مکانیزم های حقوق مالکیت فکری در حفاظت از محیط زیست و تنوع زیستی منابع ژنتیک گیاهی
محورهای موضوعی :
حقوق محیط زیست
فاطمه علیزاده
1
,
محمدرضا پروین
2
,
پروین فرشچی
3
1 - دانشجوی دکتری تخصصی مدیریت-حقوق محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران.
2 - استادیار حقوق مالکیت فکری بخش تحقیقات بیوتکنولوژی میکروبی، پژوهشگاه بیوتکنولوژی کشاورزی ایران، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران. *(مسوول مکاتبات)
3 - استادیار دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران.
تاریخ دریافت : 1398/10/24
تاریخ پذیرش : 1401/11/09
تاریخ انتشار : 1402/04/01
کلید واژه:
نظام اختراع,
ارقام گیاهی,
حقوق مالکیت فکری,
منابع ژنتیک گیاهی,
نشانه های جغرافیایی,
چکیده مقاله :
شناسایی نظام حقوق مالکیت فکری زمینه‌ساز حمایت حقوقی از دستاوردهای به عمل آمده با هدف حفاظت از تنوع زیستی، توسعه پایدار، دانش سنتی مرتبط با منابع ژنتیکی، اطلاعات توالی دیجیتالی و .... می باشد. تلاش برای ایجاد فهم مشترک میان زمینه های حقوقی و فنی پیرامون مسئله منابع ژنتیک گیاهی مورد واکاوی در این پژوهش است.پژوهش حاضر بر اساس مطالعات کتابخانه ای و به روش توصیفی و تحلیلی بر اساس یافته های مروری نگارش گردیده است.بررسی ساز و کارهای حقوقی ارائه شده از سوی نظام حقوق مالکیت فکری در قالب اهداف محیط زیستی نشان می دهد موئلفه های تاثیر گذار در مکانیزم‌های حمایتی حقوق مالکیت فکری، به منظور رسمیت بخشی به ارزش اقتصادی منابع ژنتیک گیاهی و حمایت حقوقی از جوامع بومی و دانش سنتی در راستای حفظ تنوع زیستی و نظم عمومی و اخلاق حسنه به عنوان یک الزام محیط زیستی می توانند در توسعه پایدار با هدف حفاظت از تنوع زیستی موثر واقع گردد.نتایج پژوهش نشان می دهد نشانه های جغرافیایی به عنوان سیستمی برای حفاظت از دانش سنتی جوامع بومی و تنوع زیستی و نظام ثبت اختراع به عنوان یک نظام حمایتی مناسب برای حمایت از منابع ژنتیک دست ورزی شده ژنتیکی به دلیل تامین مولفه‌ها و ملاحظات مورد نظر اخلاقی و محیط زیستی و نظام حمایت از ارقام گیاهی به عنوان نظام خاص حمایتی به نژادگران گیاهی در جهت ایجاد ارقام گیاهی جدید با هدف توسعه پایدار منابع ژنتیک گیاهی می تواند ازجمله ساز و کارهای اصلی حقوق مالکیت فکری در جهت حفاظت از محیط زیست و استفاده پایدار از منابع ژنتیک گیاهی باشد.
چکیده انگلیسی:
The identification of the intellectual property rights system is the basis for legal protection of achievements made with the aim of protecting biodiversity, sustainable development, traditional knowledge related to genetic resources, digital sequence information, etc. The effort to create a common understanding between the legal and technical fields surrounding the issue of plant genetic resources is analyzed in this research.
The present research is written based on library studies and descriptive and analytical method based on review findings.
Examining the legal mechanisms provided by the intellectual property rights system in the form of environmental goals shows the effective components in the protection mechanisms of intellectual property rights in order to recognize the economic value of plant genetic resources and legal protection of indigenous communities.Traditional knowledge in order to maintain biodiversity and public order and good ethics as an environmental requirement can be effective in sustainable development with the aim of protecting biodiversity.
The results of the research show that geographical indications as a system to protect the traditional knowledge of indigenous communities and biodiversity and the patent system as a suitable support system to support genetically manipulated genetic resources due to the provision of components and ethical considerations. The environment and the protection system for plant varieties as a special support system for plant breeders in order to create new plant varieties with the aim of sustainable development of plant genetic resources can be among the main mechanisms of intellectual property rights in order to protect the environment and sustainable use of genetic resources.
منابع و مأخذ:
MR, 2007, Les Aspects Juridiques de la Brevetabilité des Inventions Biotechnologiques : Comparaison Internationale, Thèse de doctorat, Université de Paris 2, Paris. (In Persian)
Duffield, G. 2004, Intellectual Property, Biogenetic Resources and Traditional Knowledge Earths can, London.214-216p.
Davao’s. L M, 2003, Regulating Access to Genetic Resources under the Convention on Biological Diversity: An Analysis of Selected Case Studies, 12(7) Biodiversity & Conservation Journal, 1511-1524p.
Momenirad, Shahabedin, A. Azizi, l. 2013, 'Protection of biodiversity & Traditional Knowledge in World IP System' 1(49) International Legal Journal, 233-262p. (In Persian)
R, Khan. H, 2010, Sustainable Development in international Intellectual Property Law- New Approaches from EU Economic Partnership Agreements? International Center for Trade and SustainableDevelopment.324-327p.
O, 2016, Addressing Bio piracy through an Access and Benefit Sharing Regime-Complex: In Search of Effective Protection for Traditional Knowledge Associated with Genetic Resources, 16 Asper Rev. Int'l Bus. & Trade L. 231-280p.
E, 2014, Exploring Benefit- Sharing from the Lab to the Land (Part1): Agricultural Research and Development in the Context of Conservation and Sustainable, BENELEX Working Paper, 231-237p.
F, 2017, Managing Genetic Resources: International Regimes, Problem Structures, National Implementation, Earth System Governance Working Paper, 456-459p.
G, 2013, The Precautionary Principle and its Application in the Intellectual Property Context: Towards a Public Domain Impact Assessmen, in Scassa T et al, 'Intellectual Property for the 21st Century: Interdisciplinary Approaches, Irwin Law, 451-452p.
SS, Singh .SP, 2006, Role of Plant Genetic Resources in Sustainable Agriculture 1(2) Indian Journal of Crop Science, 21-28p.
A, Mohtashami. M, 2015, Reflection on Relationship between intellectual property law and environmental law, 45(3)Journal of Private Law Studies, 485-504p. (In Persian)
E, 2009, Patent law's role in the protection of the environment: re-assessing patent law and its justifications in the 21st century, 40(3) International Review of Intellectual Property and Competition Law, 249-273p.
G, Sampath Richard. G,. Tara Sofsky, 2002, Study on the Inter- Relations between Intellectual Property Rights Regimes and the Conservation of Genetic Resouces,45-67p.
Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture:Roles and Research Priorities in the European Union,(EASAC: European Academies Science Advisory Council), 2011/this Report can be found at easac.eu
J, 2015, Sovereignty in International Law, 11(1) Acta Universitatis Danubius Juridica, 54-65p.
G N, 2005, Promoting Environmental Innovation with Intellectual Property Innovation: A New Basis for Patent Rewards, 24(1) Temple Journal of Science, Technology & Environmental Law, 51-69p.
M, 2014, Conceptualizing Benefit-Sharing as the Pursuit of Equity in Addressing Global Environmental Challenges, 1(41) BENELEX Working Paper, 203-207p.
Light Bourne. M, 2005, Plant and Intellectual Property Rights in the US, Japan and Europe (Institute of Intellectual Property, Tokyo, 265-268p.
L, Morgera. E, 2015, An Interdisciplinary Model for Mapping the Normative Diffusion of Fair and Equitable Benefit-Sharing'2015BENELEX Working Paper, 321-322p.
G, 2011, The Role of the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants(UPOV) Quaker United Nation Office,134-136p.
Brahmi. P, Vandana, Tyagi. V, 2017, Access and Benefit Sharing Mechanism under the Multilateral System of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food & Agriculture in Laladhas, Springer, Berlin, 17-30p.
C. M, Sovereign and Property Rights over Plant Genetic Resources' 1994 2 Study Paper of the FAO Commission on Plant Genetic Resources, 13-35p.
S. B, 2004, Effectiveness of Indian Sui generis Law on Plant Variety Protection and Its Potential to Attract Private Investment in Crop Improvement' 2004 9Journal of Intellectual Property Right, 533-548p.
Fuyou .W, et al, 2013, Study on the Ownership of Plant Genetic Resources on Farmers Land, 5(02):75-78p.
MR, 2014, Environmental ethics in Iran, in Bagheri A, Biomedical ethics in Iran Eubios Ethics Institute, New Zealand, 323-326p.
C R, Dooren. T V, 2008, Shifting Common Spaces of Plant Genetic Resources: An International Regulatory Appraisal, 11(3) The Journal of World Intellectual Property, 176-202p.
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MR, 2007, Les Aspects Juridiques de la Brevetabilité des Inventions Biotechnologiques : Comparaison Internationale, Thèse de doctorat, Université de Paris 2, Paris. (In Persian)
Duffield, G. 2004, Intellectual Property, Biogenetic Resources and Traditional Knowledge Earths can, London.214-216p.
Davao’s. L M, 2003, Regulating Access to Genetic Resources under the Convention on Biological Diversity: An Analysis of Selected Case Studies, 12(7) Biodiversity & Conservation Journal, 1511-1524p.
Momenirad, Shahabedin, A. Azizi, l. 2013, 'Protection of biodiversity & Traditional Knowledge in World IP System' 1(49) International Legal Journal, 233-262p. (In Persian)
R, Khan. H, 2010, Sustainable Development in international Intellectual Property Law- New Approaches from EU Economic Partnership Agreements? International Center for Trade and SustainableDevelopment.324-327p.
O, 2016, Addressing Bio piracy through an Access and Benefit Sharing Regime-Complex: In Search of Effective Protection for Traditional Knowledge Associated with Genetic Resources, 16 Asper Rev. Int'l Bus. & Trade L. 231-280p.
E, 2014, Exploring Benefit- Sharing from the Lab to the Land (Part1): Agricultural Research and Development in the Context of Conservation and Sustainable, BENELEX Working Paper, 231-237p.
F, 2017, Managing Genetic Resources: International Regimes, Problem Structures, National Implementation, Earth System Governance Working Paper, 456-459p.
G, 2013, The Precautionary Principle and its Application in the Intellectual Property Context: Towards a Public Domain Impact Assessmen, in Scassa T et al, 'Intellectual Property for the 21st Century: Interdisciplinary Approaches, Irwin Law, 451-452p.
SS, Singh .SP, 2006, Role of Plant Genetic Resources in Sustainable Agriculture 1(2) Indian Journal of Crop Science, 21-28p.
A, Mohtashami. M, 2015, Reflection on Relationship between intellectual property law and environmental law, 45(3)Journal of Private Law Studies, 485-504p. (In Persian)
E, 2009, Patent law's role in the protection of the environment: re-assessing patent law and its justifications in the 21st century, 40(3) International Review of Intellectual Property and Competition Law, 249-273p.
G, Sampath Richard. G,. Tara Sofsky, 2002, Study on the Inter- Relations between Intellectual Property Rights Regimes and the Conservation of Genetic Resouces,45-67p.
Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture:Roles and Research Priorities in the European Union,(EASAC: European Academies Science Advisory Council), 2011/this Report can be found at easac.eu
J, 2015, Sovereignty in International Law, 11(1) Acta Universitatis Danubius Juridica, 54-65p.
G N, 2005, Promoting Environmental Innovation with Intellectual Property Innovation: A New Basis for Patent Rewards, 24(1) Temple Journal of Science, Technology & Environmental Law, 51-69p.
M, 2014, Conceptualizing Benefit-Sharing as the Pursuit of Equity in Addressing Global Environmental Challenges, 1(41) BENELEX Working Paper, 203-207p.
Light Bourne. M, 2005, Plant and Intellectual Property Rights in the US, Japan and Europe (Institute of Intellectual Property, Tokyo, 265-268p.
L, Morgera. E, 2015, An Interdisciplinary Model for Mapping the Normative Diffusion of Fair and Equitable Benefit-Sharing'2015BENELEX Working Paper, 321-322p.
G, 2011, The Role of the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants(UPOV) Quaker United Nation Office,134-136p.
Brahmi. P, Vandana, Tyagi. V, 2017, Access and Benefit Sharing Mechanism under the Multilateral System of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food & Agriculture in Laladhas, Springer, Berlin, 17-30p.
C. M, Sovereign and Property Rights over Plant Genetic Resources' 1994 2 Study Paper of the FAO Commission on Plant Genetic Resources, 13-35p.
S. B, 2004, Effectiveness of Indian Sui generis Law on Plant Variety Protection and Its Potential to Attract Private Investment in Crop Improvement' 2004 9Journal of Intellectual Property Right, 533-548p.
Fuyou .W, et al, 2013, Study on the Ownership of Plant Genetic Resources on Farmers Land, 5(02):75-78p.
MR, 2014, Environmental ethics in Iran, in Bagheri A, Biomedical ethics in Iran Eubios Ethics Institute, New Zealand, 323-326p.
C R, Dooren. T V, 2008, Shifting Common Spaces of Plant Genetic Resources: An International Regulatory Appraisal, 11(3) The Journal of World Intellectual Property, 176-202p.
