اثر مدیریت بر میزان و تراکم ضایعات چوبی در جنگلهای غرب استان گیلان
محورهای موضوعی :
منابع طبیعی و جنگلداری و مراتع
فرشاد کیوان بهجو
1
,
فرشید آقایاری
2
,
سجاد قنبری
3
1 - استاد، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران.
2 - کارشناسی ارشد جنگلشناسی و اکولوژی جنگل، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران.
3 - دانشیار، گروه جنگلداری، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی اهر، دانشگاه تبریز، اهر، ایران. *(مسوول مکاتبات)
تاریخ دریافت : 1398/10/24
تاریخ پذیرش : 1399/04/09
تاریخ انتشار : 1402/01/01
کلید واژه:
مدیریت,
شیب زمین,
جنگل چفرود,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: ضایعات چوبی درشت در اکثر اکوسیستمهای جنگلی وجود دارد. این ضایعات چوبی علاوه بر استفادههای تجاری، فرصت زیست را برای موجودات زنده فراهم میکند؛ بنابراین وجود آن در اکوسیستم جنگل امکان جلوگیری از انقراض گونهها را مهیا میکند. در ایران، از این ضایعات چوبی بهعنوان منبعی جهت رفع نیاز چوبی به دلیل کمبود منابع چوب استفاده میشود. هدف از تحقیق بررسی میزان و تراکم ضایعات چوبی درشت، در سه کلاسه شیب کم (صفر تا ۲۰ درصد)، متوسط (۲۰ تا ۴۰ درصد) و شیب زیاد (۴۰ درصد به بالا) و نوع مدیریت در جنگل های غرب استان گیلان می باشد.
روش بررسی: مطالعه حاضر در سه پارسل مدیریت شده و سه پارسل مدیریت نشده انجام شد. نمونه برداری با استفاده از خط نمونه ها انجام شد. متغیرهای اندازهگیری شده (شامل قطر و طول قطعه های چوبی در شیب های کم، متوسط و زیاد) با استفاده از روش تجزیه واریانس با یکدیگر مقایسه شدند تا مشخص گردد بین کدام تیمارها اختلاف آماری معنی داری وجود دارد.
یافته ها: نتایج نشان داد که با افزایش شیب زمین، میزان و تراکم ضایعات چوبی درشت نیز افزایش مییابد. میانگین میزان حجم ضایعات چوبی درشت در شیب کم، متوسط و زیاد به ترتیب برابر با ۶۵/۲، ۱۳/۳ و ۵۴/۵ مترمکعب در هکتار است. نتایج حاصل از تجزیه واریانس میزان ضایعات چوبی درشت در سه تیمار با شیبهای کم، متوسط و زیاد نشان داد که میزان ضایعات در بین شیب های مختلف مورد مطالعه اختلاف معنی داری دارند. همچنین میانگین تراکم ضایعات چوبی درشت در شیب کم، متوسط و زیاد به ترتیب برابر با ۸۶۹، 852 و 2176 تعداد در هکتار است. افزایش شیب باعث بیشتر شدن میزان و تراکم ضایعات چوبی درشت در جنگل میشود. میزان ضایعات چوبی در کلاسه شیب کم در دو وضعیت مدیریتی تقریباً یکسان می باشد. میزان و تراکم ضایعات چوبی درشت در جنگل مدیریتشده بیشتر از جنگل مدیریت نشده بود. درصد کیفیت ضایعات چوبی درشت با پوسیدگی درجه یک در جنگل مدیریت شده بیشتر از جنگل مدیریت نشده بود.
بحث و نتیجه گیری: این مطالعه می تواند از مناطقی که وضعیت شیب و مدیریت مشابه با منطقه مورد نظر در این تحقیق دارند، یک میانگینی ارائه نماید تا بتوان یک برآوردی از میزان ضایعات موجود در منطقه داشت. آگاهی از میزان ضایعات چوبی به برنامه ریزان و تصمیم گیران در جهت مدیریت بهینه این ضایعات کمک خواهد کرد.
چکیده انگلیسی:
Background and Objective: Large woody debris is found at the most of the forest ecosystems. This woody debris provides commercial uses and living opportunities for organisms. Therefore, its existence reduces species extinction in the forest ecosystem. This debris is considered as a source of wood in Iran because of shortage wood. The aim of this research was to study the effects of three slope classes including low slope (0 to 20%), moderate (20 to 40%) and high slope (>40%) and management regimes on the amount and density of woody debris at the western part of Guilan forests.
Material and Methodology: Data were collected from three managed parcels and three unmanaged parcels using linear sampling method on lines with a length of 100 meters and a network of 200×200 meters. The measured variables including diameter and length of woody debris at the different slope classes were compared using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) to determine which of the treatments were statistically significant.
Findings: The results showed that with increasing slope, the amount and density of large woody debris increased. The average large woody debris in low, moderate and high slopes was 2.65, 3.13, and 5.54 cubic meters per hectare, respectively. We observed a significant difference among slope classes in terms of amount of woody debris. Also, the average density of large woody debris on low, medium and high slopes was 869, 852 and 2176 cubic meters per hectare, respectively. Higher slope, higher amount and density of woody debris. At the low slope class, the amount of woody debris was similar at two management regimes. The amount and density of large woody debris in the managed forests was more than these in the unmanaged forests.
Discussion and conclusion: The quality of large woody debris at the grade one of quality at the managed forest was more than unmanaged forest. This study will provide information about the amount and density of woody debris at the different slope classes and management regimes. Awareness of the amount of woody debris will help planners and decision makers to optimize their management.
منابع و مأخذ:
Harmon ME, Franklin J, Swanson F, Sollins P, Gregory S, Lattin J, et al. Ecology of coarse woody debris in temperate ecosystems. Advances in ecological research. 2004;34:59-234.
Lin KC, Duh CT, Ma F-C, Wang H-H. Biomass and Nutrient Content of Woody Debris in the Fushan Subtropical Broadleaf Forest of Northeastern Taiwan. Taiwan Journal of Forest Science. 2003;18(3):235-44.
Keivan Behjou F, Lo Monaco A, Tavankar F, Venanzi R, Nikooy M, Mederski PS, et al. Coarse woody debris variability due to human accessibility to forest. Forests. 2018;9(9):509.
Waddell KL. Sampling coarse woody debris for multiple attributes in extensive resource inventories. Ecological indicators. 2002;1(3):139-53.
Saito S. Effects of a severe typhoon on forest dynamics in a warm-temperate evergreen broad-leaved forest in southwestern Japan. Journal of forest research. 2002;7(3):137-43.
Kominami Y. Structural changes in a tree population in an isolated stand of lucidophyllous forest. Jpn J Conserv Ecol. 2003; 8: 33-42.
Keivan Behjou F, Sobhani H, Zobeiri M. Volume and weight assessment of residuals by line intersect sampling (Case study: Chafroud watershed). Iranian Journal of Natural Resources. 2007;60(1):103-14. (In Persian)
Moreira AB, Gregoire TG, do Couto HTZ. Estimation of the volume, biomass and carbon content of coarse woody debris within two forest types in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research. 2019; 92(3):278-86.
Nagel TA, Svoboda M, Rugani T, Diaci J. Gap regeneration and replacement patterns in an old-growth Fagus–Abies forest of Bosnia–Herzegovina. Plant Ecology. 2010;208(2):307-18.
Tavankar F, Nikooy M, Picchio R, Venanzi R, Lo Monaco A. Long-term effects of single-tree selection cutting management on coarse woody debris in natural mixed beech stands in the Caspian forest (Iran). iForest-Biogeosciences and Forestry. 2017;10(3):652.
Bonyad AE, Pourrostami R, Majnounian B. A study of slope effects on slash of beech trees using log method (Case study in the Emamzadeh Ebraheem Forests). Iranian Journal of Naural Resources. 2004;57(1):91-6. (In Persian)
Szwagrzyk J. Natural regeneration of forest related to the spatial structure of trees: a study of two forest communities in Western Carpathians, southern Poland. Vegetatio. 1990; 89(1):11-22
Keivan Behjou F, Sefidi K. Recreational activities impact on the amount and characteristics of woody debris in the Fandoghlou forests, Northwestern Iran. Forestry Studies. 2015;62(1):5-13.
Debeljak M. Coarse woody debris in virgin and managed forest. Ecological indicators. 2006;6(4):733-42.
Tavankar F, Bonyad AE. Assessment of logging residuals from single selection cutting by Line Intersect method (Case Study: parcel 237 from district 2 Asalem- Nav forest). Journal of Wood & Forest Science and Technology. 2013;20(2):95-109. (In Persian)
Herrero C, Krankina O, Monleon VJ, Bravo F. Amount and distribution of coarse woody debris in pine ecosystems of north-western Spain, Russia and the United States. iForest-Biogeosciences and Forestry. 2014;7(1):53-60.
Sefidi K, Esfandiary Darabad F, Azaryan M. Effect of topography on tree species composition and volume of coarse woody debris in an Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) old growth forests, northern Iran. iForest-Biogeosciences and Forestry. 2016; 9(4):658
Whitford K, McCaw W. Coarse woody debris is affected by the frequency and intensity of historical harvesting and fire in an open eucalypt forest. Australian Forestry. 2019; 82(2): 56-69
Sefidi K, Mohadjer M. Snag dynamic in a mixed Beech forest. Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research. 2010;18(4):517-26. (In Persian)
Keivan Behjou F, Ghaffarzadeh Mollabashi O. Assessment of coarse woody debris following selective logging in Caspian forests: implications for conservation and management. Journal of Forest Science. 2013;59(3):117-24
Nouri Z, Feghhi J, Marvie Mohadjer MR. Spatial distribution and volume of dead trees in Fagus orientalis stands of Iran (case study: Gorazbon district of Kheyrud forest). Journal of natural ecosystems of Iran. 2014;5(1):1-14. (In Persian)
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Harmon ME, Franklin J, Swanson F, Sollins P, Gregory S, Lattin J, et al. Ecology of coarse woody debris in temperate ecosystems. Advances in ecological research. 2004;34:59-234.
Lin KC, Duh CT, Ma F-C, Wang H-H. Biomass and Nutrient Content of Woody Debris in the Fushan Subtropical Broadleaf Forest of Northeastern Taiwan. Taiwan Journal of Forest Science. 2003;18(3):235-44.
Keivan Behjou F, Lo Monaco A, Tavankar F, Venanzi R, Nikooy M, Mederski PS, et al. Coarse woody debris variability due to human accessibility to forest. Forests. 2018;9(9):509.
Waddell KL. Sampling coarse woody debris for multiple attributes in extensive resource inventories. Ecological indicators. 2002;1(3):139-53.
Saito S. Effects of a severe typhoon on forest dynamics in a warm-temperate evergreen broad-leaved forest in southwestern Japan. Journal of forest research. 2002;7(3):137-43.
Kominami Y. Structural changes in a tree population in an isolated stand of lucidophyllous forest. Jpn J Conserv Ecol. 2003; 8: 33-42.
Keivan Behjou F, Sobhani H, Zobeiri M. Volume and weight assessment of residuals by line intersect sampling (Case study: Chafroud watershed). Iranian Journal of Natural Resources. 2007;60(1):103-14. (In Persian)
Moreira AB, Gregoire TG, do Couto HTZ. Estimation of the volume, biomass and carbon content of coarse woody debris within two forest types in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research. 2019; 92(3):278-86.
Nagel TA, Svoboda M, Rugani T, Diaci J. Gap regeneration and replacement patterns in an old-growth Fagus–Abies forest of Bosnia–Herzegovina. Plant Ecology. 2010;208(2):307-18.
Tavankar F, Nikooy M, Picchio R, Venanzi R, Lo Monaco A. Long-term effects of single-tree selection cutting management on coarse woody debris in natural mixed beech stands in the Caspian forest (Iran). iForest-Biogeosciences and Forestry. 2017;10(3):652.
Bonyad AE, Pourrostami R, Majnounian B. A study of slope effects on slash of beech trees using log method (Case study in the Emamzadeh Ebraheem Forests). Iranian Journal of Naural Resources. 2004;57(1):91-6. (In Persian)
Szwagrzyk J. Natural regeneration of forest related to the spatial structure of trees: a study of two forest communities in Western Carpathians, southern Poland. Vegetatio. 1990; 89(1):11-22
Keivan Behjou F, Sefidi K. Recreational activities impact on the amount and characteristics of woody debris in the Fandoghlou forests, Northwestern Iran. Forestry Studies. 2015;62(1):5-13.
Debeljak M. Coarse woody debris in virgin and managed forest. Ecological indicators. 2006;6(4):733-42.
Tavankar F, Bonyad AE. Assessment of logging residuals from single selection cutting by Line Intersect method (Case Study: parcel 237 from district 2 Asalem- Nav forest). Journal of Wood & Forest Science and Technology. 2013;20(2):95-109. (In Persian)
Herrero C, Krankina O, Monleon VJ, Bravo F. Amount and distribution of coarse woody debris in pine ecosystems of north-western Spain, Russia and the United States. iForest-Biogeosciences and Forestry. 2014;7(1):53-60.
Sefidi K, Esfandiary Darabad F, Azaryan M. Effect of topography on tree species composition and volume of coarse woody debris in an Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) old growth forests, northern Iran. iForest-Biogeosciences and Forestry. 2016; 9(4):658
Whitford K, McCaw W. Coarse woody debris is affected by the frequency and intensity of historical harvesting and fire in an open eucalypt forest. Australian Forestry. 2019; 82(2): 56-69
Sefidi K, Mohadjer M. Snag dynamic in a mixed Beech forest. Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research. 2010;18(4):517-26. (In Persian)
Keivan Behjou F, Ghaffarzadeh Mollabashi O. Assessment of coarse woody debris following selective logging in Caspian forests: implications for conservation and management. Journal of Forest Science. 2013;59(3):117-24
Nouri Z, Feghhi J, Marvie Mohadjer MR. Spatial distribution and volume of dead trees in Fagus orientalis stands of Iran (case study: Gorazbon district of Kheyrud forest). Journal of natural ecosystems of Iran. 2014;5(1):1-14. (In Persian)