The effects of regular aerobic exercise on primary dysmenorrhea in young girls
محورهای موضوعی : Journal of Physical Activity and Hormones
1 - Department of Exercise physiology, Marvdasht branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran
کلید واژه: Hormones, girl students, Dysmenorrhea, Regular exercise,
چکیده مقاله :
Introduction: Dysmenorrhea is a painful syndrome that accompanies the menstrual cycles. The effects of aerobic exercise on primary dysmenorrhea are not well known. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of regular aerobic exercise on primary dysmenorrhea in young girls. Material & Methods: This study was a randomized clinical trial of 20 colleagues girl students in Marvdasht city that suffering from severe dysmenorrhea. The subjects were randomly divided into exercise group (n=10) or control group (n=10). The subjects in the exercise group run 10 to 15 × 2 to 5 minute with 75 to 90% of maximum heart rate 3 days a week for 8 weeks. Estrogen and progesterone levels and psychological and physical symptoms of dysmenorrhea were measured before and after the intervention. Moo’s Menstrual Distress Questionnaire was used to evaluate psychological and physical symptoms of dysmenorrhea. Results: Physical premenstrual symptoms were significantly reduced (12.6 ± 3.2 vs. 7.1 ± 4.6) and estrogen levels were significantly increased (7.4 ± 4.4 vs. 9.4 ± 3.1 ng/ml) after the intervention compare to the control group. For psychological premenstrual symptoms (11.4 ± 7.6 vs. 11.9 ± 6.1) and progesterone levels (7.4 ± 6.4 vs. 7.5 ± 5.1 ng/ml) no significant changes were observed in response to 8 weeks aerobic exercise. Conclusions: The results suggested that selected aerobic exercises positively influenced physical menstrual symptoms and its related hormones.
1. Johnson WG, Carr-Nangle RE, Bergeron KC. Macronutrient intake, eating habits, and exercise as moderators of menstrual distress in healthy women. Psychosom Med 1995; 57: 324-330.
2. Moos RH. Menstrual distress questionnaire. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services, 1991.
3. Gordley LB, Lemasters G, Simpson SR, Yiin JH. Menstrual disorders and occupational, stress, and racial factors among military personnel. J Occup Environ Med 2000; 42: 871-881.
4. Lowdermilk DL, Perry SE, Bobak IM. Maternity and Women’s Health Care, 7th edition. St. Louis: Mosby, 2000.
5. Fankenauser M. Treatment of dysmenorrhea and premenstrual syndrome. J Am Pharm Assoc 1996; 36: 503-513.
6. Specoff L, Glass R, Kase N. Clinical Gynecologic Endocrinology and Infertility, 6th edition. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1999.
7. Campbell MA, McGrath PJ. Use of medication by adolescents for the management of menstrual discomfort. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1997; 151: 905-913.
8. Kalman M. Adolescent menstrual lay literature. J Mul Nurs Health 2000; 6: 34-38.
9. Banikarim C, Chacko MR, Kelder SH. Prevalence and impact of dysmenorrhea on Hispanic female adolescents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2000; 154: 1226-1229.
10. Chang AM, Holroyd E, Chau JPC. Premenstrual syndrome in employed Chinese women in Hong Kong. Health Care Women Int 1995; 16: 551-561.
11. Granot M, Yarnitsky D, Itskovitz-Eldor J, Granovsky Y, Peer E, Zimmer EZ. Pain perception in women with dysmenorrhea. Obstet Gynecol 2001; 98: 407-411.
12. Alonso C, Coe CL. Disruptions of social relationships accentuate the association between emotional distress and menstrual pain in young women. Health Psychol 2001; 20: 411-416.
13. Osterweis M, Kleinman A, Mechanic D. Illness behavior and the experience of pain. In: Pain and Disability: Clinical, Behavioral, and Public Policy. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1987.
14. Hillen TI, Grbavac SL, Johnston PJ, Straton JA, Keogh JM. Primary dysmenorrheal in young Western Australian women: prevalence, impact, and knowledge of treatment. J Adolesc Health 1999; 25: 40-45.
15. Saadatabadi F, Bambaichi E, Esfarjani F. Effect of six weeks flexibility training on dysmenorrhea. J Isfahan Med Sch 2010; 28: 109.
16. Mohebbi Dehnavi Z, Jafarnejad F, Kamali Z. The Effect of aerobic exercise on primary dysmenorrhea: A clinical trial study. J Educ Health Promot 2018; 7: 3.
17. Rapkin A. A review of treatment of premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dystrophic disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinol 2003; Suppl 3: 39-53.
18. Keye WR. Medical treatment of premenstrual syndrome. Can J Psychiatry 1985; 30: 483-487.
19. Schwartz B, Cumming DC, Riordan E, Selye M, Yen SS, Rebar R. Exercise-associated amenorrhoea: A distinct entity? Am J Obstet Gynecol 1981; 141: 662-670.
20. Biddle S, Mutrie N. Psychology of physical activity and exercise: A Health related Perspective. Springer, New York ;1991.
21. McDonald DG, Hodgdon JA. The psychological effects of aerobic fitness training: Research and theory, Springer, New York ;1991.
22. Metheny WP, Smith RP. The relationship among exercise, stress, and primary dysmenorrhea. J Behav Med 1989; 12: 569-586.
23. Jahromi MK, Gaeini A, Rahimi Z. Influence of a physical fitness course on menstrual cycle characteristics. Gynecol Endocrinol 2008; 24: 659-662.
24. Ortiz MI, Cortés-Márquez SK, Romero-Quezada LC, Murguía-Cánovas G, Jaramillo-Díaz AP. Effect of a physiotherapy program in women with primary dysmenorrhea. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2015; 194: 24-29.
25. Haidari F, Akrami A, Sarhadi M, Mohammad-Shahi M. Prevalence and severity of primary dysmenorrhea and its relation to anthropometric parameters. Hayat 2011; 17: 70-77.
26. ACOG issues guidelines on diagnosis and treatment of PMS. Womens Health 2005; 5: 20-22.
27. American Collage of Sport Medicine. Guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 2005; 57-90.
28. Shahrjerdy S, Hosseini RS, Eyvazi M. Effect of stretching exercises on primary dysmenorrhea in adolescent girls. Biomed Human Kinetic 2012; 4: 127-132.
29. Abbaspour Z, Rostami M, Najjar SH. The effect of exercise on primary dysmenorrheal. J Res Health Sci 2006; 6: 26-31.
30. Onur O. Impact of home-based exercise on quality of life of women with primary dysmenorrhea. SAJOG 2012; 18: 15-18.
31. Shavandi N, Taghian F, Soltani V. The effect of isometric exercise on primary dismenorrhea. Arak Med Univ J 2010; 13: 71-77.
32. Chantler I, Mitchell D, Fuller A. Diclofenac potassium attenuates dysmenorrhea and restores exercise performance in women with primary dysmenorrhea. J Pain 2009; 10: 191-200.
33. Mohammadi B, Azamian Jazi A, Fathollahi Shourabeh F. The effect of aerobic exercise training and detraining on some of the menstrual disorders in non-athlete students in Lorestan universities. Horiz Med Sci 2012; 18: 5-12.
34. Izzo A, Labrila D. Dysmenorrhea and sports activity in adolescents. Clin Exp obstet Gynecol 1991; 18: 109-116.
35. Dawood MY. Primary dysmenorrhea: advances in Pathogenesis and management. Obstet Gynecol 2006; 108: 428-441.
36. Daley A. The role of exercise in the treatment of menstrual disorders: The evidence. Br J Gen Pract 2009; 59: 241-242.
37. Ortiz MI, Cortés-Márquez SK, Romero-Quezada LC, Murguía-Cánovas G, Jaramillo-Díaz AP. Effect of a physiotherapy program in women with primary dysmenorrhea. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2015; 194: 24-29.
38. Haidari F, Akrami A, Sarhadi M, Mohammad-Shahi M. Prevalence and severity of primary dysmenorrhea and its relation to anthropometric parameters. Hayat 2011; 17: 70-77.
39. ACOG issues guide.lines on diagnosis and treatment of PMS. Womens Health. 2005; 5: 20-22.
40. Metheny W, Smith R. The relationship among exercise, stress, and primary dysmenorrhea. Behave J Med1989; 12: 569-86.
41. Ganon. L. The potential of exercise in the alleviation of menstrual disorders and menopausal symptom. Women Health 1986; 14: 105-107.
42. Israel R, Sutton M, O’Brien. K. Effects of aerobic training on primary dysmenorrhea in college females. Am J Coll health 1986; 33: 241-244.
