Regular concurrent training had not significant effect on CRP Level in obese middle-aged men
محورهای موضوعی : Journal of Physical Activity and HormonesZahra Momen nasab 1 , Mohadeseh Nematollahzadeh 2
1 - MS in exercise physiology, The General Department of Fars Province Education
2 - MS in exercise physiology, The General Department of Fars Province Education
کلید واژه: Concurrent training, Inflammation, Obesity, CRP,
چکیده مقاله :
Introduction: C-reactive protein (CRP) is a marker of chronic systemic inflammation frequently used in cardiovascular disease risk assessment. The effect of concurrent training on this protein is not well known. Thus, this study was conducted to determine the effects of 8 weeks concurrent training on CRP level in obese middle-aged men. Material & Methods: Twenty three sedentary obese middle-aged men participated in this study as the subject. The subjects were randomly assigned to concurrent training group (n=12) or control group (n=11). The subjects in concurrent training group performed endurance and resistance training on the same days, 3 days a week for 8 weeks. Results: Body mass, body mass index (BMI) and waist hip ratio (WHR) were decreased (P<0.05) after 8 weeks concurrent training compared to the control group. For CRP level no significant changes were observed after the intervention. Conclusion: Although concurrent training is the useful strategy for reduce obesity; CRP level was not affected by 8-week concurrent training in obese middle-aged men.
References
1. Ridker PM. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein: potential adjunct for global risk assessment in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Circulation 2001: 103: 1813-1818.
2. Ridker PM, Rifai N, Rose L, Buring JE, Cook NR. Comparison of C-reactive protein and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the prediction of first cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med 2002; 347: 1557-1565.
3. Araujo F, Pereira AC, Latorre R, Krieger JE, Mansur AJ. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein concentration in a healthy Brazilian population. Int J Cardiol 2004; 97: 433438.
4. Khera A, McGuire DK, Murphy SA, Stanek HG, Das SR, Vongpatanasin W, et al. Race and gender differences in C-reactive protein levels. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 46: 464-469.
5. Ishii S, Karlamangla AS, Bote M, Irwin MR, Jacobs DR Jr, Cho HJ, et al. Gender, obesity and repeated elevation of C-reactive protein: Data from the CARDIA cohort. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36062.
6. Madsen C, Nafstad P, Eikvar L, Schwarze PE, Rønningen KS, Haaheim LL. Association between tobacco smoke exposure and levels of C-reactive protein in the Oslo II Study. Eur J Epidemiol 2007; 22: 311-317.
7. Sauriasari R, Sakano N, Wang DH, Takaki J, Takemoto K, Wang B, et al. C-reactive protein is associated with cigarette smoking-induced hyperfiltration and proteinuria in an apparently healthy population. Hypertens Res 2010; 33: 1129-1136.
8. Williams MJ, Williams SM, Milne BJ, Hancox RJ, Poulton R. Association between C-reactive protein, metabolic cardiovascular risk factors, obesity and oral contraceptive use in young adults. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2004; 28: 998.
9. Albert MA, Glynn RJ, Ridker PM. Alcohol consumption and plasma concentration of C-reactive protein. Circulation 2003; 107: 443-447.
10. Rimm EB. Lifestyle predictors of C-reactive protein. In: Ridker PM, Rifai N, editors. C-reactive protein and cardiovascular disease. MediEdition; Canada: 2006; 8: 307-322.
11. Koenig W, Sund M, Fröhlich M, Fischer HG, Löwel H, Döring A, et al. C- reactive protein, a sensitive marker of inflammation, predicts future risk of coronary heart disease in initially healthy middle-aged men: Results from the MONICA (Monitoring Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular Disease) Augsburg Cohort Study, 1984 to 1992. Circulation 1999; 99: 237-242.
12. Danesh J, Whincup P, Walker M, Lennon L, Thomson A, Appleby P, et al. Low grade inflammation and coronary heart disease: Prospective study and updated meta-analyses. BMJ 2000; 321: 199-204.
13. Koenig W, Löwel H, Baumert J, Meisinger C. C-reactive protein modulates risk prediction based on the Framingham Score implications for future risk assessment: Results from a large cohort study in southern Germany. Circulation 2004; 109: 1349-1353.
14. Ridker PM, Cushman M, Stampfer MJ, Tracy RP, Hennekens CH. Inflammation, aspirin, and the risk of cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy men. N Engl J Med 1997; 336: 973-939.
15. Ridker PM, Buring JE, Shih J, Matias M, Hennekens CH. Prospective study of C-reactive protein and the risk of future cardiovascular events among apparently healthy women. Circulation 1998; 98: 731-733.
16. Cushman M, Arnold AM, Psaty BM, Manolio TA, Kuller LH, Burke GL, et al. C-reactive protein and the 10-year incidence of coronary heart disease in older men and women: The cardiovascular health study. Circulation 2005; 112: 25-31.
17. Ridker PM, Rifai N. C-reactive protein and cardiovascular disease.C-reactive protein in the primary prevention of myocardial infarction and stroke; MediEdition; Canada 2006; 9: 1-23.
18. Ridker PM, Buring JE, Rifai N, Cook NR. Development and validation of improved algorithms for the assessment of global cardiovascular risk in women: The Reynolds Risk Score. JAMA 2007; 297: 611-619.
19. Hamer M. The relative influences of fitness and fatness on inflammatory factors. Prev Med 2007; 44: 3-11.
20. Kasapis C, Thompson PD. The effects of physical activity on serum C-reactive protein and inflammatory markers: a systematic review. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 45: 1563-1569.
21. Church TS, Earnest CP, Thompson AM, Priest EL, Rodarte RQ, Saunders T, et al. Exercise without weight loss does not reduce C-reactive protein: the INFLAME study. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010; 42: 708-716.
22. Fedewa MV, Hathaway ED, Ward-Ritacco CL. Effect of exercise training on C reactive protein: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised and non-randomised controlled trials. Br J Sports Med 2017; 51: 670-676.
23. Wakshlag JJ, Stokol T, Geske SM, Greger CE, Angle CT, Gillette RL. Evaluation of exercise-induced changes in concentrations of C-reactive protein and serum biochemical values in sled dogs completing a long-distance endurance race. Am J Vet Res 2010; 71: 1207-1213.
24. Mouridsen MR1, Nielsen OW1, Carlsen CM1, Mattsson N1, Ruwald MH2, Binici Z, et al. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein and exercise-induced changes in subjects suspected of coronary artery disease. J Inflamm Res 2014; 7: 45-55.
25. Kohli P, Gulati M. Exercise stress testing in women: Going back to the basics. Circulation 2010; 122: 2570-2580.
26. Kullo IJ, Khaleghi M, Hensrud DD. Markers of inflammation are inversely associated with VO2 max in asymptomatic men. J Appl Physiol 2007; 102: 1374-1379.
27. Tam CS, Clément K, Baur LA, Tordjman J. Obesity and low-grade inflammation: a paediatric perspective. Obes Rev 2010; 11: 118-126.
28. Ridker PM. Clinical application of C-reactive protein for cardiovascular disease detection and prevention. Circulation 2003; 107: 363-369.
29. Danesh J, Collins R, Appleby P, Peto R. Association of fibrinogen, C-reactive protein, albumin, or leukocyte count with coronary heart disease. JAMA 1998; 279: 1477-1482.
30. Choi J, Joseph L, Pilote L. Obesity and C-reactive protein in various populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2013; 14: 232-244.
31. Myers J, Prakash M, Froelicher V, Do D, Partington S, Atwood JE. Exercise capacity and mortality among men referred for exercise testing. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 793-801.
32. Jouven X, Empana JP, Schwartz PJ, Desnos M, Courbon D, Ducimetière P. Heart-rate profile during exercise as a predictor of sudden death. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: 1951-1958.
33. Kasapis C, Thompson PD. The effects of physical activity on serum C-reactive protein and inflammatory markers: a systematic review. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 45: 1563-1569.
34. Festa A, D’Agostino R, Jr, Williams K, Karter AJ, Mayer-Davis EJ, Tracy RP, et al. The relation of body fat mass and distribution to markers of chronic inflammation. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2001; 25: 1407-1415.
35. Rawson ES, Freedson PS, Osganian SK, Matthews CE, Reed G, Ockene IS. Body mass index, but not physical activity, is associated with C-reactive protein. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2003; 35: 1160-1166.
36. Kazumi T, Kawaguchi A, Hirano T, Yoshino G. C-reactive protein in young, apparently healthy men: Associations with serum leptin, QTc interval, and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol. Metabolism 2003; 52: 1113-1116.
37. Kelley GA, Kelley KS. Effects of aerobic exercise on C-reactive protein, body composition, and maximum oxygen consumption in adults: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Metabolism 2006; 55: 1500-1507.
38. Reinehr T, Stoffel-Wagner B, Roth CL, Andler W. High-sensitive C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and cardiovascular risk factors before and after weight loss in obese children. Metabolism 2005; 54: 1155-1161.
39. Tsang TW, Kohn M, Chow CM, Singh MF. A randomized controlled trial of Kung Fu training for metabolic health in overweight/obese adolescents: the “martial fitness” study. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2009; 22: 595-607.
40. Nassis GP, Papantakou K, Skenderi K, Triandafillopoulou M, Kavouras SA, Yannakoulia M, et al. Aerobic exercise training improves insulin sensitivity without changes in body weight, body fat, adiponectin, and inflammatory markers in overweight and obese girls. Metabolism 2005; 54: 1472-1479.
41. Barbeau P, Litaker MS, Woods KF, Lemmon CR, Humphries MC, Owens S, et al. Hemostatic and inflammatory markers in obese youths: effects of exercise and adiposity. J Pediatr 2002; 141: 415-420.
42. García-Hermoso A, Sánchez-López M, Escalante Y, Saavedra JM, Martínez-Vizcaíno V. Exercise-based interventions and C-reactive protein in overweight and obese youths: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Pediatr Res 2016; 79: 522-527.
43. Mohamed-Ali V, Bulmer K, Clarke D, Goodrick S, Coppack SW, Pinkney JH. β-Adrenergic regulation of proinflammatory cytokines in humans. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000; 2: S154-S155.
44. Green DJ, Maiorana A, O’Driscoll G, Taylor R. Effect of exercise training on endothelium-derived nitric oxide function in humans. J Physiol 2004; 561: 1-25.
45. Nunes RA1, Araújo F, Correia GF, da Silva GT, Mansur AJ. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels and treadmill exercise test responses in men and women without overt heart disease. Exp Clin Cardiol 2013; 18:124-128.