پایش جابجایی ارتفاعی زمین و تحلیل اثرات ژئومورفولوژیکی آن با استفاده از داده های دورسنجی
محورهای موضوعی : برنامه های کاربردی در خطر بلایای طبیعی
علی عبدالملکی
1
(دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد ژئومورفولوژی در آمایش سرزمین، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران)
امجد ملکی
2
(دانشیار گروه جغرافیا، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران)
علی خزایی
3
(کارشناس گروه جغرافیا، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران)
کلید واژه: تغییرات مورفولوژی, زمین‌لرزه, تداخل سنجی راداری, جابجای پوسته زمین, سرپل ذهاب,
چکیده مقاله :
پیشینه و هدف زلزله یکی از مهم ترین وقایع طبیعی است که هر ساله خسارات مالی و جانی فراوانی در سراسر جهان از خود به جای می گذارد. زلزله عبارت است از لرزش زمین در اثر آزادسازی سریع انرژی که اغلب موارد در اثر لغزش در امتداد یک گسل در پوسته زمین اتفاق می افتد. در اثر رخداد زمین لرزه ناپایداری های زمین شناختی ژئوتکنیکی بسیاری مانند ریزش های سنگی متعدد، لغزش های خاکی و سنگی، جریان واریزهای و گل روانه، فرونشست غارهای آهکی، روانگرایی و گسیختگی گسترشی روی می دهد. یکی از مهم ترین اثرات زمین لرزه جابجایی زمین و تغییرات مورفولوژی حاصل از آن است. برآورد میزان جابجایی زمین و پایش تغییرات مورفولوژی این پدیده به منظور مدیریت بحران یکی از اقدامات اساسی بعد از وقوع زلزله محسوب می گردد. در دهه های اخیر، تلاش های گسترده ای جهت پایش تغییرات و جا به جایی پوسته زمین صورت گرفته است. با ترازیابی دقیق و مشاهدات زمینی، می توان تغییرات را با دقت زیاد اندازه گیری کرد که اندازه گیری زمینی مستلزم هزینه و به صورت نقطه ای و پراکنده قابل اندازه گیری است. استفاده از فن آوری سنجش از دور در علوم مختلف زمین به دلیل پوشش وسیع تصاویر ماهواره ای، بهنگام بودن تصاویر و هزینه پایین آن نسبت به روش های زمینی بسیار متداول است. یکی از کاربردهای سنجش از دور نمایش و کنترل جابجایی های پوسته زمین در اثر عواملی چون زلزله، رانش، فرونشست است. استفاده از تصاویر ماهواره ای راداری و روش تداخل سنجی راداری، به دلیل پوشش گسترده و تصویر برداری دوره ای و با استفاده دقتی در حدود سانتی متر، ابزار مناسبی جهت در پایش تغییرات پوسته زمین است. در حال حاضر تصاویر ماهواره های منظومه ماهواره Sentinel-1، که از سال 2014 توسط آژانس فضایی اروپا به صورت رایگان در اختیار عموم قرارگرفته است و نیز به طور مداوم نیز در حال تصویربرداری است، ابزاری مناسب جهت پایش زلزله پایش تغییرات پوسته زمین است. در تحقیق حاضر جهت نیل به هدف فوق با استفاده از داده های ماهواره ای و تکنیک تداخل سنجی راداری، به بررسی میزان تغییر شکل پوسته زمین ناشی از حرکات بعد از لرزه ای شهرستان سرپل ذهاب پرداخته شده است.مواد و روش ها در این پژوهش با استفاده از تکنیک تداخل سنجی راداری، میزان تغییر شکل ناشی از حرکات بعد لرزه شهرستان سرپل ذهاب در بازه زمانی 7 روزه 2017/11/11 تا 2017/11/17 بعد از وقوع زلزله با استفاده از داده های راداری (S_1A-IW-SLC)، با بیس لاین مکانی 100 متر و تجزیه و تحلیل در نرم افزار SNAP SANTINEL ، ArcGIS و گوگل ارث استفاده شده است.نتایج و بحث بررسی نتایج تغییر شکل پوسته زمین پس از زمین‌لرزه نشان می دهد؛ بیشترین میزان فرونشست زمین در شمال، شمال غرب شهر سرپل ذهاب (حدود 90 سانتی‌متر جابجایی عمودی پوسته زمین) به سمت غرب، و بالاآمدگی زمین در اطراف کانون زلزله (شمال ازگله)، حدود 30 سانتی متر جابجایی عمودی پوسته زمین (به‌طرف دربندی خان) به وقوع پیوسته است. اثرات فرونشست و بالاآمدگی پوسته زمین ناشی از زلزله در محدوده منطقه موردمطالعه علاوه بر تغییرات مرفولوژیکی در سطح منطقه بر روی هیدرولوژی منابع آب منطقه نیز اثرگذار بوده است. به عنوان مثال زلزله باعث تغییرات محسوس کاهشی حجم آب در سد تنگه حمام و افزایش حجم منابع آب در رودخانه سیروان شده است.نتیجه گیری نتایج این مطالعه نشان داد که استفاده از تکنیک تداخل سنجی راداری علاوه بر این‌که می تواند ابزار کارآمدی در برآورد میزان جابجایی پوسته زمین قلمداد گردد، می تواند در برآورد نسبتاً دقیق تغییرات کمی منابع آب حاصل از جابجایی پوسته زمین استفاده گردد.
Background and Objective An earthquake is one of the most important natural events that cause a lot of financial and human losses every year around the world. An earthquake is an earthquake caused by the rapid release of energy, which often occurs due to landslides along a fault in the earth's crust. Earthquakes cause many geological-geotechnical instabilities such as multiple rockfalls, soil and rock landslides, runoff and mud flow, subsidence limestone caves, liquefaction, and expansion rupture. One of the most important effects of an earthquake is the displacement of the earth and the resulting morphological changes. Estimating the rate of land displacement and monitoring the morphological changes of this phenomenon in order to manage the crisis is one of the basic measures after the earthquake. In recent decades, extensive efforts have been made to monitor changes and displacements of the Earth's crust. With accurate alignment and ground observations, changes can be measured with great accuracy, which ground measurements are costly and can be measured sporadically. The use of remote sensing technology in the various earth sciences is very common due to the wide coverage of satellite images, the timeliness of the images, and its low cost compared to terrestrial methods. One of the applications of measurement is to show and control the movements of the earth's crust due to factors such as earthquake, drift, subsidence. The use of radar, satellite images, and radar interferometry methods, due to extensive coverage and periodic imaging and with an accuracy of about cm, is a good tool to monitor changes in the Earth's crust. Satellite imagery of the Sentinel-1 satellite system, which has been made available to the public free of charge by the European Space Agency since 2014 and is currently being continuously imaged, is a good tool for earthquake monitoring. A radar imaging technique is a new tool used for the discovery and display of land subsidence. In the present perusal, in order to achieve the above purpose, using satellite data and radar interferometry technique, the deformation of the earth's crust due to post-seismic movements in Sarpolzahab city has been investigated. Materials and Methods In this paper, using radar imagery, the deformation field due to the seismic dimension of the county is obtained from 11/ 11/ 2017 to 17/11/2017 using radar data (S _ 1 A - IW), with a baseline of 100 m.Results and Discussion Examination of the results of deformation of the earth's crust after an earthquake shows; The highest rate of land subsidence in the north, northwest of Sarpol-e-Zahab city (about 90 cm vertical displacements of the earth's crust) to the west, and land elevation around the epicenter (north of the herd), about 30 cm vertical displacements of the earth's crust (towards Darbandi Khan) It has happened. The effects of subsidence and uplift caused by the earthquake in the study area in addition to morphological changes in the area have also affected the hydrology of water resources in the area. For example, earthquakes have caused significant changes in the volume of water in the Strait of Hammam dam and increased the volume of water resources in the Sirvan river.Conclusion The results of this study showed that the use of radar interferometry technique, in addition to being an efficient tool in estimating the rate of crustal displacement, can be used in relatively accurate estimation of quantitative changes in water resources resulting from crustal displacement.
Berardino P, Fornaro G, Lanari R, Sansosti E. 2002. A new algorithm for surface deformation monitoring based on small baseline differential SAR interferograms. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 40(11): 2375-2383. doi:https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2002.803792.
Earthquake Report November 12. 2017. Sarpol-e Zahab, Kermanshah Province (Fifth Edition). Volume 1: Seismological Aspects. International Institute of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering. (In Persian).
Ferretti A, Monti A, Prati C, Rocca F, Massonet D. 2007. InSAR Principles: Guidelines for SAR Interferometry ProcessingandInterpretation.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234226330_InSAR_Principles__Guidelines_for_SAR_Interferometry_Processing_and_Interpretation
Fruneau B, Sarti F. 2000. Detection of ground subsidence in the city of Paris using radar interferometry: isolation of deformation from atmospheric artifacts using correlation. Geophysical Research Letters, 27(24): 3981-3984. doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GL008489.
Gabriel AK, Goldstein RM, Zebker HA. 1989. Mapping small elevation changes over large areas: Differential radar interferometry. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 94(B7): 9183-9191. doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/JB094iB07p09183.
Gombert B, Duputel Z, Shabani E, Rivera L, Jolivet R, Hollingsworth J. 2019. Impulsive source of the 2017 Mw= 7.3 Ezgeleh, Iran, earthquake. Geophysical research letters, 46(10): 5207-5216. doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL081794.
Goorabi A. 2021. Quantification of mass wasting volume associated with the giant landslide Maleh Kabood induced by the 2017 Kermanshah earthquake from InSAR. Journal of Applied researches in Geographical Sciences, 21(60): 47-63. doi:https://doi.org/10.52547/jgs.21.60.47. (In Persian).
Graham LC. 1974. Synthetic interferometer radar for topographic mapping. Proceedings of the IEEE, 62(6): 763-768. doi:https://doi.org/10.1109/PROC.1974.9516.
Gunce HB, San BT. 2018. Measuring earthquake-induced deformation in the south of Halabjah (Sarpol-e-Zahab) using Sentinel-1 data on November 12, 2017. In: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute Proceedings, vol 7. pp 346. https://doi.org/310.3390/ecrs-3392-05159.
Howells D. 1983. A history of Persian earthquakes, by NN Ambraseys and CP Melville, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1982. No. of pages: 219. Wiley Online Library. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4290110412.
Iran-Iraq Earthquake is Deadliest of 2017-CNN. 2018. Available online: middleeast/iraq-earthquake/index.html accessed on 9 February 2018, https://edition.cnn.com/2017/11/12.
Karimzadeh S, Matsuoka M, Miyajima M, Adriano B, Fallahi A, Karashi J. 2018. Sequential SAR coherence method for the monitoring of buildings in Sarpole-Zahab, Iran. Remote Sensing, 10(8): 1255. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10081255.
Khoshlahjeh Azar M, Maghsoudi Y, momeeni S. 2018. displacement analysis of the 12 november 2017 Mw 7.3 Sarpol-e Zahab earthquake by SAR interferometry using Sentinel – 1. Conference: The 3rd National Conference on Geospatial Information Technology. doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.33839.18083
Lundgren P, Usai S, Sansosti E, Lanari R, Tesauro M, Fornaro G, Berardino P. 2001. Modeling surface deformation observed with synthetic aperture radar interferometry at Campi Flegrei caldera. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 106(B9): 19355-19366. doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000194.
Massonnet D, Rossi M, Carmona C, Adragna F, Peltzer G, Feigl K, Rabaute T. 1993. The displacement field of the Landers earthquake mapped by radar interferometry. Nature, 364(6433): 138-142. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/364138a0.
Matsuoka M, Yamazaki F. 2000. Use of interferometric satellite SAR for earthquake damage detection. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Seismic Zonation, 103-108, 2000.11.
Motagh M, Vajedian S, Behling R, Haghshenas Haghighi M, Roessner S, Akbari B, Wetzel H-U, Darabi A. 2018. 12 November 2017 Mw 7.3 Sarpol-e Zahab, Iran, earthquake: Results from combining radar and optical remote sensing measurements with geophysical modeling and field mapping. In: EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts. p 10528.
Qanadi MA, Enayati H, Khasali E. 2018. Generating Digital Elevation Model of the Earth Using Sentinel-1 Images and Interferometry. Geographical Information Scientific-Research Quarterly. Volume 27, Number 108, Winter 2019. 10.22131/SEPEHR.2019.34623.
Sherwin CW, Ruina J, Rawcliffe R. 1962. Some early developments in synthetic aperture radar systems. IRE Transactions on Military Electronics(2): 111-115. doi:https://doi.org/10.1109/IRET-MIL.1962.5008415.
Tolomei C, Svigkas N, Baneh AF, Atzori S, Pezzo G. 2018. Surface deformation and source modeling for the MW 7.3 Iran earthquake (November 12, 2017) exploiting sentinel-1 and ALOS-2 insar data. In: IGARSS 2018-2018 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, pp 3063-3066. doi:https://doi.org/3010.1109/IGARSS.2018.8518173.
Turker M, San B. 2004. Detection of collapsed buildings caused by the 1999 Izmit, Turkey earthquake through digital analysis of post-event aerial photographs. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 25(21): 4701-4714. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160410001709976.
Vajedian S, Motagh M. 2018. Coseismic displacement analysis of the 12 November 2017 Mw 7.3 Sarpol-e Zahab (Iran) earthquake from SAR Interferometry, burst overlap interferometry and offset tracking. ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences 4 (2018), Nr 3, 4(3): 205-209. doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-IV-3-205-2018.
Vajedian S, Motagh M, Mousavi Z, Motaghi K, Fielding E, Akbari B, Wetzel H-U, Darabi A. 2018. Coseismic deformation field of the Mw 7.3 12 November 2017 Sarpol-e Zahab (Iran) earthquake: A decoupling horizon in the northern Zagros Mountains inferred from InSAR observations. Remote Sensing, 10(10): 1589. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10101589.
Wang R, Xia Y, Grosser H, Wetzel H-U, Kaufmann H, Zschau J. 2004. The 2003 Bam (SE Iran) earthquake: precise source parameters from satellite radar interferometry. Geophysical Journal International, 159(3): 917-922. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2004.02476.x.
_||_Berardino P, Fornaro G, Lanari R, Sansosti E. 2002. A new algorithm for surface deformation monitoring based on small baseline differential SAR interferograms. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 40(11): 2375-2383. doi:https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2002.803792.
Earthquake Report November 12. 2017. Sarpol-e Zahab, Kermanshah Province (Fifth Edition). Volume 1: Seismological Aspects. International Institute of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering. (In Persian).
Ferretti A, Monti A, Prati C, Rocca F, Massonet D. 2007. InSAR Principles: Guidelines for SAR Interferometry ProcessingandInterpretation.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234226330_InSAR_Principles__Guidelines_for_SAR_Interferometry_Processing_and_Interpretation
Fruneau B, Sarti F. 2000. Detection of ground subsidence in the city of Paris using radar interferometry: isolation of deformation from atmospheric artifacts using correlation. Geophysical Research Letters, 27(24): 3981-3984. doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GL008489.
Gabriel AK, Goldstein RM, Zebker HA. 1989. Mapping small elevation changes over large areas: Differential radar interferometry. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 94(B7): 9183-9191. doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/JB094iB07p09183.
Gombert B, Duputel Z, Shabani E, Rivera L, Jolivet R, Hollingsworth J. 2019. Impulsive source of the 2017 Mw= 7.3 Ezgeleh, Iran, earthquake. Geophysical research letters, 46(10): 5207-5216. doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL081794.
Goorabi A. 2021. Quantification of mass wasting volume associated with the giant landslide Maleh Kabood induced by the 2017 Kermanshah earthquake from InSAR. Journal of Applied researches in Geographical Sciences, 21(60): 47-63. doi:https://doi.org/10.52547/jgs.21.60.47. (In Persian).
Graham LC. 1974. Synthetic interferometer radar for topographic mapping. Proceedings of the IEEE, 62(6): 763-768. doi:https://doi.org/10.1109/PROC.1974.9516.
Gunce HB, San BT. 2018. Measuring earthquake-induced deformation in the south of Halabjah (Sarpol-e-Zahab) using Sentinel-1 data on November 12, 2017. In: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute Proceedings, vol 7. pp 346. https://doi.org/310.3390/ecrs-3392-05159.
Howells D. 1983. A history of Persian earthquakes, by NN Ambraseys and CP Melville, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1982. No. of pages: 219. Wiley Online Library. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4290110412.
Iran-Iraq Earthquake is Deadliest of 2017-CNN. 2018. Available online: middleeast/iraq-earthquake/index.html accessed on 9 February 2018, https://edition.cnn.com/2017/11/12.
Karimzadeh S, Matsuoka M, Miyajima M, Adriano B, Fallahi A, Karashi J. 2018. Sequential SAR coherence method for the monitoring of buildings in Sarpole-Zahab, Iran. Remote Sensing, 10(8): 1255. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10081255.
Khoshlahjeh Azar M, Maghsoudi Y, momeeni S. 2018. displacement analysis of the 12 november 2017 Mw 7.3 Sarpol-e Zahab earthquake by SAR interferometry using Sentinel – 1. Conference: The 3rd National Conference on Geospatial Information Technology. doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.33839.18083
Lundgren P, Usai S, Sansosti E, Lanari R, Tesauro M, Fornaro G, Berardino P. 2001. Modeling surface deformation observed with synthetic aperture radar interferometry at Campi Flegrei caldera. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 106(B9): 19355-19366. doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000194.
Massonnet D, Rossi M, Carmona C, Adragna F, Peltzer G, Feigl K, Rabaute T. 1993. The displacement field of the Landers earthquake mapped by radar interferometry. Nature, 364(6433): 138-142. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/364138a0.
Matsuoka M, Yamazaki F. 2000. Use of interferometric satellite SAR for earthquake damage detection. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Seismic Zonation, 103-108, 2000.11.
Motagh M, Vajedian S, Behling R, Haghshenas Haghighi M, Roessner S, Akbari B, Wetzel H-U, Darabi A. 2018. 12 November 2017 Mw 7.3 Sarpol-e Zahab, Iran, earthquake: Results from combining radar and optical remote sensing measurements with geophysical modeling and field mapping. In: EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts. p 10528.
Qanadi MA, Enayati H, Khasali E. 2018. Generating Digital Elevation Model of the Earth Using Sentinel-1 Images and Interferometry. Geographical Information Scientific-Research Quarterly. Volume 27, Number 108, Winter 2019. 10.22131/SEPEHR.2019.34623.
Sherwin CW, Ruina J, Rawcliffe R. 1962. Some early developments in synthetic aperture radar systems. IRE Transactions on Military Electronics(2): 111-115. doi:https://doi.org/10.1109/IRET-MIL.1962.5008415.
Tolomei C, Svigkas N, Baneh AF, Atzori S, Pezzo G. 2018. Surface deformation and source modeling for the MW 7.3 Iran earthquake (November 12, 2017) exploiting sentinel-1 and ALOS-2 insar data. In: IGARSS 2018-2018 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, pp 3063-3066. doi:https://doi.org/3010.1109/IGARSS.2018.8518173.
Turker M, San B. 2004. Detection of collapsed buildings caused by the 1999 Izmit, Turkey earthquake through digital analysis of post-event aerial photographs. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 25(21): 4701-4714. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160410001709976.
Vajedian S, Motagh M. 2018. Coseismic displacement analysis of the 12 November 2017 Mw 7.3 Sarpol-e Zahab (Iran) earthquake from SAR Interferometry, burst overlap interferometry and offset tracking. ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences 4 (2018), Nr 3, 4(3): 205-209. doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-IV-3-205-2018.
Vajedian S, Motagh M, Mousavi Z, Motaghi K, Fielding E, Akbari B, Wetzel H-U, Darabi A. 2018. Coseismic deformation field of the Mw 7.3 12 November 2017 Sarpol-e Zahab (Iran) earthquake: A decoupling horizon in the northern Zagros Mountains inferred from InSAR observations. Remote Sensing, 10(10): 1589. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10101589.
Wang R, Xia Y, Grosser H, Wetzel H-U, Kaufmann H, Zschau J. 2004. The 2003 Bam (SE Iran) earthquake: precise source parameters from satellite radar interferometry. Geophysical Journal International, 159(3): 917-922. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2004.02476.x.
