocyte, Eosinophile, Hb, MCV, MCH, MCHC) in rat. Islamic Azad University of Tabriz, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Thesis Number: 1323. [In Persian]
Hall, A.P., Lyburn, I.D., Spears, F.D. and Riley, B. (1996). An unusual case of ecstasy poisoning. Intensive Care Medicine, 22(7): 670-671.
Kocak, Z., Bulut, C., Kinikli, S., Irmak, H., Yilmaz, G.R. and Demiroz, A.P. (2006). A case report of ecstasy- induced acute hepatic failure. Turkish Journal of Medical Scinces, 36(5): 319-321.
Latimer, K.S., Mahaffey, E.A. and Prasse, K.W. (2003). Duncan and Prasse’s veterinary laboratory medicine: Clinical pathology. USA: Amsterdam, Blackwell Publishing, pp: 119-285.
Magee, C., Staunton, H., Tormey, W. and Walshe, J.J. (1998). Hyponatraemia, seizures and stupor associated with ecstasy ingestion in a female. Irish Medical Journal, 91: 178.
Mas, M., Farré, M., de la Torre, R., Roset, P.N., Orto, J. and Segura, J. (1999). Cardiovascular and neuroendocrine effects and pharmacokinetics of 3,4-ethylenedioxymethamphetamine in humans. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 290(1): 136-145.
Obrocki, J., Buchert, R., Vaterlein, O., Thomasius, R., Beyer, W. and Schiemann, T. (1999). Ecstasy-long-term effects on the human central nervous system revealed by positron emission tomography. British Journal of Psychiatry, 175: 186-188.
Rezapour, A. and Majidi, J. and Tahmouzy, M. (2008). The effect of B hydroxy butyrate and estradiol on the process of phagocytosis of ovine neutrophils in vitro. Veterinary Journal of Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, 2(3): 209-215. [In Persian]
Roy, S., Wang, J., Gupta, S., Charboneau, R., Loh, H.H. and Barke, R.A. (2004). Chronic morphine treatment differentiates T helper cells to Th2 effector cells by modulatiny transcription factors GATA 3 and T-bet. Journal of Neuroimmunology, 147(1-2): 78-81.
Way, W.L., Jields, H.L. and Schumacher, M.A. (2001). Opioid analgesics and antagonists. In: Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. Katung, B.O. editor. 8th ed., USA: New Yotk, McGraw-Hill Company, pp: 5l2-533.
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Akhgari, M., Jokar, F., Bahmanabadi, L. and Etemadi Aleagha, A. (2012). Street level heroin seizures in Iran: a survey of components. Journal of Substance Use, 17(4): 348-355.
Amini, M., Roghani, M., Shirinbayan, P., Taghi Joghataei, M., Farhoudian, A., Roshanpajouh, M., et al. (2013). Effects of crack used in addict Iranian people on fertility of adult mice. Tehran University of Medical Journal, 71(5): 293-302. [In Persian]
Amiri, M., Khosravi, A. and Chaman, R. (2010). Drug abuse pattern and high risk behaviors among addicts in Shahroud county of Semnan province, Northeast Iran in 2009. Journal of Research in Health Sciences, 10(2): 104-109.
Beitia, G., Cobreros, A., Sainz, L. and Cenarruzabeita, E. (2000). Ecstasy- induced toxicity in rat liver. Liver International, 20(10): 8-15.
Boot, B., McGregor, I.S. and Hall, W. (2000). MDMA (ecstasy) neurotoxicity: assessing and communicating the risks. Lancet, 3(55): 1818-1821.
Dyssalar, K., Meymandi, M.S., Saravani, R., Zarandi, M.M. and Sheikholeslami, A. (2008). Electrophoretic profile of serum proteins in opium and heroin dependents. American Journal of Drug Alcohol Abuse, 34(6): 769-773.
Eskandarieh, S., Nikfarjam, A., Tarjoman, T., Nasehi, A., Jafari, F. and Saberi-Zafarghandi, M.B. (2013). Descriptive aspects of injection drug users in iran's national harm reduction program by methadone maintenance treatment. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 42(6): 588-593.
Farhoudian, A., Rahimi Movaghar, A., Mohammadi, F. and Fekri, M. (2010). The assessment of chemical constituents, situation of use, sign, symptoms, side effects of crack and norgesic use and their supplies in tehran. In Press. [In Persian]
Farhoudian, A., Sadeghi, M., Khoddam, I., Vishteh, H.R., Moazen, B., Fekri, M., et al. (2014). Component analysis of Iranian crack; a newly abused narcotic substance in iran. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research: IJPR, 13(1): 337-344. [In Persian]
Harvey-Lewis, C., Brisebois, A.D., Yong, H. and Franklin, K.B. (2015). Naloxone-precipitated withdrawal causes an increase in impulsivity in morphine-dependent rats. Behavioural Pharmacology, 26(3): 326-329.
Hassani Anzabi, S. (2010). Study on the effect of crack on the levels of some hematological parameters (RBC, HCT, WBC, PT, PTT, Fibrinogen, Platelet, Neutrophile, Lymphocyte, Monocyte, Eosinophile, Hb, MCV, MCH, MCHC) in rat. Islamic Azad University of Tabriz, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Thesis Number: 1323. [In Persian]
Hall, A.P., Lyburn, I.D., Spears, F.D. and Riley, B. (1996). An unusual case of ecstasy poisoning. Intensive Care Medicine, 22(7): 670-671.
Kocak, Z., Bulut, C., Kinikli, S., Irmak, H., Yilmaz, G.R. and Demiroz, A.P. (2006). A case report of ecstasy- induced acute hepatic failure. Turkish Journal of Medical Scinces, 36(5): 319-321.
Latimer, K.S., Mahaffey, E.A. and Prasse, K.W. (2003). Duncan and Prasse’s veterinary laboratory medicine: Clinical pathology. USA: Amsterdam, Blackwell Publishing, pp: 119-285.
Magee, C., Staunton, H., Tormey, W. and Walshe, J.J. (1998). Hyponatraemia, seizures and stupor associated with ecstasy ingestion in a female. Irish Medical Journal, 91: 178.
Mas, M., Farré, M., de la Torre, R., Roset, P.N., Orto, J. and Segura, J. (1999). Cardiovascular and neuroendocrine effects and pharmacokinetics of 3,4-ethylenedioxymethamphetamine in humans. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 290(1): 136-145.
Obrocki, J., Buchert, R., Vaterlein, O., Thomasius, R., Beyer, W. and Schiemann, T. (1999). Ecstasy-long-term effects on the human central nervous system revealed by positron emission tomography. British Journal of Psychiatry, 175: 186-188.
Rezapour, A. and Majidi, J. and Tahmouzy, M. (2008). The effect of B hydroxy butyrate and estradiol on the process of phagocytosis of ovine neutrophils in vitro. Veterinary Journal of Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, 2(3): 209-215. [In Persian]
Roy, S., Wang, J., Gupta, S., Charboneau, R., Loh, H.H. and Barke, R.A. (2004). Chronic morphine treatment differentiates T helper cells to Th2 effector cells by modulatiny transcription factors GATA 3 and T-bet. Journal of Neuroimmunology, 147(1-2): 78-81.
Way, W.L., Jields, H.L. and Schumacher, M.A. (2001). Opioid analgesics and antagonists. In: Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. Katung, B.O. editor. 8th ed., USA: New Yotk, McGraw-Hill Company, pp: 5l2-533.
