رابطه بین بیش حمایت گری مادر در فرهنگ ایرانی و باورهای اضطرابی مادر با اضطراب کودک: نقش واسطه ای عواطف مثبت و منفی مادر
محورهای موضوعی : روان شناسی
حسین رستمی
1
,
شیرین زینالی
2
,
مائده ستاری نیا
3
1 - استادیار، پژوهشگاه علوم انتظامی و مطالعات اجتماعی فراجا، تهران، ایران
2 - استادیار، گروه روان شناسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران
3 - کارشناس ارشد، گروه روان شناسی کودکان استثنایی، دانشکده روان شناسی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات تهران، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران
کلید واژه: بیش حمایت گری مادر در فرهنگ ایرانی, باورهای اضطرابی مادر, عواطف مثبت و منفی ,
چکیده مقاله :
هدف پژوهش حاضر، تعیین رابطه بین بیش حمایت گری مادر در فرهنگ ایرانی و باورهای اضطرابی مادر با اضطراب کودک و نقش واسطه ای عواطف مثبت و منفی مادر بود. جامعه آماری، تمامی مادران دارای کودکان 2 الی 8 ساله ساکن تبریز و ارومیه در سال 1400 و 1401 بود که به مرکز مشاوره آرامش اندیشه تبریز و آرامش ارومیه مراجعه کرده بودند. نمونه پژوهش شامل 225نفر بود که به صورت در دسترس انتخاب شدند. روش پژوهش همبستگی از نوع تحلیل مسیر بود. جهت گردآوری داده ها از مقیاس رابطه مادر کودک راس (1961)، مقیاس اضطراب پیش دبستانی اسپنس و همکاران (2001)، پرسشنامه باورهای اضطرابی فرانسیس و چوربیتا (2010) و مقیاس عواطف مثبت و منفی واتسون و همکاران (1998)، استفاده شد. برای تحلیل داده ها از ضریب همبستگی و تحلیل مسیر با نرم افزارهای SPSS-24 وAmos- 24 استفاده شد. نتایج نشان داد باورهای اضطرابی، عاطفه مثبت و منفی مادر با اضطراب کودک رابطه معنی داری دارد و بین بیش حمایت گری مادران و باورهای اضطرابی مادر با اضطراب کودک با نقش واسطه¬ای عواطف مثبت و منفی مادر رابطه معنی دار وجود دارد (001/0>p). هم چنین مدل از برازش مطلوبی برخوردار بود. با توجه به نتایج به دست آمده ویژگی های روان شناختی مادران در فرهنگ ایرانی و سبک های تربیتی مبتنی بر فرهنگ بر اضطراب کودک تاثیر گذار است.
he main purpose of this study was to study the relationships between maternal over-protection in Iranian culture, mother’s anxious beliefs and child anxiety via mediating role of mother positive and negative affect. The statistical population included all mothers of two to four years old child inhabitants in Urmia and Tabriz in 2021-22 who referred to “Aramesh Andisheshe” and “Aramesh” consultant centers in Urmia and Tabriz respectively. The research sample embraced 225 mothers with their children whom were selected by convenient sampling process. The research method was correlational of path analysis procedure. To collect data Roth Manual of Mother-Child Relationship Evaluation (1961), Spence et al Preschool Anxiety Scale (2001), Francis and Chorpita Parental Beliefs about Anxiety (2010) and Watson et al Positive and Negative Affect Scale (1988) were implemented. Pearson coefficient and path analysis with SPSS and Amos was applied as main statistical procedure to analyze data. The results revealed that there was significant relationship between maternal anxious beliefs, positive and negative affect with child anxiety. Maternal over-protection and anxious beliefs with child anxiety via mediating role of positive and negative affect were also significantly correlated (p<0/001). The model also had optimal goodness of fit. Concerning the findings, the mothers’ psychological characteristics in Iranian culture and culture oriented parenting styles was effective on child anxiety.
Abbasi, M., Davarpanah, A., & Addavi, H. (2017). The study model of child-mother relationship and positive and negative affections with anxiety disorders. Biannual Journal of Applied Counseling, 7(2), 69-82. URL: https://jac.scu.ac.ir/article_13356.html.
Achenbach, T. M., & Rescorla, L. A. (2001). Manual for the ASEBA school-age forms and profiles. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont Research Center for Children, Youth, & Families. URL: https://www.scirp.org/reference/ReferencesPapers?ReferenceID=1855203
Aldao, A., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Schweizer, S. (2010). Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: A metaanalytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(2), 217-237. URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2009.11.004
Apetroaia, A., Hill, C., & Creswell, C. (2015). Parental responsibility beliefs: associations with parental anxiety and behaviours in the context of childhood anxiety disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders. 188, 127–133. DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.08.059
Aschenbrand, S.G., & Kendall, P.C. (2012). The effect of perceived child anxiety status on parental latency to intervene with anxious and non-anxious youth. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 80(2), 232-238. URL: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027230
Baumeister, H., & Härter, M. (2007). Prevalence of mental disorders based on general population surveys. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatry Epidemiology, 42, 537–546. DOI: 10.1007/s00127-007-0204-1
Berry, J. W. (2002). Cross-cultural psychology: Research and applications. Cambridge University Press. URL: https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2003-02471-000
Bornstein, M. H. (2012). Cultural approaches to parenting. Parenting, 12(2-3), 212-221. DOI: 10.1080/15295192.2012.683359
Breaux, R. P., McQuade, J. D., Harvey, E. A., & Zakarian, R. J. (2018). Longitudinal associations of parental emotion socialization and children’s emotion regulation: The moderating role of ADHD symptomatology. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 46, 671–683. DOI: 10.1007/s10802-017-0327-0
Breinholst, S., Esbjørn, B.H., Reinholdt-Dunne, M.L., (2016). Effects of attachment and
rearing behavior on anxiety in normal developing youth: a mediational study.
Personality Individual Differences, 81, 155–161. DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2014.08.022
Chorot, P., Valiente, R.M., Magaz, A.M., Santed, M.A., &Sandin, B. (2017). Perceived parental child rearing and attachment as predictors of anxiety and depressive disorder symptoms in children: The mediational role of attachment. Journal of Psychiatry Research, 253, 287–295. DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.04.015
Chorpita, B. F., & Barlow, D. H. (1998). The development of anxiety: the role of control in the early environment. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 3–21. URL: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.124.1.3
Clarke, K., Cooper, P., & Creswell, C. (2013). The Parental Overprotection Scale: Associations with child and parental anxiety. Journal of affective disorders, 151(2), 618-624. URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2013.07.007
Farina, B., Imperatori, C., Adenzato, M., & Ardito, R. B. (2021). Perceived parental over-protection in non clinical young adults is associated with affective vulnerability: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 292, 496-499. DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.05.071
Francis, S. E., & Chorpita, B. F. (2010). Development and evaluation of the parental beliefs about anxiety questionnaire. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 32(1),138-49. URL: https://www.academia.edu/10845104/Development_and_Evaluation_of_the_Parental_Beliefs_about_Anxiety_Questionnaire
Francis, S. E., & Roemhild, E. (2021). Assessing parental cognitions about child anxiety: Are parents’ thoughts about child anxiety associated with child anxiety and anxiety sensitivity?. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 80, 102400. DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102400
Ghanbari, S., Khanmohamadi, M., Khodapanahi, M. K., Mazaheri, M. A., & Lavasani, M. (2011). Study of psychometric properties of preschool anxiety scale (PAS). J Psychol, 15(3), 222-34. URL: https://www.sid.ir/fileserver/jf/61513905901
Hassanzadeh aval, M., Mashhadi, A., Bigdeli, I., & Amin Yazdi, S. A. (2020). Investigate the prevalence of anxiety disorders in first grade students of malayer city and its relationship with emotional dysregulation. Pajouhan Science Journal, 18(3), 53-6 . DOI: 10.52547/psj.18.3.53
He, H., Usami, S., Rikimaru, Y., & Jiang, L. (2021). Cultural roots of parenting: Mothers’ parental social cognitions and practices from western US and Shanghai/China. Frontiers in psychology, 12, 565040. URL: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.565040
Herren, C., In-Albon, T., & Schneider, S. (2013) Beliefs regarding child anxiety and parenting competence in parents of children with separation anxiety disorder. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. 44, 53-60. DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2012.07.005
Jones, S., Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2012). Parents' reactions to elementary school children's negative emotions: Relations to social and emotional functioning at school. MerrillPalmer Quarterly, 1982, 133-159. URL: https://doi.org/10.1353/mpq.2002.0007
Kerns, C. E., Pincus, D. B., McLaughlin, K. A., & Comer, J. S. (2017). Maternal emotion regulation during child distress, child anxiety accommodation, and links between maternal and child anxiety. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 50, 52-59. DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.05.002
Khanjani, Z., Peyamannia, B., & Hashemi, T. (2016). Prediction of quality of interaction mother-child with anxiety disorders in children According to cultural characteristics of Iranian mothers. The Journal of New Thoughts on Education, 12(2), 239-260. URL: https://jontoe.alzahra.ac.ir/article_2398.html
Krohne, H. W. (1990). Developmental conditions of anxiety and coping: A two-process model of child-rearing effects. Johannes-Gutenberg-Univ., Psycholog. Inst., Abt. Persönlichkeitspsychologie. URL: https://wg.hackettstown.org/apps/pages/index.jsp?uREC_ID=1548181&type=d&pREC_ID=2119192
Liu, L., Wang, M. (2020). Parental corporal punishment and child anxiety in China: The moderating role of HPA-axis activity Li (Conceptualization; Data curation; Formal analysis; Methodology; Writing-original draft). Journal of Affective Disorders, 273, 500–507. DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.04.055
Ma, M., Li, D., & Zhang, L. (2021). Longitudinal prediction of children's math anxiety from parent-child relationships. Learning and Individual Differences. Learning and Individual Differences, 88(4),102016. URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2021.102016
Morelen, D., Shaffer, A., & Suveg, C. (2016). Maternal emotion regulation: Links to emotion parenting and child emotion regulation. Journal of Family Issues, 37(13), 1891-1916. URL: https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X14546720
Moore, P. S., Whaley, S. E., & Sigman, M. (2004). Interactions between mothers and children: Impacts of maternal and child anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113, 471–476. URL: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.113.3.471
Mousavi, S. E., Low, W. Y., & Hashim, A. H. (2016). Perceived parenting styles and cultural influences in adolescent’s anxiety: A cross-cultural comparison. Journal of Child and family Studies, 25, 2102-2110. URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-016-0393-x
Polanczyk, G.V., Salum, G.A., Sugaya, L.S., Caye, A., & Rohde, L.A. (2015). Annual research review: A meta-analysis of the worldwide prevalence of mental disorders in children and adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 56, 345–365. DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12381
Rahbar Karbasdehi, F., Abolghasemi, A., & Rahbar Karbasdehi, E. (2016). Effect of stress management training based on cognitive-behavioral approach on improving parent-child relationship and psychological well-being in mothers of children with intellectual disability. Quarterly Journal of Child Mental Health, 3(3), 59-71. URL: http://childmentalhealth.ir/article-1-146-fa.html
Rakhshani, T., Hamid, S., Kamyab, A., Kashfi, S. M., & Jeihooni, A. K. (2022). The effect of parenting style on anxiety and depression in adolescent girls aged 12–16 years. Heliyon, 8(11), E11478. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11478
Remmes, C.S., & Ehrenreich-May, J. (2014). Parental emotion regulation strategy use and responses to youth negative affect. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 28(1), 34-47. URL: https://doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.28.1.34
Roth, R. M. (1961). Manual the mother-child relationship evaluation. Published by a division of Manson Western Corporation. URL: https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Mother_child_Relationship_Evaluation.html?id=foqGHAAACAAJ
Royatvand, G. P., Esmeili, N. M., & Ashrafi, E. (2020). Predicting children's anxiety based on parents' reaction to their negative emotions with mediating role of emotion regulation. 27-35. URL: https://sanad.iau.ir/journal/jtbcp/article_1937.html
Settipani, C. A., & Kendall, P. C. (2017). The effect of child distress on accommodation of anxiety: Relations with maternal beliefs, empathy, and anxiety. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 46(6), 810-823. URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2015.1094741
Spence, S. H., Rapee, R., McDonald, C., & Ingram, M. (2001). The structure of anxiety symptoms among preschoolers. Behavior Research and Therapy, 39, 1293-1316. DOI: 10.1016/s0005-7967(00)00098-x
Wang, J., Yang, Y., Tang, Y., Wu, M., Jiang, S., & Zou, H. (2021). Longitudinal links among parent-child attachment, emotion parenting, and problem behaviors of preadolescents. Children and Youth Services Review, 121, 105797. DOI: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105797
Watson, D., & Tellegen, A. (1985). Toward a consensual structure of mood. Psychological Bulletin, 98(2), 219-219. URLL https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.98.2.219
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and
validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS
Scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063-1063. URL: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063
Xu, J., Ni, S., Ran, M., & Zhang, C. (2017). The relationship between parenting styles and adolescents’ social anxiety in migrant families: A study in Guangdong, China. Frontiers in psychology, 8, 206743. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00626
Yi, C. Y., Gentzler, A. L., Ramsey, M. A., & Root, A. E. (2016). Linking maternal socialization of positive emotions to children’s behavioral problems: The moderating role of self-control. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25(5), 1550-1558. URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-015-0329-x
Zeinali, S., Poursharifi, H., Babapour, J., Mahmood Aliloo, M., & Khanjani, Z. (2020). The relationship between cognitive bias, anxiety sensitivity and maternal beliefs and anxiety in children: the mediating role of coping strategies. Quarterly Journal of Child Mental Health, 7(3), 53-66. DOI: 10.52547/jcmh.7.3.6
