مقایسه درون‌مایه رستگاری موجود در داستان زندگی الکلی‌های موفق و ناموفق در ترک الکل
محورهای موضوعی : تربیتی
ابراهیم احمدی
1
(گروه روان‌شناسی، واحد بویین‌زهرا، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، بویین‌زهرا، ایران)
کلید واژه: داستان زندگی, رستگاری, اعتیاد به الکل, ترک اعتیاد, الکلی‌ها,
چکیده مقاله :
هدف این پژوهش، پاسخ به این پرسش است که آیا وجود درون‌مایه رستگاری در داستان‌های زندگی (این‌که فرد تجربه‌های ناخوشایند زندگی خود را باعث‌وبانی تحولات مثبت در شخصیت خود بداند) در الکلی‌های موفق و ناموفق در ترک الکل متفاوت هست یا خیر. جامعه آماری این پژوهش، همه الکلی‌های شهر مشهد در سال ۹۲ (حدود سه هزار نفر) بود و 127 نفر با روش نمونه‌گیری در دسترس گزینش شدند. ابزار اصلی پژوهش، داستان زندگی آزمودنی‌ها بود. متغیرهای کنترل نیز با نسخه بازبینی‌شده آزمون نگاه به زندگی (اسکایر، کارور و بریجز، 1994)، خرده مقیاس احساسات افسرده از مقیاس افسردگی مرکز پژوهش‌های همه‌گیر شناختی (ردلاف، 1977)، آزمون زمان‌بندی هیجان‌های مثبت و منفی (واتسن، کلارک و تلیجن، 1988)، زیرمقیاس اضطراب را از پرسشنامه کوتاه نشانه‌ها (دیراگتیس، 1975)، زیرمقیاس‌های توانایی و کوشش از مقیاس علّیت چند بُعدی-چند اِسنادی (لفکورت، وان بیایر، ویر و کاکس، 1979)، مقیاس وابستگی به الکل (اسکینر و آلن، 1992)، مقیاس شرکت در الکلی‌های گمنام (تونیگن، کانرس و میلر، 1996)، مقیاس پنج ماده‌ای سلامت عمومی از نسخه کوتاه زمینه‌یابی سلامت (ویر و شربورن، 1992)، اندازه‌گیری شدند. با روش علی-مقایسه‌ای، زندگی- داستان الکلی‌هایی که 4 سال و بیشتر، از الکل پرهیز کرده‌اند (در ترک الکل موفق بودند) با زندگی- داستان الکلی‌هایی که 6 ماه یا کمتر، از الکل پرهیز کرده بودند (در ترک الکل ناموفق بودند) مقایسه شد. برای تحلیل داده‌ها از آزمون‌های 2c، rpb و F استفاده شد. نتیجه نشان داد که الکلی‌های موفق در ترک الکل به گونه‌ای معنادار بیشتر از الکلی‌های ناموفق در ترک الکل به این نکته اشاره کرده بودند که تجربه تلخ آخرین بار مصرف الکل باعث رستگاری آنها (تحولات مثبت در شخصیت آنها) شده است (001/0>p < /span>). این تفاوت حتی پس از کنترل آماری متغیرهای نامربوط (صفات شخصیت، شدت وابستگی به الکل، میزان شرکت در برنامه ترک، سلامت جسمی و روانی و سایر درون‌مایه‌های داستان زندگی) همچنان معنادار باقی ماند (04/0=p < /span>). این پژوهش، برای اولین بار در ایران ثابت کرد که ادراک رویدادهای ناخوشایند زندگی به عنوان عواملی که به تغییرات مثبت در فرد کمک کرده‌اند، می‌تواند به ترک اعتیاد کمک کند.
The purpose of this study was to answer the question of whether the themes of salvation in the life stories (ie, the person experiences unpleasant life events as causing positive changes in his character) is different in alcoholics who are successful and unsuccessful in alcohol withdrawal. The population for this study were all alcoholics of Mashhad in 1992 (N=3000), and 127 alcoholics were selected by convenience sampling method. The main research tool were life stories of participants. Control variables were measured using revised life view test (skier, Carver, and Bridges, 1994), depressive feelings subscale of Epidemiological Research Centre depression scale (Radlaf, 1977), positive and negative emotions timing test (Watson, Clark, and Tleejen, 1988), anxiety subscale of short scale of symptoms (Dyragtys, 1975) subscales of the ability and efforts of multidimentional causality scale (Lfkvrt, Van Byayr, Weir, and Cox, 1979), alcohol dependence scale (Skinner and Allen, 1992), the scale of participation in Alcoholics anonymous (Tvnygn, Kanrs, and Miller, 1996), a five-point scale general health of short version health survey (Weir and Sherborne, 1992). Using a causal-comparative design, the life stories of alcoholic who had four or more years of alcohol withdrawal (ie were successful in alcohol) were compared with life stories of alcoholics who were 6 months or less of alcohol withdrawal (ie, unsuccessful in quitting alcohol). The data were analyzed using χ2, rpb, and F. Results showed that successful alcoholics significantly more than unsuccessful ones pointed in their life stories that bitter experience of last alcohol caused positive developments in their characters (p>0/001). This difference remained significant even after statistically controlling for unrelated variables (personality traits, severity of alcohol dependence, physical and mental health, and other themes in the story) (p=0/04). This study proved for the first time that the perception of the unpleasant events of life as factors that have contributed to positive changes in a person, can help to quit alcohol addiction.
Adler, J. M. (2012). Living into the story: Agency and coherence in a longitudinal study of narrative identity development and mental health over the course of psychotherapy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102, 367–389.
Adler, J. M., & Poulin, M. J. (2009). The political is personal: Narrating 9/11 and psychological well-being. Journal of Personality, 77, 903–932.
Affleck, G., Tennen, H., Croog, S., & Levine, S. (1987). Causal attribution, perceived benefits, and morbidity following a heart attack: An eight-year study. Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, 55, 29–35.
Bauer, J. J., McAdams, D. P., & Sakaeda, A. R. (2005). Interpreting the good life: Growth memories in the lives of mature, happy people. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 203–217.
Baumeister, R. F., Stillwell, A., & Wotman, S. R. (1990). Victim and perpetrator accounts of interpersonal conflict: Autobiographical narratives about anger. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 994–1005.
Bertaux, D. (2016, July). Why Sociology Needs Life Stories (and especially the sociology of social becoming, ie of social im/mobility). In Third ISA Forum of Sociology (July 10-14, 2016). Isaconf.
Bohn, A., & Berntsen, D. (2008). Life story development in childhood: The development of life story abilities and the acquisition of cultural life scripts from late middle childhood to adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 44, 1135–1147.
|
|
|
1. Hurlburt, Gade, & Fuqua |
Bowling, A. (2005). Modes of questionnaire administration can have serious effects on data quality. Journal of Public Health, 27, 281–291.
Bruner, J. S. (1990). Acts of meaning. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Carver, C. S., & Antoni, M. H. (2004). Finding benefit in breast cancer during the year after diagnosis predicts better adjustment 5 to 8 years after diagnosis. Health Psychology, 23, 595–598.
Chandler, M. J., Lalonde, C. E., Sokol, B. W., & Hallett, D. (2003). Personal persistence, identity development, and suicide. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 68 (2, Serial No. 273).
Cole, D. (1992). After great pain: A new life emerges. New York, NY: Summit.
Conway, M. A. (2005). Memory and the self. Journal of Memory andLanguage, 53, 594–628.
Davis, C. G., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Larson, J. (1998). Making sense of loss and benefiting from the experience: Two construals of meaning. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 561–574.
Dawson, D. A., Grant, B. F., Stinson, F. S., Chou, P. S. Huang, B., & Ruan, W. J. (2005). Recovery from DSM-IV alcohol dependence: United States, 2001–2002. Addiction, 100, 281–292.
Del Boca, F. K., & Darkes, J. (2003). The validity of self-reports of alcohol consumption: State of the science and challenge for research. Addiction, 98, 1–12.
Denzin, N. K. (2009). The alcoholic society: Addiction and recovery of theself. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
Derogatis, L. R. (1975). Brief Symptom Inventory. Baltimore, MD: Clinical Psychometric Research.
Diamond, J. (2001). Narrative means to sober ends: Treating addictionand its aftermath. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Dunlop, W. L., & Tracy, J. L. (2012). The autobiography of addiction: Autobiographical reasoning and psychological adjustment in abstinent alcoholics. Memory. Advance online publication.
Dunlop, W. L., & Tracy, J. L. (2013). Sobering stories: Narratives of self-redemption predict behavioral change and improved health among recovering alcoholics. Journal of personality and social psychology, 104(3), 576.
Giddens, A. (1991). Modernity and self-identity: Self and society in thelate-modern age. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Habermas, T., & Bluck, S. (2000). Getting a life: The emergence of the life story in adolescence. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 748 –769.
Hesselbrock, M., Babor, T. F., Hesselbrock, V., Meyer, R. E., & Workman, K. (1983). “Never believe an alcoholic?” On the validity of self-report measures of alcohol dependence and related constructs. International Journal of the Addictions, 18, 593– 609.
Hurlburt, G., Gade, E., & Fuqua, D. (1984). Personality differences between Alcoholics Anonymous members and nonmembers. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 45, 170–171.
King, L. A. (2001). The hard road and the good life: The happy, mature person. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 41, 51–72.
Lefcourt, H. M., Von Baeyer, C. L., Ware, W. E., & Conx, D. J. (1979). The Multidimensional-Multiattributional Causality Scale: The development of a goal-specific locus of control scale. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 11, 286–304.
Lilgendahl, J. P., & McAdams, D. P. (2011). Constructing stories of self-growth: How individual differences in patterns of autobiographical reasoning relate to well-being in midlife. Journal of Personality, 79, 391–428.
Lodi-Smith, J., Geise, A. C., Roberts, B. W., & Robins, R. W. (2009). Narrating personality change. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96, 679–689.
Maruna, S. (2001). Making good: How ex-convicts reform and rebuildtheir lives. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Matsuba, M. K., & Walker, L. J. (2005). Young adult moral exemplars: The making of self through stories. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 15, 275–297.
McAdams, D. P. (1985). Power and intimacy. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
McAdams, D. P. (1993). The stories we live by: Personal myths and themaking of the self. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
McAdams, D. P. (2001). The psychology of life stories. Review of GeneralPsychology, 5, 100–122.
McAdams, D. P. (2006). The redemptive self: Stories Americans live by. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
McAdams, D. P. (2011). George W. Bush and the redemptive dream: Apsychological portrait. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
McAdams, D. P., & Guo, J. (2015). Narrating the generative life.Psychological science, 26(4), 475-483.
McAdams, D. P., & Manczak, E. (2015). Personality and the life story.
McAdams, D. P., Diamond, A., de St. Aubin, E., & Mansfield, E. (1997). Stories of commitment: The psychosocial construction of generative lives. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 678–694.
McAdams, D. P., Reynolds, J., Lewis, M., Patten, A. H., & Bowman, P. J. (2001). When bad things turn good and good things turn bad: Sequences of redemption and contamination in life narrative and their relation to psychosocial adaptation in midlife adults and in students. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 474 – 485.
McLean, K. C. (2008). Stories of the young and the old: Personal continuity and narrative identity. Developmental Psychology, 44, 254–264.
McMillen, J. C., Zuravin, S., & Rideout, G. B. (1995). Perceived benefit from child sexual abuse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 1037–1043.
Moos, R. H., & Moos, B. S. (2006). Rates and predictors of relapse after natural and treated remission from alcohol use disorders. Addiction, 101, 212–222.
O’Reilly, E. B. (1997). Sobering tales: Narratives of alcoholism andrecovery. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.
Pals, J. L. (2006). Narrative identity processing of difficult life experiences: Pathways of personality development and positive selftransformation in adulthood. Journal of Personality, 74, 1079–1110.
Pals, J. L., & McAdams, D. P. (2004). The transformed self: A narrative understanding of posttraumatic growth. Psychological Inquiry, 15, 65–69.
Pasupathi, M., & Mansour, E. (2006). Adult age differences in autobiographical reasoning in narratives. Developmental Psychology, 42, 798–808.
Pasupathi, M., & Wainryb, C. (2010). Developing moral agency through narrative. Human Development, 53, 55–80.
Pasupathi, M., Mansour, E., & Brubaker, J. R. (2007). Developing a life story: Constructing relations between self and experience in autobiographical narratives. Human Development, 50, 85–110.
Pennebaker, J. W., & Chung, C. K. (2011). Expressive writing: Connections to physical and mental health. In H. S. Friedman (Ed.), Oxford handbook of health psychology (pp. 417–437). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385–401.
Scheier, M. F., Carver, C. S., & Bridges, M. W. (1994). Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and selfesteem): A reevaluation of the Life Orientation Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 1063–1078.
Singer, J. A. (1997). Message in a bottle: Stories of men and addiction. New York, NY: Free Press.
Skinner, H. A., & Allen, B. A. (1992). Alcohol dependence syndrome: Measurement and validation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 91, 199–209.
Stein, J. Y., & Tuval-Mashiach, R. (2015). Loneliness and isolation in life-stories of Israeli veterans of combat and captivity. Psychological trauma: theory, research, practice, and policy, 7(2), 122.
Tonigan, J. S., Connors, G. J., & Miller, W. R. (1996). Alcoholics Anonymous Involvement (AAI) scale: Reliability and norms. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 10, 75–80.
Walker, L. J., & Frimer, J. A. (2007). Moral personality of brave and caring exemplars. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 845–860.
Walker, L. J., Frimer, J. A., & Dunlop, W. L. (2010). Varieties of moral personality: Beyond the banality of heroism. Journal of Personality, 78, 907–942.
Ware, J. E., & Sherbourne, C. D. (1992). The MOS 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36): I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Medical Care, 30, 473–483.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063–1070.
Weston, S. J., Cox, K. S., Condon, D. M., & Jackson, J. J. (2015). A Comparison of Human Narrative Coding of Redemption and Automated Linguistic Analysis for Understanding Life Stories. Journal of personality.
Willinger, U., Lenzinger, E., Hornik, K., Fischer, G., Schönbeck, G., Ascauer, H. N., & Meszaros, K. (2002). Anxiety as a predictor of relapse in detoxified alcohol-dependent patients. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 37, 609–612.
Wilson, T. D. (2002). Strangers to ourselves: Discovering the adaptiveunconscious. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
_||_