اثربخشی آموزش مهارت حل‌مسئله به روش شناختی- اجتماعی بر مسئولیت‌‌پذیری، سازگاری اجتماعی و خودتوانمندسازی اجتماعی دانش‌آموزان دختر مقطع متوسطه

محورهای موضوعی : زن و خانواده

نیر دشتی ¹ (دانشجوی دکترای گروه روانشناسی تربیتی، واحد تبریز، دانشگاه آزاداسلامی، تبریز، ایران)
امیر پناه علی ² (استادیارگروه روانشناسی، واحد تبریز، دانشگاه آزاداسلامی، تبریز، ایران (نویسنده مسئول) [e-mail])
معصومه آزموده ³ (استادیارگروه روانشناسی، واحد تبریز، دانشگاه آزاداسلامی، تبریز، ایران)

تاریخ دریافت : 1399/11/19 تاریخ پذیرش : 1400/05/31 تاریخ انتشار : 1401/06/01

کلید واژه: سازگاری اجتماعی, آموزش حل‌مسئله, vروش شناختی- اجتماعی, مسئولیت‌‌پذیری, خود‌توانمندسازی اجتماعی,

چکیده مقاله :

هدف از پژوهش حاضر تعیین اثربخشی آموزش مهارت‌های حل‌مسئله به روش شناختی اجتماعی بر مسئولیت‌‌پذیری، سازگاری اجتماعی و خودتوانمندسازی اجتماعی دانش‌آموزان دختر مقطع متوسطه شهر تبریز بود. این پژوهش یک مطالعه نیمه‌آزمایشی، از نوع پیش آزمون و پس آزمون با گـروه گواه بود. جامعه مورد مطالعه شامل دانش‌آموزان دختر مقطع متوسطه (دوره دوم) شهرستان تبریز در سال تحصیلی97-1396 بود. با توجه به مداخله‌ای بودن پژوهش و اهمیت رضایت شرکت کنندگان، برای انتخاب نمونه آماری از روش نمونه گیری تصادفی خوشه ای چندمرحله ای استفاده شد. ابتدا از میان نواحی آموزش وپرورش شهر تبریز، بطور تصادفی ناحیه پنج انتخاب شد، سپس از میان مدارس دخترانه متوسطه دوره دوم آن ناحیه، یک مدرسه به طور تصادفی انتخاب و از بین دانش آموزان مدرسه، به طور تصادفی، 60 دانش‌آموزان از کلاس‌های پایه سوم به عنوان نمونه انتخاب شدند و در دو گروه آزمـایش (30‌نفر) و گواه (30‌‌نفر) جایدهی شدند. پرسشنامه های روانشناختی کالیفرنیا، سازگاری اجتماعی سینهاوسینگ و خود توانمندسازی اجتماعی فلنر به عنوان پیش‌آزمون بر روی هر دو گروه اجرا شد. سپس گروه آزمایش طی مدت ده جلسه تحت آموزش مهارت حل‌مسئله قرار گرفتند. در نهایت همان مقیاس‌ها به عنوان پس‌آزمون بر روی هر دو گروه اجرا شد، در حالی‌که گروه گواه هیچ آموزشی دریافت نکردند. نتایج پژوهش با استفاده از تحلیل کوواریانس تک‌متغیره نشان داد که میزان نمرات مسئولیت‌‌پذیری، سازگاری اجتماعی و خود توانمندسازی اجتماعی دانش‌آموزانی که آموزش مهارت حل‌مسئله دریافت کرده اند بیشتر از میزان نمرات دانش‌آموزانی که آموزش مهارت حل‌مسئله دریافت نکرده اند (05/0P<). آموزش مهارت حل‌مسئله کارایی بالایی در افزایش مسئولیت‌‌پذیری، سازگاری اجتماعی و خود توانمندسازی اجتماعی دانش‌آموزان دارد.

چکیده انگلیسی:

The aim of present research is to study the effectiveness of training problem solving skills on Responsibility, Social Adjustment and Social Self- Of secondar high school female students. In this quasi-experimental research with pre-test, post-test design and control group, the statistical population includes female second-year high school students in Tabriz studying in academic year 2017-18. The method utilized is multi-stage random sampling method consisting of 60 female second-year high school students in Tabriz from which 30 students Were placed in the experimental group and other 30 students in the control group in experimental and 30 students in control group. In order to Collect data and attain the intended results, intervention-education program of problem solving skills, California phychological inventory, Self–Empowerment questionnaire of Felner and Social Adjustment of sinha & sing were utilized and results were analyzed statistically. Findings were analyzed by univariate covariance analysis. The findings showed that there was a positive positive relation between training problem solving skills Responsibility, Social Adjustment and Social Self-Empowerment. Generally, we may conclude that training problem solving skills influence Responsibility, Social Adjustment and Social Self-Empowerment

منابع و مأخذ:

بیرامی، منصور؛ هاشمی نصرت آباد، تورج؛ بدری گرگری، رحیم.(1395). اثربخشی آموزش کفایت اجتماعی مبتنی بر مدل فلنر بر سازگاری اجتماعی دانش‌آموزان قربانی قلدری با توجه به نوع جهت گیری اهداف اجتماعی. فصلنامه مطالعات روانشناسی بالینی، 6(23).

توسلی، غلام عباس.( 1382). نظریه های جامعه شناسی. انتشارات سمت.

حسین خانزاده، عباسعلی؛ رهبرکرباسدهی، فاطمه؛ رهبرکرباسدهی، ابراهیم. (1396). تاثیر آموزش مهارت‌های اجتماعی بر خودتوانمندسازی اجتماعی و ناگویی هیجانی دانش‌آموزان با ناتوانی های یادگیری ویژه. تعلیم و تربیت استثنایی. سال هفدهم، شماره 2 (پیاپی45).

ساکى، رضا. (1388). سوادپژوهشىمعلم، تهران، نشر دانش آفرین.

سهیلی، هرمز.(1387). بررسی رابطه خودشکوفایی با مسئولیت‌‌پذیری، جایگاه مهار و خلاقیت در بین دانشجویان. پایان نامه کارشناسی ارشد دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی اهواز.

سینها، ای کی پی. سینک، آر پی. (1380). راهنمای پرسشنامه سازگاری دانش‌آموزان دبیرستانی. ترجمه ابوالفضل کرمی. تهران، موسسه روان تجهیز سینا.

شکوهی یکتا، محسن؛ زمانی، نرگس. (1391). کاربرد آموزش برنامه حل مسئله بین فردی در کاهش رفتارهای مشکل‌ساز دانش‌آموزان دیرآموز: مطالعه تک آزمودنی. مجله روشها و مدلهای روانشناختی، 8، 55- 71.

شکوهی یکتا، محسن؛ سالم، صدیقه؛ به‌پژوه، احمد؛ رستمی، رضا؛ پرند، اکرم. ( 1389 ). تأثیر آموزش مهارت حل‌مسئله بر میزان مهارت های اجتماعی کودکان با اختلال نارسایی توجه/ بیش فعالی. مجله روان شناسی و علوم تربیتی، 3: 37-50 .

طالبی، ابوتراب؛ خوشبین، یوسف. (1391). مسئولیت‌پذیری اجتماعی جوانان. فصلنامه علوم اجتماعی، شماره 59.

رفیع پور، ابوالفضل؛ رضوانی، محمد علی؛ پاکزاد مقدم، سید محمد. (1394). بررسی تعامل اعمال شناختی و فراشناختی دانش آموزان سال سوم ریاضی در حین حل مسئله ریاضی. دولتی - وزارت علوم، تحقیقات، و فناوری - دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان - دانشکده ریاضی و کامپیوتر.

غریبی، حسن. (1396). اثربخشی آموزش مهارت حل مسئله بر مسؤولیت پذیری دانش‌آموزان پسر سال سوم متوسطه دوره اول. پژوهشهای برنامه ی درسی مجله ی علمی پژوهشی انجمن مطالعات برنامه ی درسی ایران. دوره ی هفتم. شماره ی دوم. ص ص 67-87.

مارنات، گری گراث. (1378). راهنمایسنجشروانی. (جلد دوم، چاپ سوم). ترجمه حسن پاشا شریفی و محمدرضا نیکخو . تهران : رشد (تاریخ انتشار اثر به زبان اصلی،1997).

مک موران، م؛ مک گوائر، ج. (2005). حلمسئلهاجتماعیوارتکابجرمرویکردهایدرمانیجدیدبهبزهکاری، ترجمه زینب خانجانی و عبدالله فیروزیان 1391. تهران:  انتشارات روشنک.

مهدوی، عابد؛ گلستانی، علیرضا؛ آقائی، مریم؛ همتی راد، گیتی؛ حاج حسینی، منصوره. (1398). اثربخشی آموزش مهارت حل مسئله بر افزایش سازگاری اجتماعی و راهبردهای خودتنظیمی کودکان طلاق. مجله مطالعات روانشناسی تربیتی، 16(33)، 157-170.

نویدی، احد. (1384). ارزشیابی اجرای آزمایشی طرح تاسیس مجتمع های آموزشی – تربیتی کشور(طرح پژوهشی). تهران، پژوهشکده تعلیم و تربیت.

هاشم نیا، شهرام؛ علیپور، وحیده؛ طاهری، سیده معصومه. (1397). اثربخشی آموزش مهارت‌های حل‌مسئله بر تفکر انتقادی و مسئولیت‌‌پذیری دانش‌آموزان مقطع متوسطه دوره دوم شهر چهارباغ. ششمین همایش علمی پژوهشی علوم تربیتی وروانشناسی، آسیب های اجتماعی و فرهنگی ایران.

Abdulmalik, J., Ani, C., Ajuwon, A. J., & Omigbodun, O. (2016). Effects of problem‑solving interventions on aggressive behaviours among primary school pupils in Ibadan, Nigeria. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 10, Article 31.

Adan, A.M., Felner, R.D. (2001). The school translational environment project: an ecological intervention and evaluation. 14 ounces of prevention: a case-book for practitioner, 111-122: Washington DC: American Psychologycal Association.

Andrea, S., Griffin,S, A., Guez, D. (2014) Innovation and problem solving: A review of common mechanisms, Behavioural Processes, 109, Part B, 121–134.

Bauer, N. S., & Webster-Stratton, C. (2006). Prevention of behavioral disorders in primary care. Current opinion in pediatrics, 18(6), 654-660.

Bauminger, N., Edelsztein, HS., Morash, J. ( 2005). Social information processing and emotional understanding in children with LD. Journal of learning disabilities. 38(1), 45-61.

Barry, MM., Clarke, AM., Jenkins, R., Patel, V. (2013). A systematic review of the effectiveness of mental health promotion interventions for young people in low and middle income countries. BMC public health, 13(1), 1-19.

Beiranvand, Z., Seif naraghi, M., Poshneh, K. (2014). Intervention effectiveness theory of mind and social skills on social competence children with autism. Psychology of exceptional individuals, 4(15), 37-56.

Bierman, KL. (2008). Promoting academic and social-emotional school readiness: The Head Start REDI program. Child development, 79(6), 1802-1817.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2014). Morbidity and mortality week report – youth risk behaviour surveillance. Retrieved from http: // dx. Doi . org / 10. 1016/J.Jcbs.

Choo, S.A., Nag, R., Xia, Y. (2015). The role of executive problem solving in knowledge accumulation and manufacturing improvements, Journal of Operations Management, 36, 63-74.

Choon-Huat Koh, G., Eng Khoo, H., Wong, ML., Koh, D. (2008). The effects of problem-based learning during medical school on physician competency: A systematic review. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 178(1): 34-41.

Cote, D., Pierce, T., Higgins, K., Miller, S., Tandy, R., & Sparks, S. (2010). Increasing skill performances of problem solving in students with Intellectual disabilities. Education and Training in Autism and Developmental Disabilities, 45(4), 512-524.

Cote, D. (2011). Implementing a Problem-Solving Intervention with Students With Mild to Moderate Disabilities. Intervention in School and Clinic, 5, 259.265.

Dreer, E., Elliot, R., Fletcher, C., Swanson, M. (2005). Social problem solving abilities and psychological adjustment of persons in low vision rehabilation. Rehabilation psychology, 89(3), 232-238.

Dzurilla, T. J., Nezu, A. (1999). Problem-solving therapy. A social competence approach to clinical intervention (2nd.ed). New York: spring.

Dzurilla,TH., Nezu,A.M. (2002). development and preliminary evaluation of the social problem solving inventory. A journal of counsulting and clinical psychology, 2(2),156-163.

Felner ,R.D., Lease .A .M., Philips ,R.C. (1990). Social competence and the language of adequacy matter for psychology: A Quadripartite Travel Framework. In T. P. Gullotta. G. R. Adams, & R Montemayor (Eds), the Development of Social Competence (254-264). Beverly -Hills: Sage. Learning disabilities: A qualitative analysis of a 20-year longitudinal study. Learn. Disable. Res. Pract, 18, 222–236.

Hirsch, K. J., Chang, E. C., Jeglic, E.C. (2012). Social Problem- solving and suicidal behavior Ethnic: differences in the moderating effects of loneliness and life stress. Archives of Suicide research, 16(4), 303-315.

Jobe-Shields, F. (2015). Parent–Child Automaticity: Links to Child Coping and Behavior and Engagement in Parent Training. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(7), 2060-2069.

Kazemi, R., Kiamarsi, A., Momeni, S. (2011). The Effectiveness of life skills training on the social competence of students with dyscalculia. Learning Disabilities, 1(1), 94-108.

Kwok, S. Y., Yeung, J. W., Low, A. Y., Lo, H. H., Tam, C. H. (2015). The roles of emotional competence and social problem-solving in the relationship between physical abuse and adolescent suicidal ideation in China. Child abuse & neglect, 44, 117-129.

Mergler, A. S. (2007). Relationships between personal responsibility,emotional intelligence and self steem in adolescents and young adults .The Australian Educational and Developmental Psychologist , 24(1), 5-18.

Mitchell, S., Foulger, T. S., Wetzel, K., Rathkey, C. (2009). The negotiated project approach: Project-based learning without leaving the standards behind. Early Childhood Education Journal. 36(4), 339-346.

Morton, JA.( 2005). A study to determine the influence of teaching problem solving Tools to educationally at-risk high school students. Dissertation Abstracts International Section. A: Humanities and social sciences, 66 (4): 1266.

Momeni S, Barak M, Kazemi R, Abolghasemi A, Babaei M, Ezati F.(2012). Study of the effectiveness of social skills training on social and emotional competence among students with mathematics learning disorder. Creative Education, 3(8), 1307-1310.

Mynors- Wallis L. (2001). Problem - solving treatment in general psychiatric practice, Advances in psychiatric Treatment; 7(6): 417- 425.

Pasha, G., Goodarzian, M. (2009). The Relationship between Identity Styles and Ethical Growth with Responsibility in Students. Journal of New Findings in Psychology, 2(8), 87-99.

Pirayesh, M. (2016). The relationship between accountability and self-efficacy with school compatibility among high school students. Master's Thesis. Islamic Azad University of Tonekabon Branch.

Polya, G. (2004). How to solve it: A new aspect of mathematical method (Vol 85). Princeton university press.

Potter, P., Perty, A. (2010). Basiic nursing: theory and practics.3th ed.philadelphia.

Rotenberg, K. J., Michalik, N., Eisenberg, N., Betts, L. R. (2009).The relations among young childrens peer-reported trustworthiness, inhibitory control, and preschool adjustment. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 3, 288-298.

Saghei, M. H., Rajai, A. (2008). Relationship between adolescents perception of family function and their adaptation. Journal of Thought and Behavior, 3(10), 71-83.

Schoenfeld, A. H. (2014). Mathematical problem solving. Elsevier.

Scott, S. (2005). Parent training. Psychiatry, 4(9), 126-128.

Shaffer, D., Kipp, K. (2013). Developmental psychology. Childhood and adolescence: Cengage Learning, 123-128.

Shure, M. B., Spivack, G. (1988). Interpersonal cognitive problem solving.

Smeit, J. G., Rote, W. M. (2015). What do mothers want to know about teens' activities? Levels, trajectories and correlates. Journal of Adolescence, 38, 5-15.

Tarhan, L., Acar, B. (2007). Problem based learning in an eleventh grade chemistry class: factors affecting cell potential. Research in Science and Techological Education, 25(3), 351-369.

Töremen, F. (2011). The responsibility education of teacher candidates. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 11(1), 273-277.

Torp, L., Sage, S. (2002). Problems as possibilities: Problem-based learning for K-16 education (2nd ed). Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.

Westling, E., Andrews, J.A., Peterson, M. (2012). Gender differences in pubertal timing, social competence, and cigarette use: A test of the early maturation hypothesis. Journal of Adolescent Health, 51(2), 150-155.

Yeşil, R. (2013). School learning responsibility scales validity and reliability study (For Primary School Students). Mevlana International Journal of Education (MIJE), 3(4),1-14.

Zimmerman‚ M. A. (1990). Toward a theory of learned hopefulness a structural model analysis of participation and empowerment. journal of research in personality‚ 24‚ 21-86.

Abdulmalik, J., Ani, C., Ajuwon, A. J., & Omigbodun, O. (2016). Effects of problem‑solving interventions on aggressive behaviours among primary school pupils in Ibadan, Nigeria. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 10, Article 31.

Adan, A.M., Felner, R.D. (2001). The school translational environment project: an ecological intervention and evaluation. 14 ounces of prevention: a case-book for practitioner, 111-122: Washington DC: American Psychologycal Association.

Andrea, S., Griffin,S, A., Guez, D. (2014) Innovation and problem solving: A review of common mechanisms, Behavioural Processes, 109, Part B, 121–134.

Bauer, N. S., & Webster-Stratton, C. (2006). Prevention of behavioral disorders in primary care. Current opinion in pediatrics, 18(6), 654-660.

Bauminger, N., Edelsztein, HS., Morash, J. ( 2005). Social information processing and emotional understanding in children with LD. Journal of learning disabilities. 38(1), 45-61.

Barry, MM., Clarke, AM., Jenkins, R., Patel, V. (2013). A systematic review of the effectiveness of mental health promotion interventions for young people in low and middle income countries. BMC public health, 13(1), 1-19.

Bayrami, M., Hashemi Nosratabad, T., Badri Gargari, R., Dabiri, S. (2016). The Effectiveness of Social Competence Training based on Felner Model on Social Adjustment of Students Being Bullying Victims, with Regards to the Type of Social Goal Orientation. Clinical Psychology Studies, 6(23), 1-24.

Beiranvand, Z., Seif naraghi, M., Poshneh, K. (2014). Intervention effectiveness theory of mind and social skills on social competence children with autism. Psychology of exceptional individuals, 4(15), 37-56.

Bierman, KL. (2008). Promoting academic and social-emotional school readiness: The Head Start REDI program. Child development, 79(6), 1802-1817.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2014). Morbidity and mortality week report – youth risk behaviour surveillance. Retrieved from http: // dx. Doi . org / 10. 1016/J.Jcbs.

Choo, S.A., Nag, R., Xia, Y. (2015). The role of executive problem solving in knowledge accumulation and manufacturing improvements, Journal of Operations Management, 36, 63-74.

Choon-Huat Koh, G., Eng Khoo, H., Wong, ML., Koh, D. (2008). The effects of problem-based learning during medical school on physician competency: A systematic review. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 178(1): 34-41.

Cote, D., Pierce, T., Higgins, K., Miller, S., Tandy, R., & Sparks, S. (2010). Increasing skill performances of problem solving in students with Intellectual disabilities. Education and Training in Autism and Developmental Disabilities, 45(4), 512-524.

Cote, D. (2011). Implementing a Problem-Solving Intervention with Students With Mild to Moderate Disabilities. Intervention in School and Clinic, 5, 259.265.

Dreer, E., Elliot, R., Fletcher, C., Swanson, M. (2005). Social problem solving abilities and psychological adjustment of persons in low vision rehabilation. Rehabilation psychology, 89(3), 232-238.

Dzurilla, T. J., Nezu, A. (1999). Problem-solving therapy. A social competence approach to clinical intervention (2nd.ed). New York: spring.

Dzurilla,TH., Nezu,A.M. (2002). development and preliminary evaluation of the social problem solving inventory. A journal of counsulting and clinical psychology, 2(2),156-163.

Felner ,R.D., Lease .A .M., Philips ,R.C. (1990). Social competence and the language of adequacy matter for psychology: A Quadripartite Travel Framework. In T. P. Gullotta. G. R. Adams, & R Montemayor (Eds), the Development of Social Competence (254-264). Beverly -Hills: Sage. Learning disabilities: A qualitative analysis of a 20-year longitudinal study. Learn. Disable. Res. Pract, 18, 222–236.

Gharibi, H. (2018). The Effect of Problem Solving Training on Student’s Responsibility in the Third Grade of the First Period of Male Secondary Schools. Journal of Curriculum Research, 7(2), 67-87.

Hirsch, K. J., Chang, E. C., Jeglic, E.C. (2012). Social Problem- solving and suicidal behavior Ethnic: differences in the moderating effects of loneliness and life stress. Archives of Suicide research, 16(4), 303-315.

Jobe-Shields, F. (2015). Parent–Child Automaticity: Links to Child Coping and Behavior and Engagement in Parent Training. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(7), 2060-2069.

Kazemi, R., Kiamarsi, A., Momeni, S. (2011). The Effectiveness of life skills training on the social competence of students with dyscalculia. Learning Disabilities, 1(1), 94-108.

Kwok, S. Y., Yeung, J. W., Low, A. Y., Lo, H. H., Tam, C. H. (2015). The roles of emotional competence and social problem-solving in the relationship between physical abuse and adolescent suicidal ideation in China. Child abuse & neglect, 44, 117-129.

Mahdavi, A., golestani, A., aghaie, M., hemati rad, G., haj hosseini, M., gholamali lavasani, M., sepeher yegane, S., ghorbaninia, F. (2019). The Effectiveness of Problem-Solving Skills Training on Increasing Social Adjustment and Regulatory Self Strategies in Children of Divorce. Journal of Educational Psychology Studies, 16(33), 157-170.

Marnat, G. (2009). Handbook of psychological assessment. John Wiley & Sons. Sharifi Pasha - Nikkho Mohammad (Persian translator).Sokhan Publications.

 Mc Muran, M., McGuire, J .(2005).  Social problem solving and crime New approaches to delinquency. (Persian translator).  Khanjani, Z.,  Firoozian, A. (1391). Arjomand Publisher.

Mergler, A. S. (2007). Relationships between personal responsibility,emotional intelligence and self steem in adolescents and young adults .The Australian Educational and Developmental Psychologist , 24(1), 5-18.

Mitchell, S., Foulger, T. S., Wetzel, K., Rathkey, C. (2009). The negotiated project approach: Project-based learning without leaving the standards behind. Early Childhood Education Journal. 36(4), 339-346.

Morton, JA.( 2005). A study to determine the influence of teaching problem solving Tools to educationally at-risk high school students. Dissertation Abstracts International Section. A: Humanities and social sciences, 66 (4): 1266.

Momeni S, Barak M, Kazemi R, Abolghasemi A, Babaei M, Ezati F.(2012). Study of the effectiveness of social skills training on social and emotional competence among students with mathematics learning disorder. Creative Education, 3(8), 1307-1310.

Mousavi S R. (1998) Ten year study of Femoropopliteal anastomosis in Shohadaie Tajrish Hospital, 1987-96 . Feyz; 2 (3): 29-33.

Mynors- Wallis L. (2001). Problem - solving treatment in general psychiatric practice, Advances in psychiatric Treatment; 7(6): 417- 425.

Navidi, A. (2009). Evaluation of the experimental implementation of educational complexes project in Iran. The Journal of New Thoughts on Education, 5(2), 25-54.

Pasha, G., Goodarzian, M. (2009). The Relationship between Identity Styles and Ethical Growth with Responsibility in Students. Journal of New Findings in Psychology, 2(8), 87-99.

Pirayesh, M. (2016). The relationship between accountability and self-efficacy with school compatibility among high school students. Master's Thesis. Islamic Azad University of Tonekabon Branch.

Polya, G. (2004). How to solve it: A new aspect of mathematical method (Vol 85). Princeton university press.

Potter, P., Perty, A. (2010). Basiic nursing: theory and practics.3th ed.philadelphia.

Rahbar Karbasdehi F, Hosseinkhanzadeh A, Rahbar Karbasdehi E. (2017).  Effect of Social Skills Training on Social Self- Empowerment and Alexithymia in Students with Specific Learning . J Except Educ. 2 (145) :5-12.

Rotenberg, K. J., Michalik, N., Eisenberg, N., Betts, L. R. (2009).The relations among young childrens peer-reported trustworthiness, inhibitory control, and preschool adjustment. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 3, 288-298.

Saghei, M. H., Rajai, A. (2008). Relationship between adolescents perception of family function and their adaptation. Journal of Thought and Behavior, 3(10), 71-83.

Saki,R.(2009).Teacher research literacy, Tehran, Danesh Afarin Publishing.

Schoenfeld, A. H. (2014). Mathematical problem solving. Elsevier.

Scott, S. (2005). Parent training. Psychiatry, 4(9), 126-128.

Shaffer, D., Kipp, K. (2013). Developmental psychology. Childhood and adolescence: Cengage Learning, 123-128.

Shokohi Yekta, M., Parand, A., Shahaeian, A., Akbari, S. (2012). Effects of teaching problem solving on parenting style and aggressive behavior towards children. , 2(6), 45-56.

Shokohi Yekta, M., Sedigheh Salem, M., Beh Pazho, A., Rostami, R. (2010). The Effects of Teaching Problem Solving on Social Skills of Children with ADHD. Journal of Psychology & Education 40, no. 3  : 50-37.

Shure, M. B., Spivack, G. (1988). Interpersonal cognitive problem solving.

Sinha, e, ki. B. and Singh, R.. B. (1993). High school students' adjustment questionnaire guide. Translated by Abolfazl Karami (1377). Tehran: Sina Psychiatric Institute.

Smeit, J. G., Rote, W. M. (2015). What do mothers want to know about teens' activities? Levels, trajectories and correlates. Journal of Adolescence, 38, 5-15.

Soheili, H.(2008).Investigating the relationship between self-fulfillment and responsibility, the position of restraint and creativity among students. Master thesis of Islamic Azad University of Ahvaz.

Talebi, A., Khoshbin, Y. (2013). Social responsibility, youth. Social Sciences, 19(59), 216-249.

Tarhan, L., Acar, B. (2007). Problem based learning in an eleventh grade chemistry class: factors affecting cell potential. Research in Science and Techological Education, 25(3), 351-369.

Tavasoli, G.A (2003). Social participation in anomic society. Tehran: Tehran University, 376 p.

Töremen, F. (2011). The responsibility education of teacher candidates. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 11(1), 273-277.

Torp, L., Sage, S. (2002). Problems as possibilities: Problem-based learning for K-16 education (2nd ed). Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.

Westling, E., Andrews, J.A., Peterson, M. (2012). Gender differences in pubertal timing, social competence, and cigarette use: A test of the early maturation hypothesis. Journal of Adolescent Health, 51(2), 150-155.

Yeşil, R. (2013). School learning responsibility scales validity and reliability study (For Primary School Students). Mevlana International Journal of Education (MIJE), 3(4),1-14.

Zimmerman‚ M. A. (1990). Toward a theory of learned hopefulness a structural model analysis of participation and empowerment. journal of research in personality‚ 24‚ 21-86.