عکس العمل ریحان (Ocimum basilicum L) به نوع و مقدار کود آلی در کشت مخلوط با کنجد (Sesamum indicum L)

محورهای موضوعی : اکوفیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعی

آلاله متقیان ¹ , همت اله پیردشتی ² , محمدعلی بهمنیار ³ , بهاره متقیان ⁴

1 - دانشجوی دکتری فیزیولوژی گیاهی، دانشکده زراعی، دانشگاه ایلام، ایلام، ایران
2 - دانشیار، گروه زراعت، پژوهشکده ژنتیک و زیست فناوری کشاورزی طبرستان، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ساری، ایران
3 - دانشیار دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ساری، ایران
4 - کارشناس ارشد محیط زیست

تاریخ دریافت : 1393/10/23 تاریخ پذیرش : 1394/11/27 تاریخ انتشار : 1395/01/01

کلید واژه: نسبت برابری زمین, لجن فاضلاب, ضریب غالبیت,

چکیده مقاله :

به‎منظور ارزیابی کاربرد کودهای آلی بر عملکرد و شاخص‎های رقابتی ریحان (Ocimum basilicum L) در ترکیب های مختلف کشت مخلوط با کنجد (Sesamum indicum L)، آزمایشی به‎صورت کرت های خرد شده بر پایه طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در سال 1390 اجرا گردید. تیمار کودی شامل سطوح 20 و 40 تن در هکتار ورمی کمپوست و لجن فاضلاب تلفیق شده با 50 درصد کود شیمیایی مورد نیار خاک، تیمار فقط کود شیمیایی (100 کیلوگرم در هکتار اوره، سوپر فسفات تریپل و سولفات پتاسیم) و شاهد (عدم کاربرد کود) در کرت های اصلی و پنج نسبت کاشت شامل تک کشتی ریحان و کنجد، 75% + 25%، 50% + 50% و 25% + 75% ریحان + کنجد در کرت های فرعی قرار گرفتند. در این آزمایش ترکیب های کاشت 25% ریحان +75% کنجد و 50% ریحان + 50% کنجد تحت کاربرد 40 تن در هکتار لجن فاضلاب تلفیق شده از بیشترین عملکرد اقتصادی (بیش از 47/3097 کیلوگرم در هکتار) و نسبت برابری زمین (بیش از 24/1) برخوردار بودند. به علاوه، برآورد ضریب غالبیت دو گونه گیاهی بیان گر آن است که ریحان در ترکیب کاشت 25%ریحان + 75% کنجد و کنجد در ترکیب های کاشت 25% ریحان +75% کنجد و 50% ریحان + 50% کنجد تحت کاربرد کودهای آلی (به ترتیب در گستره ی عددی 0.12 تا 0.30 و 0.11 تا 0.57) به عنوان گونه غالب از توان رقابتی بالاتری برخوردار بودند.

چکیده انگلیسی:

To investigate the effect of organic fertilizer applications on yield and competition indices of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) in different combinations of intercropping with sesame (Sesamum indicum L.), an experiment was carried out in split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replicates in 2011. The main plots were six fertilizer treatments consisted of 20 and 40 Mg ha-1 of vermicompost and sewage sludge plus 50% recommended chemical fertilizer, chemical fertilizer alone (100 kg ha-1 of urea, triple super phosphate and potassium sulfate) and control (no fertilizer application). Subplots were different planting ratios (sole cropping of basil and sesame, 75% + 25%, 50% + 50 %, 25% + 75% of basil+sesame). In this experiment, the 25% basil+75% sesame and 50% basil + 50%sesame under40 Mg. ha-1 of enriched sewage sludge application had the highest economical yield (up to 3097.47 kg ha-1) with a land equivalent ratio (up to 1.24). According to the aggressivity coefficient estimates of two plant species basil incombination of 25% basil + 75% sesame and sesame in 50% basil + 50% sesame and 75% basil + 25% sesame under organic fertilizer application would be dominant species competitave in ranges of 0.12 to 0.30 and 0.11 to 0.57, respectively.  

منابع و مأخذ:

Agegnehu, G., A. Ghizam, and W. Sinebo. 2006. Yield performance and land-use efficiency of barley and faba bean mixed cropping in Ethiopian highlands. European Journal of Agronomy. 25: 202-207.
Alizadeh, Y., A. Koocheki, and M. Nassiri Mahallati. 2010. Evaluation of radiation use efficiency of intercropping of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and herb sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Journal of Agroecology. 2(1): 94-104. (In Persian)
Avis, T.J., V. Gravel, H. Antoun, and J. Tweddell. 2008. Multifaceted beneficial effects of rhizosphere microorganisms on plant health and productivity. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 40(7): 1733-1740.
Ayoola, O., and E.A. Mainde. 2007. Fertilizer treatment performance of cassava under two planting pattern in a cassava-based cropping system. Journal of Research Agriculture and Biological Sciences. 3(1): 13-20.
Banik, P., A. Midya, B.K. Sarkar, and S.S. Ghose. 2006. Wheat and chickpea intercropping systems in an additive series experiment: advantages and weed smothering. European Journal of Agronomy. 24: 325-332.
De Wit, C.T., and J.P. Vanden Bergh. 1965. Competition between herbage plants. Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science. 13: 212-221.
Dhima, K.V., A.A. Lithourgidis, I.B. Vasilakoglou, and C.A. Dordas. 2007. Competition indices of common vetch and cereal intercropping in two seeding ratio. Field Crops Research. 100: 249-256.
EL-Desuki, M., M.M. Hafez, R.M. Asmaa, F.S. Abd El-AI. 2010. Effect of organic and biofertilizers on the plant growth, green pod yield, quality of pea. Journal of American Sciences. 2 (1): 87-92.
Eslami Khalili, F., H. Pirdashti, A. Motaghian. 2011. Evaluation of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and faba bean (Vicia faba L.) yield in different density and mixture intercropping via competition indices. Journal of Agroecology. 94-105. (In Persian)
Fernandez, J.O., C. Plaza, J.C. Garia-Gil, and A. Polp. 2009. Biochemical properties and barley yield in a semiarid Mediterranean soil amended with two kinds of sewage sludge. Applied Soil Ecology. 42: 18-24.
Geren, H., R. Avcioglu, H. Soya, and B. Kir. 2008. Intercropping of corn with cowpea and bean: biomass yieldand silage quality. African Journal of Biotechnology. 7 (22): 4100-4104.
Iovieno, P., L. Morra, A., Leone, L. Pagano, A. Alfani. 2009. Effect of organic and mineral fertilizers on soil respiration and enzyme activities of two Mediterranean horticultural soils. Biology and Fertility of Soils. 45: 555-561. 
Jayasinghea, G.Y., Y. Tokashikib, I.D.L. Arachchib, and M. Arakakic. 2010. Sewage sludge sugarcane trash based compost and synthetic aggregates as peat substitutes in containerized media for crop production. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 174: 700-706.
Komilis. D.P., and I.S.A. Tziouvaras. 2009. Statistical analysis to assess the maturity and stability of six composts waste management. Waste Management. 29: 1504-1513.
Malakooti, M. 1996. Sustainable Agriculture and Increasing Yield with Optimization of Fertilizer Application in Iran. Agricultural Education Press. 379 pp. (In Persian)
Mousavi, M., M.A. Bahmanyar, and H. Pirdashti. 2011. The response of rice plant to perennial application of vermicompost alone and plus with different chemical fertilizer. Electronic Journal of Crop Production. 5(2): 19-35. (In Persian)
Odo, P.E. 1991. Evaluation of short and tall sorghum varieties in mixtures with cowpea in the Sudan savanna of Nigeria: land equivalent ratio, grain yield and system productivity index. Experimental Agriculture. 27: 435-441.
Pouramir, F., A. Koocheki, S.A. Nassiri Mahallati, and R. Ghorbani. 2010. Evaluation yield and components yield of sesame and pea in replacement series of intercropping. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 8(5): 757-767. (In Persian)
SAS Institute. 2004. SAS User’s Guide: Statistics, Version 9.1. SAS Institute Inc., Cary. NC, USA.
Singh, R. P. and M. Agrawal. 2010. Effect of different sewage sludge application on growth and yield of Vigna radiate (L.) field crop: Metal uptake by plant. Ecological Engineering. 36: 969-972.
Suthar, S. 2009. Vermicomposting of vegetable market solid waste using Eisenia foetida: Impact of bulking material on earthworm growth and decomposition rate. Ecological Engineering. 35: 914-920.
Thorsted, M.D., J.E. Olesen, and J. Weiner. 2006. Width of clover strips and wheat rows influence grain yield in winter wheat/white clover intercropping. Field Crops Research. 95: 280-290.
Warman, P.R., and W.C. Termeer. 2005. Evaluation of sewage sludge, septic waste and sludge compost applications to corn and forage: Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn and B content of crops and soils. Bioresource and Technology. 96: 1029-1038.
Yilmaz, S., M. Atak, and M. Erayman. 2008. Identification of advantages of maize-legume intercropping over solitary cropping through competition indices in the East Mediterranean region. Turkish Journal of Agricultural and Forestry. 32: 111-119.
Zhang, G., Z. Yang, S. Dong. 2011. Interspecific competitiveness affects the total biomass yield in an alfalfa and corn intercropping system. Field Crops Research. 124: 66-73.

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Agegnehu, G., A. Ghizam, and W. Sinebo. 2006. Yield performance and land-use efficiency of barley and faba bean mixed cropping in Ethiopian highlands. European Journal of Agronomy. 25: 202-207.
Alizadeh, Y., A. Koocheki, and M. Nassiri Mahallati. 2010. Evaluation of radiation use efficiency of intercropping of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and herb sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Journal of Agroecology. 2(1): 94-104. (In Persian)
Avis, T.J., V. Gravel, H. Antoun, and J. Tweddell. 2008. Multifaceted beneficial effects of rhizosphere microorganisms on plant health and productivity. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 40(7): 1733-1740.
Ayoola, O., and E.A. Mainde. 2007. Fertilizer treatment performance of cassava under two planting pattern in a cassava-based cropping system. Journal of Research Agriculture and Biological Sciences. 3(1): 13-20.
Banik, P., A. Midya, B.K. Sarkar, and S.S. Ghose. 2006. Wheat and chickpea intercropping systems in an additive series experiment: advantages and weed smothering. European Journal of Agronomy. 24: 325-332.
De Wit, C.T., and J.P. Vanden Bergh. 1965. Competition between herbage plants. Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science. 13: 212-221.
Dhima, K.V., A.A. Lithourgidis, I.B. Vasilakoglou, and C.A. Dordas. 2007. Competition indices of common vetch and cereal intercropping in two seeding ratio. Field Crops Research. 100: 249-256.
EL-Desuki, M., M.M. Hafez, R.M. Asmaa, F.S. Abd El-AI. 2010. Effect of organic and biofertilizers on the plant growth, green pod yield, quality of pea. Journal of American Sciences. 2 (1): 87-92.
Eslami Khalili, F., H. Pirdashti, A. Motaghian. 2011. Evaluation of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and faba bean (Vicia faba L.) yield in different density and mixture intercropping via competition indices. Journal of Agroecology. 94-105. (In Persian)
Fernandez, J.O., C. Plaza, J.C. Garia-Gil, and A. Polp. 2009. Biochemical properties and barley yield in a semiarid Mediterranean soil amended with two kinds of sewage sludge. Applied Soil Ecology. 42: 18-24.
Geren, H., R. Avcioglu, H. Soya, and B. Kir. 2008. Intercropping of corn with cowpea and bean: biomass yieldand silage quality. African Journal of Biotechnology. 7 (22): 4100-4104.
Iovieno, P., L. Morra, A., Leone, L. Pagano, A. Alfani. 2009. Effect of organic and mineral fertilizers on soil respiration and enzyme activities of two Mediterranean horticultural soils. Biology and Fertility of Soils. 45: 555-561. 
Jayasinghea, G.Y., Y. Tokashikib, I.D.L. Arachchib, and M. Arakakic. 2010. Sewage sludge sugarcane trash based compost and synthetic aggregates as peat substitutes in containerized media for crop production. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 174: 700-706.
Komilis. D.P., and I.S.A. Tziouvaras. 2009. Statistical analysis to assess the maturity and stability of six composts waste management. Waste Management. 29: 1504-1513.
Malakooti, M. 1996. Sustainable Agriculture and Increasing Yield with Optimization of Fertilizer Application in Iran. Agricultural Education Press. 379 pp. (In Persian)
Mousavi, M., M.A. Bahmanyar, and H. Pirdashti. 2011. The response of rice plant to perennial application of vermicompost alone and plus with different chemical fertilizer. Electronic Journal of Crop Production. 5(2): 19-35. (In Persian)
Odo, P.E. 1991. Evaluation of short and tall sorghum varieties in mixtures with cowpea in the Sudan savanna of Nigeria: land equivalent ratio, grain yield and system productivity index. Experimental Agriculture. 27: 435-441.
Pouramir, F., A. Koocheki, S.A. Nassiri Mahallati, and R. Ghorbani. 2010. Evaluation yield and components yield of sesame and pea in replacement series of intercropping. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 8(5): 757-767. (In Persian)
SAS Institute. 2004. SAS User’s Guide: Statistics, Version 9.1. SAS Institute Inc., Cary. NC, USA.
Singh, R. P. and M. Agrawal. 2010. Effect of different sewage sludge application on growth and yield of Vigna radiate (L.) field crop: Metal uptake by plant. Ecological Engineering. 36: 969-972.
Suthar, S. 2009. Vermicomposting of vegetable market solid waste using Eisenia foetida: Impact of bulking material on earthworm growth and decomposition rate. Ecological Engineering. 35: 914-920.
Thorsted, M.D., J.E. Olesen, and J. Weiner. 2006. Width of clover strips and wheat rows influence grain yield in winter wheat/white clover intercropping. Field Crops Research. 95: 280-290.
Warman, P.R., and W.C. Termeer. 2005. Evaluation of sewage sludge, septic waste and sludge compost applications to corn and forage: Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn and B content of crops and soils. Bioresource and Technology. 96: 1029-1038.
Yilmaz, S., M. Atak, and M. Erayman. 2008. Identification of advantages of maize-legume intercropping over solitary cropping through competition indices in the East Mediterranean region. Turkish Journal of Agricultural and Forestry. 32: 111-119.
Zhang, G., Z. Yang, S. Dong. 2011. Interspecific competitiveness affects the total biomass yield in an alfalfa and corn intercropping system. Field Crops Research. 124: 66-73.