پاسخ عملکرد، اجزای عملکرد و کارآیی مصرف نیتروژن پنبه (.Gossypium herbaceum L) به مصرف نیتروژن مکمل در شرایط تنش شوری در کشت رایج و تأخیری
محورهای موضوعی : اکوفیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعیاعظم یوسفی 1 , آرمین محمد 2 , متین جامی معینی 3
1 - دانشجوی دکتری زراعت،گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، واحد سبزوار، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، سبزوار، ایران
2 - دانشیار، گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، واحد سبزوار، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، سبزوار، ایران
3 - استادیار، گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، واحد سبزوار، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، سبزوار، ایران
کلید واژه: تنش شوری, پنبه, تاریخ کاشت, نیتروژن, محلول‌پاشی,
چکیده مقاله :
معمولاً در شرایط شوری خاک، افزون بر تنش شوری کمبود مواد غذایی به خصوص نیتروژن نیز مشاهده می‌شود. به منظور بررسی واکنش عملکرد، اجزای عملکرد و کارآیی مصرف نیتروژن پنبه به مصرف نیتروژن مکمل در شرایط شور در کشت رایج و تأخیری، آزمایشی به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار در دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی سبزوار در سال زراعی 98-1397 انجام شد. فاکتورهای مورد بررسی شامل زمان کاشت در دو سطح (رایج و تأخیری) و مقدار مصرف نیتروژن در چهار سطح به صورت محلول پاشی (صفر، 2/5، 5 و 7/5 کیلوگرم نیتروژن در هکتار) بودند. نیتروژن مصرفی از منبع اوره و در آغاز مرحله غوزه دهی استفاده شد. کاشت تأخیری موجب کاهش 6/59 درصدی تعداد غوزه در بوته، 17/33 درصدی وزن غوزه، 14/70 درصدی عملکرد وش، 23/2 درصدی کارآیی جذب نیتروژن و 11/32 درصدی کارآیی مصرف نیتروژن نسبت به کشت رایج گردید. محلول‌پاشی به مقدار 7/5 کیلوگرم نیتروژن در هکتار سبب افزایش 67/6 درصدی تعداد غوزه در بوته، 47/2 درصدی وزن غوزه، 73/2 عملکرد وش، 45/1 درصدی کارآیی جذب نیتروژن و 41/2 درصدی کارآیی مصرف نیتروژن نسبت به شرایط عدم محلول پاشی گردید. بالاترین ارتفاع گیاه، تعداد شاخه زایشی، عملکرد الیاف، درصد کیل و کارآیی مصرف نیتروژن در کشت رایج و محلول‌پاشی 7/5 کیلوگرم نیتروژن در هکتار به دست آمد که با محلول‌پاشی 5 کیلوگرم نیتروژن در هکتار اختلاف معنی‌داری نداشت. محلول‌پاشی نیتروژن نتوانست اثرات منفی تأخیر در کاشت را بر عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد پنبه بهبود بخشد. در مجموع نتایج این آزمایش نشان داد که کشت پنبه در تاریخ مناسب و محلول‌پاشی 5 کیلوگرم در هکتار نیتروژن به صورت مکمل در ابتدای غوزه‌دهی می‌تواند باعث تولید عملکرد مناسب و افزایش کارآیی مصرف نیتروژن گردد.
In saline condition, addition to salinity stress, nitrogen deficiency is also observed. In order to investigate the response of yield, yield components, and nitrogen efficiency of cotton to supplemental nitrogen application in saline conditions in optimum and delayed cultivation, a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications was done in Sabzevar Islamic Azad University in 2017-2018. Factors were: planting date (optimum and late) and nitrogen levels (0, 2.5, 5, and 7.5 kg.ha-1) as a foliar application on the bolling stage as Urea form. Delayed planting reduced the number of bolls per plant (6.59 %), boll weight (17.33%), seed cotton yield (14.70 %), nitrogen uptake efficiency (23.2 %), and nitrogen use efficiency (11.32 %) compared to optimum cultivation. Foliar application of 7.5 kg N.ha-1increased the number of bolls per plant (67.6%), boll weight (47.2%), seed cotton yield (73.2%), nitrogen uptake efficiency (45.1%), and nitrogen use efficiency (41.2%) compared to control. Sprayed due to lack of solution. The highest plant height, number of reproductive branches, lint percentage, lint yield, and agronomic nitrogen use efficiency in optimum planting date and foliar application of 7.5 kgN.ha-1were obtained which was not significantly different from foliar spraying of 5 kgN.ha-1. Nitrogen foliar application could not improve the negative effects of planting delay on yield and yield components of cotton. In general, the results of this experiment showed that the best seed cotton yield can be achieved by planting at the optimum date and spraying 5 kg of nitrogen as a supplement at the beginning of the bolling stage that increases the efficiency of cotton nitrogen consumption in saline conditions.
Abbas, G., H. Younis, S. Naz, Z. Fatima, S. Hussain, M. Ahmed, and S. Ahmad. 2019. Effect of planting dates on agronomic crop production. In: Agronomic crops: Volume 1: Production technologies, M. Hasanuzzaman, (Ed.). Springer Singapore: pp: 131-147.
Afzal, N., M. Tariq, M. Ahmed, G. Abbas, and Z. Mehmood. 2020. Managing planting time for cotton production. In: Cotton production and uses. Springer: pp: 31-44.
Ahmed, N., U.K. Chaudhry, M.A. Ali, F. Ahmad, M. Sarfraz, and S. Hussain. 2020. Salinity tolerancein cotton. In: Cotton production and uses. Springer: pp: 367-391.
Anagholi, A. 2008. Salinity tolerance indexes in three cotton cultivars (Gossypium hirsutum). Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. 15(3): 90 - 97. (In Persian).
2020. Cotton: World marjet and trade. Available at: Https://www.Fas.Usda.Gov/data/cotton-world-markets-and-trade.
Ardakani, A., M. Armin, and E. Filehkesh. 2016. The effect of rate and application method of potassium on yield and yield components of cotton in saline condition. Iranian Journal Field Crops Research. 14(3): 514-525. (In Persian).
Ashokkumar, K., K.S. Kumar, and R. Ravikesavan. 2014. An update on conventional and molecular breeding approaches for improving fiber quality traits in cotton-a review. African Journal of Biotechnology. 13(10): 1097-1108.
Bagherabadi, H., M. Armin, and E. Filekesh. 2019. The effect of sowing date on yield and yield components of cotton planted in ultra narrow rows and conventional rows. Iranian Journal of Cotton Researches. 7(1): 1-14. (In Persian).
Bahrampour, T., and A. Keramat. 2015. The sampling of soil, water and plant and proper fertilizer recommendations. Technical Manual, Number 51. Ministry of Agriculture Jihad Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization Ardabil Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Education Centre. (In Persian).
Chen, W., Z. Hou, L. Wu, Y. Liang, and C. 2010. Effects of salinity and nitrogen on cotton growth in arid environment. Plant and Soil. 326(1-2): 61-73.
Delbari1, A.R., M. Armin, and M. Heydari.2016. Effect of potassium amounts on yield and yield components of cotton in early drought stress conditions. Journal of Crop Production Resarch. 8(2): 123.-135. (In Persian).
El-Sabagh, A., A.M. Omar, M. El- Menshawi, and S. El- Okkiah. 2018. Foliar application of organic compounds stimulate cotton (Gossypium barbadense) to survive late sown condition. Open Agriculture. 3(1): 684-697.
Esmailnia, J., M. Armin, and M. Esmailnia. 2013. Agrophysiological response of cotton to nitrogen sources and zinc amounts application under saline conditions. Journal of Crop Production Research. 4(3): 331-342. (In Persian).
Fathi, D., M.B. Sohrabi, and M. Kouchakzadeh. 2011. Evaluation of the effect of irrigation methods, various levels of water and nitrogen fertilizer on quality of cotton. Journal of Plant Production. 18(3): 1-15. (In Persian).
Fathi, Gh., S.A. Siadat, S. Sadeghzadeh hemayati, and M.E. Zamiri. 2001. Effect of plantingdate on yield and yield components of three cultivars of canola in Dezful. Abstracts of the Seventh Congress of Crop Science and Plant Breeding. Dezful. Iran. Pages 180-181. (In Persian).
Huang, J. Different sowing dates affected cotton yield and yield components. International Journal of Plant Production. 10(1): 63-84.
Hussain, S., M. Shaukat, M. Ashraf, C. Zhu, Q. Jin and J. Zhang. 2019. Salinity stress in arid and semi-arid climates: Effects and management in field crops. In: Climate change and agriculture. Intech Open.
Jafaraghaei, M., and A.H. Jalali. Evaluation of pattern and sowing date on the yield of cotton and cantaloupe in a mixed farming system. Iranian Journal of Cotton Researches. 1(1): 1-10. (In Persian).
Kalantar Ahmadi, S., A. Ebadi, and S. Siadat. 2015. Canola cultivars' response to sowing date in northern khouzestan conditions. Journal of Crop Production and Processing. 14(4): 123-132.
Khan, A., U. Najeeb, L. Wang, D.K.Y. Tan, G. Yang, F. Munsif, S. Ali, and A. Hafeez. 2017. Planting density and sowing date strongly influence growth and lint yield of cotton crops. Field Crops Research. 209: 129-135.
Koocheki, A., M.N. Mahallati, R. Moradi, and Y. Alizade. 2015. Evaluation of yield and nitrogen use efficiency of maize and cotton intercropping under different nitrogen levels. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 13(1): 1-13. (In Persian).
Lacerda, C.F.d., J.F.d.S. Ferreira, D.L. Suarez, E.D. Freitas, X. Liu, and A.d.A. Ribeiro. 2018. Evidence of nitrogen and potassium losses in soil columns cultivated with maize under salt stress. Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental. 22(8): 553-557.
Mehrabadi, H.R. 2017. Effect of different planting dates and methods on quantity and quality traits of varamin cotton cultivar. Journal of Crop Production and Processing. 7(2): 61-72. (In Persian).
Miri, , and H. Bagheri. 2013. Evaluation planting date on agronomical traits of canola (Brassica napus L.). International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences. 4: 601-603.
Nelson, D.W., and L. Sommers. 1973. Determination of total nitrogen in plant material Agronomy Journal. 65(1): 109-112.
O'Berry, N., J. Faircloth, K. Edmisten, G. Collins, A. Stewart, A. Abaye, D. Herbert Jr, and R. Haygood. 2008. Plant population and planting date effects on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) growth andyield. Journal of Cotton Science.12: 178-187.
Parsa Motlagh, B., P. Rezvani Moghaddam, R. Ghorbani, and Z. Azami Sardooei. 2016. The effect of sowing date and plant density on yield and yield components of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) under Jiroft climate conditions. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 14(4): 735-745. (In Persian).
Patil, B., and H. Chetan. 2018. Foliar fertilization of nutrients. Marumegh. 3(1): 49-53.
Pettigrew, W.T., and W.R. Meredith Jr. 2009. Seed quality and planting date effects on cottonlint yield, yield components, and fiber quality. Journal of Cotton Science. 13: 37–47.
Rezaei, H., S. Saadat, R. Mirkhani, and L. Ismailnejad. 2019. An overview of the state of nutrients in saline soils, 2nd International Salinity Conference, Yazd. IRAN. (In Persian).
Ribeiro, A.D.A., C.F. Lacerda, A.L. Rocha Neves, C.H.C.D. Sousa, R.D.S. Braz, A.C.D. Oliveira, J.M.G. Pereira, and J.F.D.S. Ferreira. 2020. Uses and losses of nitrogen by maize andcotton plants under salt stress. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science. 67: 1-14.
Rochester, I.J. 2011. Assessing internal crop nitrogen use efficiency in high-yielding irrigated cotton. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems. 90(1): 147-156.
Salih, R.F. 2019. Effect of sowing dates and varieties of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) on growth and yield parameters. Zanco Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences. 31(3): 64-70.
Sharif, I., S. Aleem, J. Farooq, M. Rizwan, A. Younas, G. Sarwar, and S.M. Chohan. 2019. Salinity stress in cotton: effects, mechanism of tolerance and its management strategies. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants. 25(4): 807-820.
Shenavaei Zare, M., M. Armin, and H. Marvi. 2020. Physiological responses of cotton to stressmoderator application on different planting date under saline conditions. Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions A: Science. 45(1): 11-25.
Shenker, M., A. Ben-Gal, and U. Shani. 2003. Sweet corn response to combined nitrogen and salinity environmental stresses. Plant and Soil. 256(1): 139-147.
Tari, D., and A. Rokhzadi. 2018. Effects of hydropriming and sowing date on seed cotton yield, lint and seed oil oftwo cotton cultivars. Journal of Crops Improvement. 20(1): 17-30. (In Persian).
Tewolde, H., and C.J. Fernandez. 2003. Fiber quality response of Pima cotton tonitrogen and phosphorus deficiency. Journal of Plant Nutrrition. 26: 223-235.
Tobe, A., S. Hokmalipour, B. Jafarzadeh, and M.H. Darbandi. 2013. Effect of sowing date on some phenological stages and oil contents in spring canola (Brassica napus) cultivars. Middle East Journal of Scientific Research. 13(9): 1202-1212.
Yousefi, A., M. Armin, and M. Jami Moeini. 2021. Effects of supplemental foliar-applied nitrogen on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) yield and nitrogen efficiency under saline conditions. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 44(20):3072-3082.
Zhang, D., W. Li, C. Xin, W. Tang, A.E. Eneji, and H. Dong. 2012. Lint yield and nitrogen use efficiency of field-grown cotton vary with soil salinity and nitrogen application rate. Field Crops Research. 138: 63-70.
_||_Abbas, G., H. Younis, S. Naz, Z. Fatima, S. Hussain, M. Ahmed, and S. Ahmad. 2019. Effect of planting dates on agronomic crop production. In: Agronomic crops: Volume 1: Production technologies, M. Hasanuzzaman, (Ed.). Springer Singapore: pp: 131-147.
Afzal, N., M. Tariq, M. Ahmed, G. Abbas, and Z. Mehmood. 2020. Managing planting time for cotton production. In: Cotton production and uses. Springer: pp: 31-44.
Ahmed, N., U.K. Chaudhry, M.A. Ali, F. Ahmad, M. Sarfraz, and S. Hussain. 2020. Salinity tolerancein cotton. In: Cotton production and uses. Springer: pp: 367-391.
Anagholi, A. 2008. Salinity tolerance indexes in three cotton cultivars (Gossypium hirsutum). Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. 15(3): 90 - 97. (In Persian).
2020. Cotton: World marjet and trade. Available at: Https://www.Fas.Usda.Gov/data/cotton-world-markets-and-trade.
Ardakani, A., M. Armin, and E. Filehkesh. 2016. The effect of rate and application method of potassium on yield and yield components of cotton in saline condition. Iranian Journal Field Crops Research. 14(3): 514-525. (In Persian).
Ashokkumar, K., K.S. Kumar, and R. Ravikesavan. 2014. An update on conventional and molecular breeding approaches for improving fiber quality traits in cotton-a review. African Journal of Biotechnology. 13(10): 1097-1108.
Bagherabadi, H., M. Armin, and E. Filekesh. 2019. The effect of sowing date on yield and yield components of cotton planted in ultra narrow rows and conventional rows. Iranian Journal of Cotton Researches. 7(1): 1-14. (In Persian).
Bahrampour, T., and A. Keramat. 2015. The sampling of soil, water and plant and proper fertilizer recommendations. Technical Manual, Number 51. Ministry of Agriculture Jihad Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization Ardabil Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Education Centre. (In Persian).
Chen, W., Z. Hou, L. Wu, Y. Liang, and C. 2010. Effects of salinity and nitrogen on cotton growth in arid environment. Plant and Soil. 326(1-2): 61-73.
Delbari1, A.R., M. Armin, and M. Heydari.2016. Effect of potassium amounts on yield and yield components of cotton in early drought stress conditions. Journal of Crop Production Resarch. 8(2): 123.-135. (In Persian).
El-Sabagh, A., A.M. Omar, M. El- Menshawi, and S. El- Okkiah. 2018. Foliar application of organic compounds stimulate cotton (Gossypium barbadense) to survive late sown condition. Open Agriculture. 3(1): 684-697.
Esmailnia, J., M. Armin, and M. Esmailnia. 2013. Agrophysiological response of cotton to nitrogen sources and zinc amounts application under saline conditions. Journal of Crop Production Research. 4(3): 331-342. (In Persian).
Fathi, D., M.B. Sohrabi, and M. Kouchakzadeh. 2011. Evaluation of the effect of irrigation methods, various levels of water and nitrogen fertilizer on quality of cotton. Journal of Plant Production. 18(3): 1-15. (In Persian).
Fathi, Gh., S.A. Siadat, S. Sadeghzadeh hemayati, and M.E. Zamiri. 2001. Effect of plantingdate on yield and yield components of three cultivars of canola in Dezful. Abstracts of the Seventh Congress of Crop Science and Plant Breeding. Dezful. Iran. Pages 180-181. (In Persian).
Huang, J. Different sowing dates affected cotton yield and yield components. International Journal of Plant Production. 10(1): 63-84.
Hussain, S., M. Shaukat, M. Ashraf, C. Zhu, Q. Jin and J. Zhang. 2019. Salinity stress in arid and semi-arid climates: Effects and management in field crops. In: Climate change and agriculture. Intech Open.
Jafaraghaei, M., and A.H. Jalali. Evaluation of pattern and sowing date on the yield of cotton and cantaloupe in a mixed farming system. Iranian Journal of Cotton Researches. 1(1): 1-10. (In Persian).
Kalantar Ahmadi, S., A. Ebadi, and S. Siadat. 2015. Canola cultivars' response to sowing date in northern khouzestan conditions. Journal of Crop Production and Processing. 14(4): 123-132.
Khan, A., U. Najeeb, L. Wang, D.K.Y. Tan, G. Yang, F. Munsif, S. Ali, and A. Hafeez. 2017. Planting density and sowing date strongly influence growth and lint yield of cotton crops. Field Crops Research. 209: 129-135.
Koocheki, A., M.N. Mahallati, R. Moradi, and Y. Alizade. 2015. Evaluation of yield and nitrogen use efficiency of maize and cotton intercropping under different nitrogen levels. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 13(1): 1-13. (In Persian).
Lacerda, C.F.d., J.F.d.S. Ferreira, D.L. Suarez, E.D. Freitas, X. Liu, and A.d.A. Ribeiro. 2018. Evidence of nitrogen and potassium losses in soil columns cultivated with maize under salt stress. Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental. 22(8): 553-557.
Mehrabadi, H.R. 2017. Effect of different planting dates and methods on quantity and quality traits of varamin cotton cultivar. Journal of Crop Production and Processing. 7(2): 61-72. (In Persian).
Miri, , and H. Bagheri. 2013. Evaluation planting date on agronomical traits of canola (Brassica napus L.). International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences. 4: 601-603.
Nelson, D.W., and L. Sommers. 1973. Determination of total nitrogen in plant material Agronomy Journal. 65(1): 109-112.
O'Berry, N., J. Faircloth, K. Edmisten, G. Collins, A. Stewart, A. Abaye, D. Herbert Jr, and R. Haygood. 2008. Plant population and planting date effects on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) growth andyield. Journal of Cotton Science.12: 178-187.
Parsa Motlagh, B., P. Rezvani Moghaddam, R. Ghorbani, and Z. Azami Sardooei. 2016. The effect of sowing date and plant density on yield and yield components of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) under Jiroft climate conditions. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 14(4): 735-745. (In Persian).
Patil, B., and H. Chetan. 2018. Foliar fertilization of nutrients. Marumegh. 3(1): 49-53.
Pettigrew, W.T., and W.R. Meredith Jr. 2009. Seed quality and planting date effects on cottonlint yield, yield components, and fiber quality. Journal of Cotton Science. 13: 37–47.
Rezaei, H., S. Saadat, R. Mirkhani, and L. Ismailnejad. 2019. An overview of the state of nutrients in saline soils, 2nd International Salinity Conference, Yazd. IRAN. (In Persian).
Ribeiro, A.D.A., C.F. Lacerda, A.L. Rocha Neves, C.H.C.D. Sousa, R.D.S. Braz, A.C.D. Oliveira, J.M.G. Pereira, and J.F.D.S. Ferreira. 2020. Uses and losses of nitrogen by maize andcotton plants under salt stress. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science. 67: 1-14.
Rochester, I.J. 2011. Assessing internal crop nitrogen use efficiency in high-yielding irrigated cotton. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems. 90(1): 147-156.
Salih, R.F. 2019. Effect of sowing dates and varieties of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) on growth and yield parameters. Zanco Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences. 31(3): 64-70.
Sharif, I., S. Aleem, J. Farooq, M. Rizwan, A. Younas, G. Sarwar, and S.M. Chohan. 2019. Salinity stress in cotton: effects, mechanism of tolerance and its management strategies. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants. 25(4): 807-820.
Shenavaei Zare, M., M. Armin, and H. Marvi. 2020. Physiological responses of cotton to stressmoderator application on different planting date under saline conditions. Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions A: Science. 45(1): 11-25.
Shenker, M., A. Ben-Gal, and U. Shani. 2003. Sweet corn response to combined nitrogen and salinity environmental stresses. Plant and Soil. 256(1): 139-147.
Tari, D., and A. Rokhzadi. 2018. Effects of hydropriming and sowing date on seed cotton yield, lint and seed oil oftwo cotton cultivars. Journal of Crops Improvement. 20(1): 17-30. (In Persian).
Tewolde, H., and C.J. Fernandez. 2003. Fiber quality response of Pima cotton tonitrogen and phosphorus deficiency. Journal of Plant Nutrrition. 26: 223-235.
Tobe, A., S. Hokmalipour, B. Jafarzadeh, and M.H. Darbandi. 2013. Effect of sowing date on some phenological stages and oil contents in spring canola (Brassica napus) cultivars. Middle East Journal of Scientific Research. 13(9): 1202-1212.
Yousefi, A., M. Armin, and M. Jami Moeini. 2021. Effects of supplemental foliar-applied nitrogen on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) yield and nitrogen efficiency under saline conditions. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 44(20):3072-3082.
Zhang, D., W. Li, C. Xin, W. Tang, A.E. Eneji, and H. Dong. 2012. Lint yield and nitrogen use efficiency of field-grown cotton vary with soil salinity and nitrogen application rate. Field Crops Research. 138: 63-70.
