تأثیر ترومای دوران کودکی بر علائم روان‌شناختی با میانجی‌گری انعطاف‌پذیری روان‌شناختی در دانشجویان دختر 20-29 سال
محورهای موضوعی : روانشناسی
1 - کارشناس ارشد روان شناسی عمومی،موسسه آموزش عالی شمس گنبد کاووس،گنبد کاووس، ایران.
2 - استادیار گروه روان شناسی و علوم تربیتی، واحد آزادشهر، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، آزادشهر، ایران.
کلید واژه: علائم روان‌شناختی, انعطاف‌پذیری روان‌شناختی, ترومای دوران کودکی, دانشجویان دختر 20 تا 29 سال,
چکیده مقاله :
این مطالعه با هدف بررسی تأثیر ترومای دوران کودکی بر علائم روان شناختی با نقش میانجی گری انعطاف پذیری روان شناختی انجام گرفت. تحقیق از نظر هدف، کاربردی و از نظر ماهیت توصیفی از نوع تحلیل مسیر است. جامعه آماری پژوهش شامل همه دانشجویان دختر دوره کارشناسی و کارشناسی ارشد (در بازه سنی 20 تا 29 سال) مؤسسه آموزش عالی شمس گنبد در سال تحصیلی 1400-1399 به تعداد 752 نفر است که بر اساس جدول کرجسی و مورگان، تعداد 254 نفر به عنوان نمونه پژوهش انتخاب شدند.گردآوری داده های پژوهش به شیوه آنلاین و با استفاده از پرسشنامه های ترومای دوران کودکی Bernstein et al (2003)، انعطاف پذیری روان شناختی Dennis and Vander (2010) و نسخه تجدید نظر شده پرسشنامه نشانگان روانی Derogatis (1994) صورت گرفت. تجزیه و تحلیل اطلاعات بااستفاده از نرم افزار spss25 و liserel8.8 صورت گرفت. نتایج نشان داد تجربه تروما در دوران کودکی با علائم روان شناختی بیشتر (01/0>p) و انعطاف پذیری روان شناختی پایین تر (01/0>p) مرتبط است؛ علاوه بر این نتایج حاصل از تحلیل مسیر نشان داد، انعطاف پذیری روان شناختی در رابطه میان ترومای دوران کودکی و علائم روان شناختی نقش میانجی گری دارد. نتایج حاصل از این مطالعه نشان می دهد که انعطاف پذیری روان شناختی می تواند به عنوان یک مداخله درمانی در افرادی که تروما را تجربه کرده اند در مطالعات آینده مورد توجه قرار گیرد.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of childhood trauma on psychological symptoms with the mediating role of psychological resilience. The research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of descriptive nature. The statistical population of the study includes all female undergraduate and graduate students (in the age range of 20 to 29 years) of Shams Gonbad Higher Education Institute in the academic year 2020-2021 with 752 people, which according to Krejcie and Morgan table, 254 people as Research data were selected. Online data collection using Bernstein et al's Child Trauma Questionnaires. (2003), Dennis and Vander's Cognitive Flexibility Inventory(2010) and Derogatis's self-reported symptom checklist (1994). Data analysis was performed using spss25 and liserel 8.8 software. The results showed that the experience of childhood trauma was associated with more psychological symptoms and lower psychological flexibility; in addition, the results of path analysis showed psychological flexibility in the relationship between childhood trauma and psychological symptoms play a mediating role. The results of this study show that psychological resilience can be considered as a therapeutic intervention in people who have experienced trauma in future studies.
Ahmadi, M. (2017). Predicting Depression Symptoms and Emotional Schemas by Childhood Trauma in Adolescents. Master Thesis of Shahed University. [Persian]
Arnsten A. F. T. (2015). Stress weakens prefrontal networks: Molecular insults to higher cognition. Nature Neuroscience, 18(10), 1376–1385. pmid: 26404712
Behrouz B, Bavali F, Heidarizadeh N, Farhadi M. (2016). The Effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on Psychological Symptoms, Coping Styles, and Quality of Life in Patients with Type-2 Diabetes. j.health. 7 (2): 236-253 URL: http://healthjournal.arums.ac.ir/article-1-919-fa.html. [Persian]
Bernstein, D. P., Stein, J. A., Newcomb, M. D., Walker, E., Pogge, D., Ahluvalia, T., & Zule, W. (2003). Development and validation of a brief screening version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Child Abuse and Neglect, 27 (2), 169–190.
Björkenstam C, Kosidou K, Björkenstam E. (2017). Childhood adversity and risk of suicide: cohort study of 548 721 adolescents and young adults in Sweden.bmj. 357:j1334.
Bond FW, Hayes SC, Baer RA, Carpenter KM, Guenole N, Orcutt HK, Waltz T, Zettle RD. (2011) Preliminary psychometric properties of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II: a revised measure of psychological flexibility and experiential avoidance. Behav Ther. 2011; 42:676–688. doi: 10.1016/j.beth.2011.03.007.
Bremner, J. D., Bolus, R., & Mayer, E. A. (2007). Psychometric properties of the early trauma inventory-self report. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 195, 211–218.
Briere, J. (2002). Treating adult survivors of severe childhood abuse and neglect: further development of an integrative model. In J. E. B. Myers, L. Berliner, J. Briere, C. T. Hendrix, T. Reid & C. Jenny (Eds.), The APSAC Handbook on Child Maltreatment (2nd ed.). Newbury Park, CA: SAGE Publications.
Bryan, C. J., Ray-Sannerud, B., & Heron, E. A. (2015). Psychological flexibility as a dimension of resilience for posttraumatic stress, depression, and risk for suicidal ideation among Air Force personnel. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 4, 263–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs. 2015.10.002.
Canadian Red Cross. (2015). Emotional and Physical Abuse and Neglect. Retrieved from http://www.redcross.ca/how‐we‐help/violence‐‐bullying‐and‐abuse‐prevention/youth/.
Curtiss J, Klemanski DH. (2014). Teasing apart low mindfulness: differentiating deficits in mindfulness and in psychological flexibility in predicting symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder and depression. J Affect Disord. 2014; 166:41–47. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014. 04.062.
Dennis, J.P., Vander, Wal. J.S., (2010). The cognitive flexibility inventory: Instrument development and estimates of reliability and validity. Cogn Ther Res, 34(3):241-53.
Deragotis KR, Lipman RS, Covi L.(1973). SCL-90-AR outpatients' psychiatric rating scale preliminary report. Psychopharmacol Bull.1973; 9: 13-27.
Derogatis, L. R. (1994). SCL-90-R; Symptom checklist -90-R. National Computer System. United States of America, 27, 32-45.
Dodge Reyome, N. (2010) Childhood emotional maltreatment and later intimate relationships: themes from the empirical literature, Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 19(2), 224–242, doi: 10.1080/10926770903539664.
Dube S. R., Anda R. F., Felitti V. J., Chapman D. P., Williamson D. F., & Giles W. H. (2001). Childhood abuse, household dysfunction, and the risk of attempted suicide throughout the life span: Findings from the Adverse Childhood Experiences Study. JAMA, 286(24), 3089–3096. pmid:11754674.
Dugal, C, Bigras, N. Godbout, N., Belanger, C. (2016). Childhood Interpersonal Trauma and its Repercussions in Adulthood: An Analysis of Psychological and Interpersonal Sequelae. Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/64476.
Dutra, S. J., & Sadeh, N. (2017). Psychological flexibility mitigates effects of PTS symptoms and negative urgency on aggressive behavior in trauma-exposed veterans. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment. https://doi.org/10.1037/ per0000251 (Advance online publication).
Ebrahimi, H., Dejkam, M.,; Yousefi, S. (2013). Relationship between childhood traumas and attachment styles with suicidal behavior in women referred to Loghman Hakim Hospital in comparison with the general population. Cultural-Educational Quarterly of Women and Family. 7 (23): 47-69. [Persian]
Elliott, T. R., Hsiao, Y., Kimbrel, N. A., Meyer, E. C., DeBeer, B. B., Gulliver, S. B., Morissette, S. B. (2015). Resilience, traumatic brain injury, depression, and posttraumatic stress among Iraq/Afghanistan war veterans. Rehabilitation Psychology, 60, 263–276. https://doi.org/10.1037/ rep0000050.
Fergus TA, Valentiner DP, McGrath PB, Gier-Lonsway S, Jencius S. (2013). The cognitive attentional syndrome: examining relations with mood and anxiety symptoms and distinctiveness from psychological inflexibility in a clinical sample. Psychiatry Res. 2013; 210: 215–219. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2013.04.020.
Gabrys, R., Tabri, N., Anisman, H., Matheson, K., (2018). Cognitiv Control and Flexibility in the Context of Stress and Depressive Symptoms: The Cognitive Control and Flexibility Questionnaire. Journal List Front Psycholv.9; PMC6252356.
Gloster AT, Klotsche J, Chaker S, Hummel KV, Hoyer J. (2011). Assessing psychological flexibility: what does it add above and beyond existing constructs? Psychol Assess. 2011;23:970–982. doi: 10.1037/ a0024135.
Godbout, N., & Briere, J. (2012). Psychological responses to trauma. In C. R. Figley (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Trauma, an Interdisciplinary Guide (pp. 485–489). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. ISBN: 9781412978798.
Godbout, N., Lussier, Y., & Sabourin, S. (2006). Early abuse experiences and subsequentgender differences in couple adjustment. Violence and Victims, 21(6), 744–760. doi:10.1891/vvv21i6a005.
Haferkamp, L., Bebermeier, A., Möllering, A., & Neuner, F. (2015). Dissociation is associated with emotional maltreatment in a sample of traumatized women with a history of child abuse. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 16(1), 86–99. doi: 10.1080/15299732.2014.959149
Hatcher, A M., Gibbs, A., Jewkes, R., McBride, R-S., Peacock D., Christofides, N. (2018). Effect of Childhood Poverty and Trauma on Adult Depressive Symptoms Among Young Men in Peri-Urban South African Settlements. Journal of Adolescent Health. 64 (2019) 79-85.
Hébert, M., Cyr, M., & Tourigny, M. (2011). Sexual assault on children. Tome I. Ste-Foy: Presses de l’Université du Québec.
Higgins, D. J., & McCabe, M. P. (2001). The development of the comprehensive child maltreatment scale. Journal of Family Studies, 7(1), 7–28.
Hosseinzade khanmiri, B., Shalchi, B., Bafande Gheramalki, H. (2017). Explain the effects of child abuse on addiction. Explain the effects of child abuse on addiction. Contemporary Psychology, 12, (suppl.): 569-5272. [Persian]
Iska News Agency. (2019). Take sexual harassment of your children seriously. Available through the portal: www.independentpersian.com.
Kämpfe CK, Gloster AT, Wittchen H, Helbig-Lang S, Lang T, Gerlach AL, Richter J, Alpers GW, Fehm L, Kircher T, Hamm AO, Ströhle A, Deckert J. (2012). Experiential avoidance and anxiety sensitivity in patients with panic disorder and agoraphobia: do both constructs measure the same? Int J Clin Health Psychol. 2012;12:5–22.
Kato, T. (2016). Impact of psychological inflexibility on depressive symptoms and sleep difficulty in a Japanese sample. Journal ListSpringerplus. PMC4908084. Springerplus. 2016; 5(1): 712. Published online 2016 Jun 14. doi: 10.1186/s40064-016-2393-0
Li M, D'arcy C, Meng X. (2016). Maltreatment in childhood substantially increases the risk of adult depression and anxiety in prospective cohort studies: systematic review, meta-analysis, and proportional attributable fractions. Psychol Med. 2016;46:717–30.
Lindert J, von Ehrenstein OS, Grashow R. (2014). Sexual and physical abuse in childhood is associated with depression and anxiety over the life course: systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Public Health. 2014;59:359–72.
Manyema M, Norris SA, Richter LM. (2018). Stress begets stress: the association of adverse childhood experiences with psychological distress in the presence of adult life stress. BMC public health. 2018;18(1):835. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5767-0a.
Masuda A, Mandavia A, Tully EC. (2014). The role of psychological inflexibility and mindfulness in somatization, depression, and anxiety among Asian Americans in the United States. Asian Am J Psychol. 2014;5:230–236. doi: 10.1037/a0034437.
McCracken LM, Barker E, Chilcot J. (2014). Decentering, rumination, cognitive defusion, and flexibility in people with chronic pain. J Behav Med. 2014;37:1215–1225. doi: 10.1007/s10865-014-9570-9.
McCracken LM, Williams JL, Tang NKY. (2011). Psychological flexibility may reduce insomnia in persons with chronic pain: a preliminary retrospective study. Pain Med. 2011;12:904–912. doi: 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2011.01115.x.
Nemati, Z. (2019). Relationship between cognitive flexibility and Emotional control skills with test anxiety in seconsary school students East Golestan. Master Thesis Shams Institute of Higher Education. [Persian]
Norman, R. E., Byambaa, M., De, R., Butchart, A., Scott, J., & Vos, T. (2012). The longterm health consequences of child physical abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med, 9(11): e1001349. doi:10.1371/journal. pmed.1001349.
Pournaghash-Tehrani S S, Amini-Tehrani M. (2018). The Impact of Adverse Experiences in Childhood Relationships on the Mental Health of University Students. Iran J Health Educ Health Promot. 2019; 7 (2): 231-244 URL: http://journal.ihepsa.ir/article-1-1134-fa.html. [Persian]
Ramo-Fernández, L., Schneider, A., Wilker, S., & Kolassa, I.-T. (2015). Epigenetic alterations associated with war trauma and childhood maltreatment. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 33(5), 701–721. doi:10.1002/bsl.2200
Sabri Nazarzadeh, R., Fazeli, M., Meamarbashi Aval, M., Maddah Shourche, R. (2015). Effectiveness of Cognitive-Behavior Therapy on Cognitive Flexibility in Perfectionist. Psychology Vol.06 No.14. doi:10.4236/psych.2015.614174 [Persian]
Schury, K., Kolassa, I. T. (2012). Biological memory of childhood maltreatment: current knowledge and recommendations for future research. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1262, 93–100.
Soltani, E., Shareh, H, Bahrainian, S A.M, Farmani, A. (2013). The mediating role of cognitive flexibility in correlation of coping styles and resilience with depression. pajoohande; 18 (2) :88-96. URL: http://pajoohande.sbmu.ac.ir/article-1-1518-fa.html. [Persian]
Stansfeld, S. A., Clark, C., Rodgers, B., Caldwell, T., & Power, C. (2010). Repeated exposure to socioeconomic disadvantage and health selection as life course pathways to mid-life depressive and anxiety disorders. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 46(7), 549–558.
Stoltenborgh, M., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Alink, L. R. A., & van Ijzendoorn, M. H. (2012). The universality of childhood emotional abuse: a metaanalysis of worldwide prevalence. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 21(8), 870–890. doi: 10.1080/10926771.2012.708014.
Stoltenborgh, M., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Alink, L. R. A., & van Ijzendoorn, M. H. (2015). The prevalence of child maltreatment across the globe: review of a series of meta-analyses. Child Abuse Review, 24(1), 37–50. doi:10.1002/car.2353.
Trocmé, N., Fallon, B., MacLaurin, B., Sinha, V., Black, T., Fast, E.,…Holroyd, J. (2010). Canadian Child Abuse and Neglect Report Incidence Study - Key Data Recieved from http://www.phacaspc. gc.ca/cm‐vee/public‐fra.php.
Waxman, R., Fenton, M. C., Skodol, A. E., Grant, B. F., & Hasin, D. (2014). Childhood maltreatment and personality disorders in the USA: specificity of effects and the impact of gender. Personality and Mental Health, 8(1), 30–41. doi:10.1002/pmh.1239.
Woodruff SC, Glass CR, Arnkoff DB, Crowley KJ, Hindman RK, Hirschhorn EW. (2014).Comparing self compassion, mindfulness, and psychological inflexibility as predictors of psychological health. Mindfulness. 2014;5:410–421. doi: 10.1007/s12671-013-0195-9.
World Health Organization. (2002). World Report on Violence and Health: Summary. World Health Organization, Geneva.
World Health Organization. (2015). Violence and Injury Prevention: Child Maltreatment (“child abuse”). Retrieved from http://www.who.int/ violence_injury_prevention.
_||_