تحلیل اثر متقابل ویژگی‌های رفتاری ساکنین و محیط کالبدی فضاهای مسکونی در رویکرد طراحی پیشگیرانه از جرم (نمونه موردی محله طبرستان شهر ساری)
محورهای موضوعی :
دو فصلنامه فضای زیست
اریان رضایی
1
,
مهدی غفوری
2
,
حسین ذبیحی
3
1 - دانشجوی دکتری، گروه معماری، واحد ساری، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، ساری، ایران.
2 - استادیار، گروه معماری، واحد ساری، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، ساری، ایران. نویسنده مسئول.
3 - دانشیار، گروه شهرسازی، واحد علوم تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران.
تاریخ دریافت : 1400/03/08
تاریخ پذیرش : 1400/11/18
تاریخ انتشار : 1400/12/25
کلید واژه:
تحلیل عاملی,
الگوهای رفتاری ساکنین,
فضای زیست شهری,
امنیت محیطی,
رویکرد CPTED,
چکیده مقاله :
شهرها سیستم‌های اجتماعی و اقتصادی پایدار و پیچیده‌ای هستند که اگر عوامل تعادل آن‌ها، مانند امنیت کنترل نشود، روبه نابودی می‌روند. یکی از جدیدترین رویکردها در برابر بحران امنیت شهری توجه به نسل جدید پیشگیری از جرم از طریق طراحی محیطی است. از این رو تاثیر الگوی رفتاری ساکنین بر امنیت و سنجش رابطه بین خصوصیات محیط کالبدی و رفتار ساکنین با توجه به رویکرد CPTED که منجر به بالا رفتن امنیت محیطی می‌گردد؛ ضروری به نظر می‌رسد. با توجه به موفقیت آمیزبودن CPTED در دنیا طبق هدف می‌توان با ارائه مدل به افق‌هایی در ارتقا مفهومCPTED دست یافت. همچنین طبق فرضیه‌ها دریافت بین خصوصیات محیط کالبدی و ویژگی‌های رفتاری ساکنین فضاهای مسکونی رابطه وجود دارد، با تبیین الگوهای محیط های مسکونی امن در شهر ساری آن را با شاخصه‌هایCPTED تطبیق داد و با به کارگیری ویژگی‌های رفتاری و طبقاتی متفاوت شهر ساری به الگوهای کالبدی فضای مسکونی امن دست یافت. پژوهش حاضر از نظر روش‌شناسی در دسته تحقیقات آمیخته بوده، در آغاز تجزیه و تحلیل از یک فرآیند نقشه‌برداری مفهومی برای کشف موقعیت نظری هر عنوان مفهومی استفاده شده، سپس مؤلفه‌هایCPTED با سه فرضیه ارزیابی شده است. از روش‌شناسی اسنادی و کتابخانه‌ای با رویکرد بازنگری نظام‌مند منابع مرتبط استفاده شده است، متعاقبا با انجام گونه‌شناسی کالبدی و اجتماعی محله طبرستان ساری از طریق توزیع پرسشنامه تحقیق و تحقیق میدانی به صورت هدفمند و سپس تحلیل داده های کیفی حاصل با SPSS3 درجه اهمیت هر معیار ارزیابی شد، از مدل تحلیل عاملی، آمار توصیفی در تایید یا ردGOF ، آمار استنباطی از طریق معیار فرضیه‌های تحقیق و آزمون کولموگروف-اسمرینوف و تحلیل 384 پرسشنامه در سال99 استفاده گردید، طبق خروجی‌ها برای مدل حاضر GOF برابر 0/64 محاسبه که نشان از برازش قوی مدل دارد، کلیه فرضیه‌های تحقیق تایید گردیده و در خاتمه نتایج تحقیق از طریق ارائه مدل مفهومی CPTED از عوامل تاثیرگذار بر امنیت فضاهای مسکونی ارائه گردید.
چکیده انگلیسی:
It's obvious that crime is a general society concern. There are two main logic in crime investigations. The first set of research is based on physical characteristics such as different kinds of land use. This approach is derived from Jin Jacobs and then improved by using CPTED(Crime Prevention Through environmental design) and its strategies which previously had been discussed by Oskar Neman via protect's spaces. Second set of studies are related to quarters inhabitants' social characteristics, such as neighborhood, taking responsibilities, have a feeling of belongings to a place, social capital, cultural patterns and other variables that have been among a wide range of focused social factors in this research. Many fields of studies by considering some concepts, compare summary of netted problems. Historically, safety is perceived as an important factor in social life of every society. We can state that, city expansion and safety are two linked compartments that are followed by city sustainability, in a manner that the absence of one would cause some problems for the others and might bring obstacles for it. During recent decades, Civil researchers became vigilant about the role of architecture and city construction via making decisions and policies to create a desirable place and found some defensible theories of preventing crime by crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) and environmental crime identification. Evidences shows that researches about the linkage between environment and behavior are very rampant. Nevertheless, hypothesis and processes of CPTED have been poorly tested. Sari city, reaches Mazandaran Sea from north and it reaches Alborz range of mountain from south, according to 2016 census, it's population was 347,402 people and the rate of population growth till 2026 is equal to 1.9 %. In this study, by various inhabitants' behavioral variables such as place ownership and realm protection, the sense of crowd and lack of control on environment, and anatomical variables with subsets such as place ownership, defensive privacy according to CPTED subsystems, by explicating safe habitable places in Sari city we try to figure out how can we adjust them to CPTED characteristics? Cities are sustainable and Complicated economic and social systems that deteriorate if their imbalances, such as security, are not controlled. It seems essential to examine the effect of behavioral patterns of residents (isolation, affinity, tolerance and anonymity) on security as well as the relationship between physical environment features and behavioral characteristics of residents based on CPTED approach in favor of environmental security. One of the newest approaches to urban security is Crime prevention Through Environmental Design(CPTED). It seems essential to examine the effect of behavioral patterns of residents on security as well as the relationship between physical environment features and behavioral characteristics of residents based on CPTED approach in favor of environmental security.Given the success of the CPTED model in different parts of the world, it is hoped that according to the hypotheses, by explaining the patterns of safe residential environments in the city, it can be adapted to CPTED characteristics and the relationship between physical environment characteristics and behavioral characteristics of residents in residential spaces. The present study, which is a descriptive and exploratory research methodology with a quantitative research approach, evaluates the components of CPTED under the hypothesis that in the course of the research, documentary and library methodology was first used to systematically review the relevant resources to identify the main CPTED criteria. Physical and social cognition of Tabarestan neighborhood through the distribution of a questionnaire extracted from the components of residents' behavioral patterns and characteristics of the physical environment, purposefully and the analysis of qualitative data, the degree of importance of each criterion was evaluated to aim to examine the relationship between physical environment and residents' behavior Determinants in designing a safe urban environment and using descriptive statistics in GOF certification, using factor analysis model, using inferential statistics through the criterion of research hypotheses and using Kolmogorov-Smrinov test using analysis of 384 questionnaires in the present model of G-years for 98 and 99 It was calculated that it shows a strong overall fit of the model, all research hypotheses are confirmed and conclude the presentation of the CPTED conceptual model with challenges in generations of this concept.
منابع و مأخذ:
اداره کل راه و شهرسازی مازندران. (1395). بازنگری طرح جامع شهر ساری. مرکز اطلاعات، راه، مسکن، شهرسازی.۲۲.
آلتمن، اروین، (1930)، محیط و رفتار اجتماعی: خلوت، فضای شخصی، قلمرو و ازدحام؛ ترجمه علی نمازیان، دوره دوازده، انتشارات دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، 1382.
بحرینی، سید حسین، (1375). تحلیل فضاهای شهری در رابطه با الگوهای رفتاری استفاده‌کنندگان و ضوابطی برای طراحی،تهران، دانشگاه تهران، موسسه انتشارات و چاپ.
ذبیحی، حسین. لارامیان، تایماز. پورانی، حمیده. (1392). “ ارتقای مدل تحلیلی برای ارتقاء امنیت شهری از طریق رویکرد امنیت طراحی SBD مطالعه موردی: منطقه 17 شهرداری تهران).” مطالعات و پژوهش‌های شهری و منطقه‌ای، دوره5، شماره 17، 136-143.
وزارت جهاد کشاورزی. (1393). گزارش توسعه انسانی. ترجمه: غلامحسین صالح نسب، ضمیمه مجله جهاد، سال 15، ش 180 و 181، ص 8.
راجرز، ریچارد. (1392)، شهرپایدار برای سیاره کوچک، ترجمه: رضاحکیمی نژاد، تهران، انتشارات کسری. (2006).
رضایی، آریان. (1400). تحلیلی بر رابطه بین محیط کالبدی فضاهای مسکونی و رفتار ساکنین در جهت ارائه الگوهای مسکونی امن برای طبقات اجتماعی مختلف ساری با تاکید بر CPTED. استاد راهنما: مهدی غفوری، استاد مشاور حسین ذبیحی،. دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی ساری. ساری.
صالح نسب، ابوذر، (1397)، شناسایی و ارزیابی تهدیدات در زیرساخت‌های حیاتی شهرها با رویکرد پدافند غیرعامل، فصلنامه پژوهش و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دوره9، شماره 32، 99-144.
نواندیشان. (1399). طرح آمایش استان مازندران. نقشه وضع موجود شهرساری، 1399/2/11. / از 63729طرح-آمایش-استان-مازندران / .www.noandishaan.com.
هدایتی، (1398)، معصومه؛ مقصودی، محمد جواد؛ زارعی، مهسان؛ ارزیابی تاثیر کیفیت محلات مسکونی بر روابط اجتماعی و سلامت ساکنین (مورد مطالعه: پنانگ مالزی)، فصلنامه آمایش محیط، دوره12،شماره 44، 21.
Abdullah, Adrin& Hedayati-Marzbali, Masumeh& Maghsoodi-Tilaki, Mohammad Javad& Bahauddin, Ali. (2015). Territorial features, disorder and fear of crime in residential neighbourhoods in Malaysia: testing for multigroup invariance. Global Crime, 16(3), 197-218
Alexander, Christopher. (2006). A City is not a Tree.” Theories and Manifestoes of Contemporary Architecture. New York: Wiley.
Altman,Robert. (1971). The environmental quality of city streets: the residents' viewpoint. Journal of the American Institute of Planners. 38(2), 84-101.
Armitage, Rachel, (2018). Crime Prevention through EnvironmentalDesign. In Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice,12,edited by G. Bruinsma and D. Weisburd. New York: Springer.Armitage, Rachel. 2009. Security versus Sustainability:Aligning the Two Agendas. Special Edition of the Built.
Balad. (2020). Map of Tabarestan neighborhood of Sari,5.5.2020. from:https:// balad.ir/#14.89 /36 . 55755/53.07419.
Baum,Frances&Zierch,Anna&Zhang,Katy. (2009).Do perceived neighbourhood cohesion and safety contribute to neighbourhood differences health? .Health and Place,15(4),925–934.
Barreras, Francisco& Diaz,Carlos& Riascos,Alvaro& Ribero,Monica. Comparison of Different Crime Prediction Models in Bogotá. (2016) (accessed on 30 July 2018).
Becker,Nikolaus& de Sanjose,Seol& Nieters,Alexandra& Ruediger,Thomas. (2007).allergies and lymphoma risk: results of the European collaborativeresearch project Epilymph. Leuk Res ,vol. 1365-1372.
Benenson, Izhak, & Aronovich,Shai & Noam, Saar . (2010).OBEUS: Object-Based Environment for Urban Simulation, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
Bennett.Back,Odaya& Ochi,Ayaco&Widjaja,elysa&Nambu,Shohei&Kamiya,Akio& Go,Cristina &Darke,James& Otsuba,Hiroshi. (2014).Magnetoencephalography helps delineate the extent of the epileptogenic zone for surgical planning in children with intractable epilepsy due to porencephalic cyst/encephalomalacia, J Neurosurg Pediatr [Internet], 271-278.
Brantingham, Jeffery,et al, (2008). Crime Pattern Theory.’’ In Environmental Criminology and Crime Analysis, edited by R. Wortley and L. Mazerolle, Cullompton, UK: Willan,78–93.
Chicago Data Portal. (2017). Strategic Subject List. accessed on 30 July 2018 from Available online: https:// data. cityofchicago. org/PublicSafety/Strategic-Subject-List/4aki-r3np.
Clarke, Ronald. (1997). Situational Crime Prevention: Successful Case Studies. New York: Harrow and Huston,91-150.
Clarke,Ronald & Cornish, Donnel. (1985). Modeling of fenders’ decisions: A framework for research and policy. In Michael Tonry Norval Morris (eds.), Crime and Justice, Chicago: University of Chicago Press,8.
Cohen,Louis& Felson,Marcus. (1979). Social Change and Crime Rate Trends: A Routine Activity Approach. American Sociological Review, 56: 588-608.
Cozens, Paul. (2008). New urbanism, crime and the suburbs: a review of the evidence. Urban Policy and Research, 26(4), 429-444.
Crowe,Teem. (2013). Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED). Oxford, UK: Butterworth-Heinemann. Donnelly, P., and T. Majka. 1996. ‘‘Change, Cohesion and Commitment in a Diverse Urban Neighbourhood.’’ Journal of Urban Affairs 18:269–84.
Ekblom,Paul. (2011).Deconstructing CPTED and Reconstructing It for Practice, Knowledge Management and Research. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research 17:7–28.
Foster,Sarah&Giles-Corti,Billie&Knuiman,Matthew. (2010).Neighborhood design and fear of crime: A socio-ecological examination of the correlates of residents' fear in new suburban housing developments Health.NIH.1156–1165.
Franklin,Cortney&Franklin,Travis&Nobles, Matt&Kercher,Glen (2012). Assessing the Effect of Routine Activity Theory and Self-Control on Property, Personal and Sexual Assault Victimization, Journal of Criminal Justice and Behavior. 39. 1296- 1315.
Gibson,Victoria. (2013).CPTED, but Not As We Know It: Investigating the Conflict Frameworks and Terminology in Crime Prevention through Environmental Design. Security Journal. May 13, 2013. doi:10.1057/sj.2013.19. 1–20.
Graham,Stephen. (2010).Disrupted cities: When Infrastructure Fails New York, Public Works Management&Policy .Https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1087724X10366720.4(8).6.
Hallak,Rob. (2012).The Place Identity – Performance relationship among tourism entrepreneurs: A structural equation modelling analysis. Tourism Management Journal, 33(1),143-154.
Hedayati-Marzbali, Masumeh& Abdullah, Adrin& Maghsoodi-Tilaki, Mohammad Javad. (2016). The effectiveness of interventions in the built environment for improving health by addressing fear of crime. International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 45(2), 120-140.
Jacobs, James. (1961) .The Death and Life of Great American Cities. New York, NY: Vintage Books,. https://petermoskos.com/files/BW/jacobs.6.
Jeffery, C Ray. (1971). Crime prevention through environmental design (Vol. 91). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage publications.https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/000276427101400409,22.
Kent, Jennifer& Wheeler, Andrew. (2016). What can Built Environment and Health,Professionals Learn from Crime Prevention in Planning?Introducing HPTED.Urban Policy and Research, 34,39-54
Komninos,Nick. (2012).Intelligent cities. Intelligent Building International.3(3),177-182.
Maghsoodi- Tilaki, Mohammad Javad& Hedayati-Marzbali, Masumeh& Abdullah, Adrin& Arrifin, James. (2011). Challenges of the Informal Settlements in Developing Countries’ Cities: A Case Study of Iran. World Applied Science Journal, 12(2). 160-169.
Merry, Smith. 1981. Defensible Space Undefended: Social Factors in Crime Prevention through Environmental Design. Urban AffairsQuarterly 16 (3): 5.
Hedayati-Marzbali, Masumeh& Abdullah, Adrin& Razak, Nazim & Maghsoodi- Tilaki, Mohammad Javad. (2012). The relationship between socio-economic characteristics, victimization and CPTED principles: evidence from the MIMIC model. Crime, law and social change. 58(3). 351-371.
Newman, Ocars. (1972).Defensible space;crime prevention through urban design New York :Macmil .38.
Pakzad,Jahanshah & Bozorg, Hamideh. (2012). Alphabet of Environmental Psychology for Designers. Armanshahr Press, Tehran,Iran.45.
Park,Robert E& Burgess, Edvard. (1925). The growth of the city: An introduction to a research project, In R. E. Park, E. W. Burgess & R. D. McKenzie (Eds.), The City. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.131-133.
Plaster,Carter. (2002). Community CPTED. The Journal of the International Crime Prevention through Environmental Design Association 1 (1). 15–24.
Roses,Robert& Kadar, kok sey& Cvijikj, Irena Pletikosa. (2017).Design of an agent-based model to predict crime (WIP). In,Proceedings of the Summer Computer Simulation Conference SCSC , Montreal, QC, Canada, 24–27 July Walsh and Jorgensen.
Saville,Gregory& Cleveland, Gerry. (1997). 2nd Generation CPTED: AnAntidote to the Social Y2 K Virus of Urban Design. Paper presented at the 2nd Annual International CPTED Conference, Orlando, FL, 3–5 December. Accessed July 9, 2015. http://www.veilig-ontwerp-beheer.nl/publicaties/2nd-generation-cpted-anantidote-to-the-social-y2k-virus-of-urban-design,2.
Sypion-Dutkowska, N. 2017; Leitner, M. Land use influencing the spatial distribution of urban crime. A case study of Szczecin, Poland. Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2017, 6, 74–97.
Taylor,Robert. (2002). Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED): Yes, No, Maybe, Unknowable, and All of the above. In Handbook of Environmental Psychology, Chapter 27, editedby R. Bechtel and A.Churchman,New York: John Wiley.413–26
Wallace, Dow. (2012). Examining Fear and Stress as Mediators Between, Disorder Perceptions and Personal Health, Depression, and Anxiety, Social Science Research, 41(6), 1515–1528.
Walters,Glenn D. (2011). Predicting recidivism with the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles and Level of Service Inventory–Revised: Screening Version. Law and Human Behavior, 35(3), 211–220.
Wilson,James Q& Kelling,George L. (1982).The Police and NeighbourhoodSafety:Broken Windows. The Atlantic Monthly 3 (2):29–38.
Zhang,Yu. (2012). A spatial autocorrelation analysis of the residents’ living distribution by group in beijing based on their social characteristics. Geographical Research 820-829.
_||_
