Detection of fault segments based on P–T dihedra analysis along the North Tabriz fault, NW Iran
محورهای موضوعی :
Mineralogy
Pouya Sadeghi-Farshbaf
1
,
Mohammad Mahdi Khatib
2
,
Hamid Nazari
3
1 - Department of Geology, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
2 - Department of Geology, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
3 - Research Institute for Earth Sciences, Tehran, Iran
تاریخ دریافت : 1398/02/12
تاریخ پذیرش : 1399/02/28
تاریخ انتشار : 1399/07/10
کلید واژه:
North Tabriz Fault,
Transverse Fault,
paleostress,
Segmentation,
P–T Dihedral,
چکیده مقاله :
Detection of fault segments is an essential step for tracking main transverse faults. General observations from field studies as well as attitude measurements can give an overall understanding of the lengths of the segments, but these are not always sufficient to accurately identify and characterize them. In this study, we analyze P–T dihedra variations based on their eigenvalues to detect fault segments. The anomalies of local paleostress distribution aid us to detect the segment boundaries. This study focuses on the Northwestern, Central, and Southeastern sectors of the North Tabriz Fault (NTF). Fault azimuth distribution and eigenvalue anomalies as well as the fault attitudes for each interval distance have been used to distinct segment boundaries. The results are verified by checking the presence of the transverse faults at the proposed sites during fieldwork. Results show a new structural arrangement integrated by the already documented NTF segments, combined with 6 related transverse faults. In this way, we confirm the earlier reported segments, and we improve the NFT characterization by introducing new segments bounded by transverse faults.
منابع و مأخذ:
Amadei B, Stephansson O (1997) Rock stress and its measurement. Springer Science & Business Media.
Ambraseys NN, Melville CP (2005) A history of Persian earthquakes. Cambridge University press.
Angelier J, Mechler P (1977) Sur une methode graphique de recherche des contraintes principales egalement utilisable en tectonique et en seisrnoloqie: la methode des diedres droits, Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 19:1309-1318.
Berberian M (1997) Seismic sources of the Transcaucasian historical earthquakes. Historical and prehistorical earthquakes in the Caucasus, Kluwer Academic Press 28: 233-311.
Berberian M, Yeats RS (1999) Patterns of historical earthquake rupture in the Iranian Plateau, Bulletin of the Seismological society of America 89(1): 120-139.
Berberian M, Yeats RS (2001) Contribution of archaeological data to studies of earthquake history in the Iranian Plateau, Journal of Structural Geology 23(2): 563-584.
Cowie PA, Shipton ZK (1998) Fault tip displacement gradients and process zone dimensions, Journal of Structural Geology 20(8): 983-997.
de Joussineau G, Aydin A (2009) Segmentation along strike–slip faults revisited, Pure and Applied Geophysics 166(10): 1575-1594.
Duan B, Oglesby DD (2006) Heterogeneous fault stresses from previous earthquakes and the effect on dynamics of parallel strike‐slip faults, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 111(B5).
Fathian Baneh A (2011) Paleoseismological investigations along the North Tabriz Fault: [Dissertation]. Islamic Azad University, Tehran. 100–120. (in Persian)
Faulds JE, Coolbaugh MF, Vice GS, Edwards ML (2006) Characterizing structural controls of geothermal fields in the northwestern Great Basin: A progress report. Geothermal Resources Council Transactions 30:69-76.
Faulds JE, Moeck I, Drakos P, Zemach E (2010) Structural assessment and 3D geological modeling of the Brady's geothermal area, Churchill County (Nevada, USA): a preliminary report. In Proc. 35th Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, SGP-TR-188.
Ghahremani A (2010) Morphotectonic investigations along the Shabestar Fault: [Dissertation]. Islamic Azad University, Tehran. 80–90. (in Persian)
Hessami K, Jamali F, Tabassi H (2003a). Major active faults of Iran. International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology, scale 1:250,000.
Hessami K, Pantosti D, Tabassi H, Shabanian E, Abbassi MR, Feghhi K, Solaymani S (2003b). Paleoearthquakes and slip rates of the North Tabriz Fault, NW Iran: preliminary results. Annals of Geophysics 46(5).
Huenges E (2010) Deployment of Enhanced Geothermal Systems Plants and CO2 Mitigation. Geothermal energy systems–Exploration, development and utilization. 1st. edition. Wiley-VCH.
Innocenti F, Manetti P, Mazzuoli R, Pasquare G, Villari L (1982) Anatolia and north–western Iran. Andesites: Orogenic andesites and related rocks: 327–349.
Karakhanian AS, Trifonov VG, Philip H, Avagyan A, Hessami K, Jamali F, Bayraktutan MS, Bagdassarian H, Arakelian S, Davtian V, Adilkhanyan A (2004) Active faulting and natural hazards in Armenia, eastern Turkey and northwestern Iran, Tectonophysics 380(3): 189-219.
Mandl G (1999) Faulting in brittle rocks: an introduction to the mechanics of tectonic faults. Springer–Verlag.
Manighetti I, Campillo M, Bouley S, Cotton F (2007) Earthquake scaling, fault segmentation, and structural maturity, Earth and Planetary Science Letters 253(3): 429-438.
Manighetti I, Caulet C, Barros L, Perrin C, Cappa F, Gaudemer Y (2015) Generic properties of the fault lateral segmentation: Implications on fault growth, stress heterogeneity, and earthquake dynamics, Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 16(2): 443-467.
Manighetti I, Zigone D, Campillo M, Cotton F, (2009) Self–similarity of the largest–scale segmentation of the faults: Implications for earthquake behavior, Earth and Planetary Science Letters 288(3): 370-381.
Mansfield C, Cartwright J (2001) Fault growth by linkage: observations and implications from analogue models, Journal of Structural Geology 23(5): 745-763.
Nabavi MH, (1976) An introduction to the Iranian geology. Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran. Report 3: 110. (in Persian)
Nelson R (2001) Geologic analysis of naturally fractured reservoirs. Elsevier.
Pollard DD (2000) Strain and stress: discussion, Journal of Structural Geology 22(9): 1359-1367.
Ritz JR, Rizza M, Vernant P, Peyret M, Nazari H, Nankali H, Djamour Y, Mahan S, Salamati R, Tavakoli F (2011). Morphotectonics and geodetic evidences for a constant slip-rate along the Tabriz Fault (Iran) during the past 45 kyr. In AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts.
Rizza M (2010) Analyses des vitesses et des déplacements cosismiques sur des failles décrochantes en Mongolie et en Iran: approche morphotectonique et paléosismologique: [Dissertation]. University of Montpellier 2, Montpellier: 200–220. (in French)
Rizza M, Vernant P, Ritz JF, Peyret M, Nankali H, Nazari H, Djamour Y, Salamati R, Tavakoli F, Chery J, Mahan SA (2013). Morphotectonic and geodetic evidence for a constant slip-rate over the last 45 kyr along the Tabriz fault (Iran). Geophysical Journal International, 193(3): 1083-1094.
Sadeghi-Farshbaf P, Khatib MM, Nazari H (2019) Future stress accumulation zones around the main active faults by 3D numerical simulation in East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. Acta Geodaetica et Geophysica 54(4): 461-481.
Solaymani Azad S (2009) Evaluation de l'aléa sismique pour les villes de Téhéran, Tabriz et Zandjan dans le NW de l'Iran. Approche morphotectonique et paléosismologique: [Dissertation]. University of Montpellier 2, Montpellier. 100–150. (in French)
Solaymani Azad S, Philip H, Dominguez S, Hessami K, Shahpasandzadeh M, Foroutan M, Tabassi H, Lamothe M (2015) Paleoseismological and morphological evidence of slip rate variations along the North Tabriz fault (NW Iran), Tectonophysics 640: 20–38.
Stocklin J (1968) Structural history and tectonics of Iran: a review, AAPG Bulletin 52(7): 1229-1258.
Trudgill B, Cartwright J (1994) Relay–ramp forms and normal–fault linkages, Canyonlands National Park, Utah, Geological Society of America Bulletin 106(9): 1143-1157.
Walsh JJ, Watterson J (1991) Geometric and kinematic coherence and scale effects in normal fault systems, Geological Society, London, Special Publications 56(1): 193-203.
Whipp PS, Jackson CL, Schlische RW, Withjack MO, Gawthorpe RL (2016) Spatial distribution and evolution of fault–segment boundary types in rift systems: observations from experimental clay models, Geological Society, London, Special Publications 439: SP439-7.
Zhang P, Mao F, Slemmons DB (1999) Rupture terminations and size of segment boundaries from historical earthquake ruptures in the Basin and Range Province, Tectonophysics 308(1): 37-52.