مبانی التزام در حقوق قراردادها
محورهای موضوعی : حقوق خصوصیامید غلامعلی تبار فیروزجائی 1 , جلیل قنواتی 2
1 - دانشجوی دکتری حقوق خصوصی، دانشگاه علم و فرهنگ، تهران، ایران
2 - دانشیار حقوق خصوصی، دانشکده حقوق پردیس فارابی، دانشگاه تهران، قم، ایران
کلید واژه: اعتماد, اخلاق, قانون, عدالت, تراضی, عوض,
چکیده مقاله :
در تعامل حقوقی انسان ها با یکدیگر قرارداد شکل می گیرد و افراد خود را وفادار و ملزم به این قرارداد می دانند و عهد شکستن را مذموم و سزاوار پرداخت خسارت می شمارند و به حکم همین قرارداد است که شخص ملتزم و متعهد به انجام امری می گردد و از سوی دیگر این تعهدات دارای قدرت اجبار کننده ای می باشند که به شکل ضمانت اجرای آن متبلور و از صرف وعده های اخلاقی متمایز می گردند. منشأ قدرت التزام از کجا نشأت می گیرد؟ در مقام پاسخگویی به این مسأله نظریات متعدد مطرح گردید که هر یک از نظریات طرفداران بسیار دارند، از جمله حاکمیت اراده ، تراضی، قانون، عدالت و ... از این میان طرفداران نظریه اراده که بر قصد تأکید می کنند، اراده را تنها منشأ التزام به قرارداد تلقی می نماید. اما به نظر نمی آید تنها اراده فردی که معمولاً به دنبال جذب منافع شخصی است در این الزام و التزام مؤثر باشد، بلکه قرین این اراده فردی باید نقش اراده جمعی انسانها که در پی جذب مصالح و منافع عمومی تجلی می نماید، توجه کرده و به آن اذعان نمود.
In the legal interactions of humans, a contract is made and the people obligate themselves to this contract and the decree is prohibited and deserves compensation, and due to this contract, a person committed for doing something and on the other hand, these obligations have compelling powers that are crystallized in the form of its implementation and are distinguished from ethical promises. Where does the source of obligation come from? In responding to this question, many ideas were raised that each of the opinions has many followers, including the rule of will, constraint, law, justice etc. and among them, the advocates of this theory which emphasize on intention, make the will only the source of the obligation to contract. But it does not seem that the only will of the person who usually seeks to attract personal interests is effective in this obligation and commitment, but along with this individual will, one has to pay attention to the role of the collective will of humans seeking to attract the interests of the people, and finally it is acknowledged.
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