بررسی چالش جرم‌شناختی تغییر مفهوم زنانگی
محورهای موضوعی : جامعه شناسی
عاطفه بطیاری
1
(
دانشگاه تهران، گروه حقوق جزا و جرم‌شناسی، تهران، ایران.
)
کلید واژه: مفهوم‌زنانگی, جرم‌شناختی, چالش,
چکیده مقاله :
هدف پژوهش حاضر بررسی چالش جرم‌شناختی تغییر مفهوم‌زنانگی می باشد. جامعه پژوهش شامل کلیه آثار مفاهیم یا متون مرتبط با زنانگی است. نمونه مورد پژوهش تغییرات مفهوم‌زنانگی در حوزه جرم‌شناختی بود. طرح پژوهش توصیفی- تحلیلی است. گردآوری اطلاعات با استفاده از روش اسنادی و کتابخانه‌ای انجام گرفت. داده‌ها از طریق تحلیل و ترکیب جمع‌بندی شدند. نتایج پژوهش نشان‌داد، مفهوم زنانگی بر اساس ساختا‌‌ر‌‌اجتماعی جامعه شکل می‌گیرد. این مفهوم چالش‌بر‌انگیز است و از قاعده تغییر درگذر زمان مستثنی نیست. مفهوم‌زنانگی به معنای تفسیر اصول و چارچوب هویت زن، تحت تأثیر پیشرفت تکنولوژی و تبادل افکار بوده است و در دوره‌های تاریخی شکل دیگری به خود گرفته است. هم‌چنین یافته‌ها نشان‌داد که دیدگاه زنان پس از دور‌شدن از نقش‌های سنتی و ارتباط بیشتر با جامعه واقعی و مجازی، نسبت به هویت خود تغییر کرده است و زنانی که هویت‌های زنانه متفاوتی را انتخاب می‌کنند با تجربیات متفاوتی مواجه می‌شوند. شکل‌گیری دیدگاه زن ایده‌آل، گاهی با سبک‌زندگی غیرمعمول همراه می‌شود که با تقویت سه عامل اهداف در دسترس، فقدان حفاظت و مجاورت مجرم، بسترهای بزه‌دیدگی را فراهم می‌نماید.
The purpose of this study was to examine the criminological challenge of the concept changing of womanhood. The research statistical universe included the whole concepts and texts related to womanhood. The sample consisted of the concept changing of womanhood in the criminology domain. The research design was descriptive-analytical. Data were collected using documentary and library method. The data were then analyzed, synthesized and summarized. The results showed that the concept of womanhood, was formed based on the social structure of the society. It is a challenging concept and it was not an exception in the transformation rule concerning the time. The concept of womanhood, which was considered as the interpretation of the principles and framework for the woman's identity, had been influenced by the advancement of technology and the exchange of ideas, and in the historical periods, womanhood had taken a different form. The results also indicated that the women's attitudes toward their identities had been changed by moving away from traditional roles and more communication with real and virtual communities. Women who chose different lifestyles as a result of changing perspectives on the concept of womanhood confronted different experiences. The formation of the ideal woman's perspective was sometimes accompanied by an unusual lifestyle that by reinforcing the three variables of available goals, the lack of protection and proximity of the offender provided the context of the victimization.
Apellani, M., Torrado, M., & Charlo, J. (2011). Women and globalization. ethical models and applications of glob alization: Cultural, socio-political and economic perspectives. Pennsylvania: IGI Global Publisher. URL: https://www.igi-global.com/book/ethical-models-applications-globalization/53002
Baceviciene, M., Jankauskiene, R., & Balciuniene, V. (2020). The role of body image, disordered eating and life style on the quality of life in lithuanian university students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,17(1), 2-17. URL: https ://ww w.nc bi. Nlm .nih. gov /pm c/a rticles /PMC7 084262/
Bacchus, N. (2005). The effects of globalization on women in developing nations. Master’s Theses, Pace University, New York. UR: https://digitalcommons.pace.edu/honorscollege_theses/2/
Bashokouh Ajirloo, M., & Ebrahimi Kharajo,V. (2022). The role of Iranian female influencers concerning betrayals ,coolness and the aim of brands on social medias. Journal of Woman and Culture, 13(51), 15- 29. [Persian] URL: https://jw c.ahvaz.iau.ir/article_ 691411_55c461a13b 581e4b4393 da3d2 00c2425.pdf
Bettencourt, A. (2014). Empirical assessment of risk factors: How online and offline lifestyle, social learning, and social networking sites influence crime victimization. Master’s Theses, Bridgewater State University, Nova Scotia. URL: https://vc.bridgew.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1008&context=theses
Bhat, M. (2019).Women empowerment and technology: An overview. Research Scholar: Department of Sociology, 10(5), 44-54. URL: https: //www.r esearch gate.net/ publicati on/33677 1535_W OME N_ EM PO WERMENT_AND_TECHNOLOGY_AN_OVERVIEW/link/5db18c3ea6fdccc99d939d93/download
Bicharanlou, A., & Bavali, Z. (2021). Metaphorical analysis of “feminine” conceptualization by of activist women on farsi instagram. Women in Culture and Art, 13(3), 341-364. [Persian] URL: https:// jwica.ut.ac.ir/article _84359_bd49d07cd06f6ffd4f198d3aae3f4543.pdf
Blackstone, A. (2003). Gender roles and society. Sociology School Faculty Scholarship,2(8),335-338. URL: https:// digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=soc_facpub
Blum, L. (2004). Stereotypes and stereotyping: A moral analysis. Philosophical thesiss, 33(3), 251-289. URL: https:// freepaper.me/PDF/70/701dcbf77cf85980d330c4b8a783a128.pdf?hash=01DwzmEPP-N PrD86o Hg lbg&doi=10.1080/0 5568640409485143&hash2=lI6i_ eqOWYVbiBH37IKhug
Branic, N. (2015). Routine activities theory. Encyclopedia of Crime & Punishment. Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. URL: https://w ww.researchgate. net/publication /31411 94 68 Routine_ Activ iti es _Theory
Bryson, V. (2002). A recent feminisms: beyond dichotomies?. Contemporary Politics, 8(3), 233-239. URL: https://f reepaper.me/PDF/bd/bdf6973a2500b0650e1928fef6ff4beb.pdf?hash=WDOLqRn0avacHObeSSuvoQ&doi=10.1080/1356977022000025713&hash2=o1RjWckxBrdlCHajCQ4hmQ
Burlacu, S., Matei, F., & Gutu, C. (2018). Globalization–pros and cons. Quality-Access to Success, 19(1),122-125. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324212575
Cohen, L., & Felson, M. (1979). Social change and crime rate trends: A routine activity approach. American Sociological Review, 56(1), 588-608. URL:https:/ /www.re search gate. Net /pu blic atio n/238322365 _Soc ia l _Cha n ge_and_Crime_Rate_Trends_A_Routine_Activity_Approach
Clarck, L. (2012). Parent App: Understanding Families in the Digital Age. Oxford: Oxford Scholarship Online URL: https://oxford.uni versitypressscholarshi p.com/view/10.10 93/acprof:oso/9 7801998 99616 .00 1.0 001/acprof-9780199899616
Creeber, G., & Martin, R. (2008). Digital cultures: Understanding new media. New York: Mc Graw Hill. URL: https://www.mheducation.co.uk/digital-culture-understanding-new-media-97803352 21974-emea-group
Couldry, N., & Hepp, A. (2013). Conceptualizing mediatization: Contexts, traditions, arguments. Communication Theory, 23(3), 191-202. URL: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/comt.12019
Crespi, I. (2004). Socialization and gender roles within the family: A study on adolescents and their parents in great Britain. Presented at the Annual Conference of the household panel survey research, Colchester, England. URL: https://www.sema nticscholar.or g/paper/S ociali zation-and-gender-roles-within-the-family%3A-a-Crespi/3085333afd9581ed555c97af13ec64bbfc4672e4
Cruea, S. (2005). Changing ideals of womanhood during the nineteenth-century woman movement. General Studies Writing, 9(1), 187-204. URL: https://scholarworks.bgsu.edu/cgi/vi ewcontent.cgi? article=1000 &contex t= gsw _pub
Devaki, V. (2020). Modernism, depiction of gender and description of gender roles in select modern plays. Roots International Journal of Multidisciplinary Researches, 7(2), 47-52. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/345766893_Modernism_Depiction_of_Gender_and_Description_of_Gender_Roles_in_Select_Modern_Plays
Fraser, H. (2006). Phonological concepts and concept formation: metatheory, theory and application. International Journal of English Studies, 6(2), 55-75. URL: https://revista s.um. es/ije s/article/view/48801
Fricker, M. (2007). Epistemic injustice: Power and the ethics of knowing. Oxford: Oxford Scholarship Online .https://oxford.universi typressscholarship.com/vie w/10.1093/acprof:oso/97 8019823 7907. 001 .000 1/acprof-9780198237907-chapter-3
Graham, M., & Dutton, W. (2014). Society and the internet: How networks of information and communication are changing our lives. Oxford: Oxford University Press. URL: https://oxford. University pre ss sc hol ar sh ip. Co m/ vi ew/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199661992.001.0001/acprof-9780199661992
Greenfield, P. (2018). Studying social change, culture, and human development: A theoretical framework and methodological guidelines. Developmental Review, 2-15. URL: https://www.scie ncedirect.com /scie nce/article/abs/pii/S0273229717301326?via%3Dihub
Hjarvard., S. (2008). The mediatization of society. A theory of the media as agents of social and cultural change. Nordicom Review, 29(2), 105-134. URL: http s://www.r esearch gate .net /pu bl ic at io n/ 3 13789652_The_ Mediatization_of_Society
Kashima, Y., Shi, J., Tsuchiya, K., & Kashima, E. (2011). Globalization and folk theory of social change: How globalization relates to societal perceptions about the past and future. Journal of Social Issues, 67(4), 696-715. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230479677_Globalization_and_Folk_Theory_of_Social_Change_How_Globalization_Relates_to_Societal_Perceptions_about_the_Past_and_Future
Kashima, Y., Bain, P., Haslam, N., Peters, K., Laham, S., Whelan, J., Bastian, B., Loughnan, S., Kaufmann, L., & Fernando, J. (2009). Folk theory of social change. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 12(1), 227-246. URL:https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2009-23354-001
Klasen, S. (2002). Low schooling for girls, slower growth for all? Cross‐country evidence on the effect of gender inequality in education on economic development. The World Bank Economic Review, 16(3), 345–373. URL: https://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/10.1093/wber/lhf004
Klasen, S., & Lamanna, F. (2009). The impact of gender inequality in education and employment on economic growth: New evidence for a panel of countries. Feminist Economics, 15(3), 91-132. URL: http:// chicago policy review.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Gender-and-Economic-Growth.pdf
Kurnianingsih, M., Fitriaciada, A., Dimyati, K., Wardiono, K., & Dzikria Nurrachman, A. (2022). Criminal victimizati on: women and fintech financing from the theory of lifestyle exposure. International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding, 9(2), 157-165. URL: https:// ijmmu.co m/index.ph p/ijmm u/arti cle/vie wFi le/3 3 57/2998
Lindsey, L. (2015). Gender roles, A sociological perspective. New York: Routledge press. URL: https:// books.google.com/books/about/Gender_Roles.html?id=qjjbCgAAQBAJ
Moya, V. L., & Exposito, F. (2020). Spanish women making risky decisions in the social domain: The mediating role of femininity and fear of negative evaluation. Frontiers in Psychology, 11(17),18-29. URL: https://w ww. frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.561715/full
Mucha, J. (2006). The concept of social relations in classic analytical interpretative sociology: Weber & Znaniecki. Poznan Studies in the Philosophy of the Sciences and the Humanities, 91(1), 119-142. URL: http s://www .researchgat e.net/publicatio n/233573664_Th e_Concept_of_soci al_Rela tions_in_Classic_ Analytic al_ Inter pretative_Sociology_Weber_and_Znaniecki
Ngulube, Z. (2018). The influence of traditional gender roles and power relations on women and girls’ education and health in northern ghana. Master’s Theses. university of Iceland school of education, Iceland. URL: http s://ske mman .is/bits tream/1 946/315 69 / 1 /B A% 20 Thesis%20Final%20Copy-%20Zitha.pdf
Pearson, R. (2003). Feminist responses to economic globalisation: Some examples of past and future practice. Gender and Development, 11(1), 25–34. URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/4030692
Rahmatian,F., Shahidi, SH., Nojoumian, A., Bagherian,F., & Panaghi, L. (2021). Social and cultural components of femininity in Shahrzad’s a thousand and One nights stories. Journal of Woman and Culture, 12(48), 15-25. [Persian] URL: https://jwc.ahvaz .iau.ir/article_6 84192_b 87cfe 9c2 23 fdd ae 5336bc6d5e476630.pdf
Schroeder, R. (2018). Social theory after the internet .Media, technology and globalization. London: UCL Press University. URL: https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10040801/1/Social-Theory-after-the-Internet. pdf
Seguino, S. (2000). Gender inequality and economic growth: A cross-country analysis. World Development, 28(7), 1211–1230. URL: https://freepaper.me/PDF/?p dfURL=aHR0cHM6L y9mcmVlc GFw ZXI ubW Uvbi 9XRDVnOFRXMHhoNm91LVN2RlVRanJRL1BERi81Zi81Zjc1OWEzZTM4YzVmZGExYjEwNTRkY2Y4YThlZTFmNC5wZGY=&doi=10.1016/S0305-750X(00)00018-8
Siegel, J. (2008). Criminology, theories, patterns, and typologies. Massachusetts: Wadsworth, Cengage learning. URL: https://silo.pub/qdownload/criminology-theories-patterns-and-typologies-tenth-edition.html
Sheffield, J., Korotayev, A., & Grinin, L. (2013). Globalization: yesterday, today, and tomorrow. Litchfield Park: Emergent publication. URL: https://www.sociostudies.org/books/globalization_yesterday_today_tomorrow/
Tayanya, S., & Akancha, S. (2014). Indian women at risk in the cyber space: Conceptual model of reasons of victimization. International Journal Cyber Criminology, 8(1), 57-67. URL: https:/ /w w w .cybercrim ejou rnal.com/sahasrivastavatalijcc2014vol8issue1.pdf
Vargas, V. (2003). Feminism, globalisation and the global justice and solidarity movement. Cultural Studies, 17(6), 905-920. URL: https://freepaper.me/PDF/3a/3ae348bfb7 516d4 05def 9e5 29e 69eb49 .pdf?ha sh=W_ 79i40DGf6p12sCgXP5MA&doi=10.1080/0950238032000150093&hash2=vc9NMKc1LdTnzAc04_hQcQ
Wang, Z. (2002). Bank robberies by an Asian gang: An assessment of the routine activities theory. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 46(1), 555-568. URL: https://freepa per.me/PDF /50/504a7 a7433427 e6f6f9be0aa a752fdaf.pd f?hash=qgG Uer0OzVtYda4WY ZlUvw& doi= 10.1177/030662402236740&hash2=1NC3j1rNb27UuCLEMYwTQA
Zalewski, M. (2000). Feminism after postmodernism: Theorising through practice. New York: Routledg. URL: https://www.routledge.com/Feminism-After-Postmodernism-Theorising-Through-Practice/Za lewski/p/book/9780415234610
_||_
