بررسی تطبیقی مبانی و تأثیر ایمان بر اعتبار شهادت در دیدگاه مذاهب خمسه
محورهای موضوعی : حقوق خصوصی
علی خالقی
1
(دانشیار گروه حقوق جزا و جرم شناسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران)
داود سیفی
2
(دانشجوی دکتری حقوق جزا و جرم‌شناسی دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران)
قاسم اسلامی نیا
3
(استادیار گروه حقوق جزا و شناسی، دانشگاه زابل، زابل، ایران)
کلید واژه: ایمان, فقه امامیه, شهادت, شاهد, اهل سنت,
چکیده مقاله :
شهادت به‌عنوان یکی از قدیمی‌ترین ادله اثبات دعاوی کیفری و حقوقی در عصر تجهیز بشر به شیوه‌های مدرن کشف واقعیت، در غالب نظام‌های حقوقی، هنوز اهمیت بی‌بدیل خود را از دست نداده است. راز این امر در شرایط متعدد و بعضاً پیچیده‌ای است که نظام‌های دادرسی کیفری و خصوصاً اسلام برای شاهد پیش‌بینی کرده است. یکی از شرایط مزبورکه تفسیرهای متنوعی را در بین فرق اسلامی برانگیخته، ایمان است. با فرض اجتماع سایر شرایط شهادت، مفهوم ایمان و تأثیر آن بر شهادت از دیدگاه دو فرقه بزرگ اسلامی، کیفیت مواجهه نظام قضایی ایران و سایر کشورهای اسلامی با شهودی را که دارای مذهبی متفاوت و یا مشابه با مشهود علیهم هستند، مشخص می‌سازد. با تدقیق در مبانی و مستندات اهل سنت و امامیه چنین برمی‌آید که در مفهوم عام ایمان و رد شهادت غیرذمی و اهل کتاب، تفاوت‌هایی میان مذاهب وجود دارد. مذاهب حنفی و حنبلی شهادت اهل ذمی در بین خودشان را مطلقاً می‌پذیرند ولی سایرمذاهب تنها در وصیت به جواز شهادت اهل کتاب حکم داده‌اند؛ لذا عمده تهافت آرا در پذیرش شهادت غیر مومن است. در این راستا، حنبلی و مالکی با تعریف خاص خود از ایمان، بر رد مطلق شهادت شیعه نظر داده‌اند؛ اما در مقابل مذهب حنفی و شافعی، دیدگاه ملایم‌تری را اتخاذ نموده‌اند. در میان فقهای امامیه نیز برخلاف متقدمین که حکم بر رد مطلق شهادت اهل تسنن داده‌اند، فقهای معاصر بین مستضعف فکری و جاهل مقصر تمیز قائل شده و مبانی و ادله نظریه رد را موردنقد جدی قرار داده‌اند که چنین نظریه‌ی با ملاک و معیار اساسی پذیرش شهادت یعنی قابلیت کشف حقیقت و درجه راست‌گویی در نظام‌های حقوقی، انطباق بیشتری دارد. این نوشتار با تبیین تعاریف و ویژگی‌های مختلف ایمان در پرتو تأملات فقهی شیعه و سنی، درصدد کشف دیدگاه فریقین نسبت به پذیرش یا عدم پذیرش شهادت در آن دسته از دعاوی است که بین شاهد و مشهود علیهم ازنظر گرایش دینی و یا مذهبی، تفاوت و ناهمسانی وجود دارد.
Testimony as one of the oldest proofs of criminal and legal claims in the era of human equipment has not lost its immense importance in modern legal systems, discovery of reality. The mystery of this is in many, sometimes complicated circumstances, which criminal justice systems, and especially Islam, have seen as necessary. One of these complex circumstances, which has various interpretations of the difference between Islam and Shi'a and Sunni faith. Assuming the other conditions of testimony, the concept of faith and its effect on the acceptance of witness testimony from the viewpoint of the two great Islamic sects, determines the quality of the encounters of the judicial system of Iran and other Islamic countries with intuitions that have a different religious or similar to the apparent opposition. A closer look at the Sunni and Shiite principles and documents reveals that there are differences between religions in the concept of faith and the rejection of the martyrdom of infidels and Christians. The Hanafi and Hanbali religions absolutely accept Christian and Jewish martyrdom among themselves, but other religions have only permitted the martyrdom of the People of the Book in their wills; Therefore, the main difference of opinion is in accepting the testimony of a Shiite. In this regard, Hanbali and Maliki, with their own definition of faith, have commented on the absolute rejection of Shiite martyrdom; But in contrast to the Hanafi and Shafi'i religions, they have taken a milder view. Among the Imami jurists, unlike the old jurists who categorically reject the martyrdom of the Sunnis, contemporary jurists consider the martyrdom of a Sunni to be valid; That such a theory is more in line with the basic criterion for accepting testimony, namely the ability to discover the truth and the degree of truthfulness in legal systems. This paper attempts to discover the Persian point of view of acceptance or rejection of martyrdom in those claims that exist between witnesses in terms of religious orientation.
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