روش‌های نوین دفن پسماندهای جامد عملیات استخراج و فرآوری مواد معدنی با تاکید بر تکنولوژی دفن‌هم‌زمان
محورهای موضوعی : آلودگی های محیط زیست (آب، خاک و هوا)علی بهنام فرد 1 , سلمان قاسمی 2
1 - استادیار گروه مهندسی معدن، دانشکده مهندسی، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایران. *(مسوول مکاتبات)
2 - کارشناسی ارشد فرآوری مواد معدنی، دانشکده مهندسی، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایران.
کلید واژه: فعالیت‌های معد‌ن‌کاری, سنگ باطله بخش استخراج, باطله فرآوری, روش‌های دفن باطله, دفن هم‌زمان,
چکیده مقاله :
پسماند جامد تولیدی در طی یک عملیات معدن کاری را می توان به دو گروه سنگ باطله بخش استخراج و باطله فرآوری تقسیم نمود. برای امکان پذیری استخراج کانسنگ، سنگ باطله باید برداشته شده و در یک دمپ قرار داده شود. دمپ سنگ باطله دارای ساختار و توزیع ابعادی ناهمگن است. سنگ باطله ممکن است دارای ابعادی کم تر از mm1/0 تا بزرگ تر از m1 باشد. باطله فرآوری به آن پسماند جامدی گفته می شود که پس از عملیات فرآوری دور ریخته می شود. پایداری مکانیکی توده باطله به دلیل توزیع اندازه ابعادی کوچک و محتوی آب بالا ضعیف است. آن ممکن است همچنین محتوی فلزات سنگین و واکنش گرهای فرآیندی مختلف باشد که احتمالاً برای موجودات زنده در یک اکوسیستم سمی هستند. بنابراین، باطله فرآوری باید در مکان های خاصی با لحاظ موارد ایمنی دفن شود. در این مقاله روش های متداول و نوین موجود برای دفن باطله های فرآوری شامل دفن در سدهای باطله، پرکردن مجدد، دفن در پیت معدن و دفن در زیردریا معرفی شده اند. همچنین روش نوین دفن هم زمان که در آن باطله های بخش فرآوری در منافذ موجود در سنگ های باطله بخش استخراج قرار می گیرد معرفی شده و مزایای آن برشمرده شده است. سپس پارامترهای مرتبط با برآورد امکان پذیری روش دفن هم زمان معرفی شده و تکنیک های مختلف برای اختلاط دو نوع پسماند جامد در این روش ذکر شده اند و یک مثال موردی گزارش شده است. با توجه به مزایای بی شمار روش دفن هم زمان، می توان آن را در معادن کشور نیز بکار گرفت.
The solid waste materials produced during mining activities can be divided into two categoriesof waste rock and tailing. The waste rock must be removed and placed in a dump to mine the ore. The waste rock dump is heterogeneous in terms of structure and grain size. The waste rock may range in size from less than 0.1 mm to greater than 1 m in diameter. Tailing is said to the material which is discarded after ore processing. The tailing has usually a small particle size distribution and high water content which results in a poor mechanical stability. It may also contains heavy metals and different process reagents which probably toxic to biota in an ecosystem. Hence, they must be disposed of in certain locations with implementing safety issues. In this article, the conventional and novel disposal methods including tailing dam disposal, backfilling, in-pit disposal and submarine disposal have been introduced. Furthermore, the novel codisposal method which uses the open void space in waste rock for disposal of the tailing has been introduced and its advantages have been listed. Then, the relevant parameters for the evaluation of the applicability of this method have been introduced and different techniques for mixing of two solid wastes in this method have been mentioned and a case study has been reported. Considering to the high benefits, codisposal method can be applied in different mine sites in our country.
- Jones, H., Boger, D.V., 2012. Sustainability and Waste Management in the Resource Industries. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol. 51, pp. 10057-10065.
- Lua, Z., Caib, M., 2012. Disposal methods on solid wastes from mines in transition from open-pit to underground mining, Procedia Environmental Sciences, Vol. 16, pp. 715 – 721.
- El-Salam, A. R. A., Mining tailing and managements, B.Sc. Thesis, Tanta University, 2012.
- Gowan, M., Lee, M., Williams, D. J., Co-disposal techniques that may mitigate risks associated with storage and management of potentially acid generating wastes. In: Andy Fourie and Richard Jewell, Proceedings of the First International Seminar on the Reduction of Risk in the Management of Tailings and Mine Waste (MINE WASTE 2010), 29 September - 1 October 2010, Perth, Australia.
- Myers, T.,2016. Acid mine drainage risks – A modeling approach to siting mine facilities in Northern Minnesota USA, Journal of Hydrology, Vol. 533, pp. 277–290.
- Erguler, Z.A.E., Erguler, G.K., 2015. The effect of particle size on acid mine drainage generation: Kinetic column tests, Minerals Engineering, Volume 76, p.p. 154–167
- Benzaazoua, M., Kongolo, M., 2003. Physico-chemical properties of tailing slurries during environmental desulphurization by froth flotation, International Journal of Mineral Processing, Volume 69, Issues 1–4, pp. 221–234.
- Magdalinovic1, N., Trumic1, M., Petkovic, Z., Rajic, V., 2004. Cyanide elimination from lead-zinc flotation, The European Journal of Mineral Processing and Environmental Protection, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 30-35.
- Lottermoser, B., Mine Wastes: Characterization, Treatment and Environmental Impacts, 2nd edition, Springer, Netherland, 2007.
- Leduc, M., Bachens, M., Smith, M. E., 1995. Design of the Lohan tailings dam, Mamut Copper Mining Sdn. Bhd., Malaysia. Minerals Engineering, Vol. 8, No. 6, pp. 705-712.
- Wills, B. A., Finch, J. A., Tailing Disposal, Chapter 16, In: Will's mineral processing technology, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2016.
- Blowes, D.W., Ptacek, C.J., J. Jurjovec, 2003. Mill Tailings: Hydrogeology and Geochemistry. In: J.L. Jambor, D.W. Blowes, and A.I.M. Ritchie (Eds.), Environmental Aspects of Mine Wastes, Short Course Series Vol. 31, Mineralogical Association of Canada, pp. 95-116.
- van Zyl, D., 2014. A perspective of innovations in tailings management. In: Anderson, C., et al., (Eds.), Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy: 100 years of Innovation. SME, Englewood, CO, USA, pp. 629637.
- Julien, M., Kissiova, M., 2011. Benefits and challenges of using tailings as foundation and construction material to increase capacity of tailings storage facilities. Proc. Symposium 2011 sur l’Environnement et les Mines, Rouyn-Noranda, Canada.
- Belem, T., Benzaazoua, M., 2008. Design and application of underground mine paste backfill technology. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, Vol. 26 (2), 147174.
- Peyronnard, O., Benzaazoua, M., 2011. Estimation of the cementitious properties of various industrial by-products for applications requiring low mechanical strength. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, Vol. 56, No. 1, pp. 22-33.
- Li, W., Fall, M., 2016. Sulphate effect on the early age strength and self-desiccation of cemented paste backfill, Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 106, pp. 296–304.
- Aldhafeeri, Z., Fall, M., 2016. Time and damage induced changes in the chemical reactivity of cemented paste backfill, Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, Vol. 4, pp. 4038–4049
- Haiqiang, J., Fall, M., Cui, L., 2016. Yield stress of cemented paste backfill in sub-zero environments: Experimental results, Minerals Engineering, Vol. 92, pp. 141–150.
- Breitenbach, A.J., Vector Engineering Inc. Golden, Colorado USA, Backfilling Depleted Open Pit Mines with Lined Landfills, Tailings Impoundments, and Ore Heap Leach Pads for Reduced Closure Costs, GeoAmericas 2008 Conference in Cancun, Mexico “Geosynthetics in Mining Applications”.
- SRK Consulting, In-pit tailings disposal at Langer Heinrich – tailings storage facilities in a unique hydrogeological setting C Hore and D Luppnow, Tailings and Mine Waste Management for the 21st Century, 27–28 July 2015, Sydney, NSW.
- Park, J. H., Edraki, M., Baumgartl, T., 2016. A practical testing approach to predict the geochemical hazards of in-pit coal mine tailings and rejects, Catena, Article in press, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2015.10.027
- IIED, mining for the Future, Appendix A: Large Volume Waste Working Paper, Mining, Minerals and Sustainable Development, International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), 2002.
- Leduc, M., Bachens, M., Smith, M.E., Tailings Co-disposal™ & sustainable development, Special Symposium on Environmental Sustainability, 2004, SME Annual Meeting, Denver, Co.
- Rico, M., Benito, G., Salgueiro, A. R., Diez-Herrero, A., Pereira, H.G., 2008. Reported tailings dam failures: A review of the European incidents in the worldwide context, Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 152, pp. 846–852.
- Leduc, M., Smith, M. E., Tailings Co -Disposal™ Innovations for Cost Savings and Liability Reduction, The Latin America Mining Record, July/Aug. 2003.
- Gowan, M., Codisposal, Golder Associates, See information in:
http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=web&cd=6&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjqzPuVhunPAhUjEpoKHSCwDc4QFgg8MAU&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infomine.com%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fdocs%2FCodisposalPresentation.ppt&usg=AFQjCNFprPqKKJxkQZ8P1jQ8lHO9algYlg
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- Jones, H., Boger, D.V., 2012. Sustainability and Waste Management in the Resource Industries. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol. 51, pp. 10057-10065.
- Lua, Z., Caib, M., 2012. Disposal methods on solid wastes from mines in transition from open-pit to underground mining, Procedia Environmental Sciences, Vol. 16, pp. 715 – 721.
- El-Salam, A. R. A., Mining tailing and managements, B.Sc. Thesis, Tanta University, 2012.
- Gowan, M., Lee, M., Williams, D. J., Co-disposal techniques that may mitigate risks associated with storage and management of potentially acid generating wastes. In: Andy Fourie and Richard Jewell, Proceedings of the First International Seminar on the Reduction of Risk in the Management of Tailings and Mine Waste (MINE WASTE 2010), 29 September - 1 October 2010, Perth, Australia.
- Myers, T.,2016. Acid mine drainage risks – A modeling approach to siting mine facilities in Northern Minnesota USA, Journal of Hydrology, Vol. 533, pp. 277–290.
- Erguler, Z.A.E., Erguler, G.K., 2015. The effect of particle size on acid mine drainage generation: Kinetic column tests, Minerals Engineering, Volume 76, p.p. 154–167
- Benzaazoua, M., Kongolo, M., 2003. Physico-chemical properties of tailing slurries during environmental desulphurization by froth flotation, International Journal of Mineral Processing, Volume 69, Issues 1–4, pp. 221–234.
- Magdalinovic1, N., Trumic1, M., Petkovic, Z., Rajic, V., 2004. Cyanide elimination from lead-zinc flotation, The European Journal of Mineral Processing and Environmental Protection, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 30-35.
- Lottermoser, B., Mine Wastes: Characterization, Treatment and Environmental Impacts, 2nd edition, Springer, Netherland, 2007.
- Leduc, M., Bachens, M., Smith, M. E., 1995. Design of the Lohan tailings dam, Mamut Copper Mining Sdn. Bhd., Malaysia. Minerals Engineering, Vol. 8, No. 6, pp. 705-712.
- Wills, B. A., Finch, J. A., Tailing Disposal, Chapter 16, In: Will's mineral processing technology, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2016.
- Blowes, D.W., Ptacek, C.J., J. Jurjovec, 2003. Mill Tailings: Hydrogeology and Geochemistry. In: J.L. Jambor, D.W. Blowes, and A.I.M. Ritchie (Eds.), Environmental Aspects of Mine Wastes, Short Course Series Vol. 31, Mineralogical Association of Canada, pp. 95-116.
- van Zyl, D., 2014. A perspective of innovations in tailings management. In: Anderson, C., et al., (Eds.), Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy: 100 years of Innovation. SME, Englewood, CO, USA, pp. 629637.
- Julien, M., Kissiova, M., 2011. Benefits and challenges of using tailings as foundation and construction material to increase capacity of tailings storage facilities. Proc. Symposium 2011 sur l’Environnement et les Mines, Rouyn-Noranda, Canada.
- Belem, T., Benzaazoua, M., 2008. Design and application of underground mine paste backfill technology. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, Vol. 26 (2), 147174.
- Peyronnard, O., Benzaazoua, M., 2011. Estimation of the cementitious properties of various industrial by-products for applications requiring low mechanical strength. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, Vol. 56, No. 1, pp. 22-33.
- Li, W., Fall, M., 2016. Sulphate effect on the early age strength and self-desiccation of cemented paste backfill, Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 106, pp. 296–304.
- Aldhafeeri, Z., Fall, M., 2016. Time and damage induced changes in the chemical reactivity of cemented paste backfill, Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, Vol. 4, pp. 4038–4049
- Haiqiang, J., Fall, M., Cui, L., 2016. Yield stress of cemented paste backfill in sub-zero environments: Experimental results, Minerals Engineering, Vol. 92, pp. 141–150.
- Breitenbach, A.J., Vector Engineering Inc. Golden, Colorado USA, Backfilling Depleted Open Pit Mines with Lined Landfills, Tailings Impoundments, and Ore Heap Leach Pads for Reduced Closure Costs, GeoAmericas 2008 Conference in Cancun, Mexico “Geosynthetics in Mining Applications”.
- SRK Consulting, In-pit tailings disposal at Langer Heinrich – tailings storage facilities in a unique hydrogeological setting C Hore and D Luppnow, Tailings and Mine Waste Management for the 21st Century, 27–28 July 2015, Sydney, NSW.
- Park, J. H., Edraki, M., Baumgartl, T., 2016. A practical testing approach to predict the geochemical hazards of in-pit coal mine tailings and rejects, Catena, Article in press, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2015.10.027
- IIED, mining for the Future, Appendix A: Large Volume Waste Working Paper, Mining, Minerals and Sustainable Development, International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), 2002.
- Leduc, M., Bachens, M., Smith, M.E., Tailings Co-disposal™ & sustainable development, Special Symposium on Environmental Sustainability, 2004, SME Annual Meeting, Denver, Co.
- Rico, M., Benito, G., Salgueiro, A. R., Diez-Herrero, A., Pereira, H.G., 2008. Reported tailings dam failures: A review of the European incidents in the worldwide context, Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 152, pp. 846–852.
- Leduc, M., Smith, M. E., Tailings Co -Disposal™ Innovations for Cost Savings and Liability Reduction, The Latin America Mining Record, July/Aug. 2003.
- Gowan, M., Codisposal, Golder Associates, See information in:
http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=web&cd=6&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjqzPuVhunPAhUjEpoKHSCwDc4QFgg8MAU&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infomine.com%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fdocs%2FCodisposalPresentation.ppt&usg=AFQjCNFprPqKKJxkQZ8P1jQ8lHO9algYlg
