بررسی ابعاد سازوکار توسعه پاک (CDM) و جایگاه آن در صنعت برق ایران
محورهای موضوعی :
توسعه پایدار
کیومرث حیدری
1
,
مسعود کسرائی نژاد
2
1 - رئیس گروه اقتصاد برق و انرژی پژوهشگاه نیرو
2 - دانش‌آموخته کارشناسی ارشد اقتصاد انرژی دانشگاه علامه‌طباطبایی
تاریخ دریافت : 1395/05/23
تاریخ پذیرش : 1396/03/28
تاریخ انتشار : 1401/01/01
کلید واژه:
گازهای گلخانه‌ای,
CHP,
CDM,
ملاحظات زیست‌محیطی نیروگاه,
برق پاک,
نیروگاه برق,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه هدف: پس از هشدار مجامع علمی، در کنوانسیون تغییر آب وهوای ملل متحد، اصولی برای جلوگیری از انتشار گازهای آلاینده مورد توافق قرار گرفت که در پیمان کیوتو تحت عنوان سازوکار توسعه پاک به اجرا گذاشته شد. در این مقاله ضمن مروری بر ابعاد این سازوکار، وضعیت صنعت برق ایران از آن منظر مورد بررسی قرار گرفت.
روش بررسی: در این مقاله، پس از بررسی وضعیت انتشار گازهای گلخانه ای در ایران، مروری بر ارکان مکانیسم توسعه پاک شامل سیر تاریخی، مزایا و موانع، جنبه های اقتصادی، روش شناسی و الگوهای ارزیابی زیست محیطی نیروگاه های برق انجام شد. در ادامه به بررسی مخاطرات زیست‌محیطی صنعت برق و موقعیت ایران در خصوص آن پرداخته شد.
یافته‌ها: رشد سرانه کربن دی اکسید ناشی از مصرف انرژی و ناشی از تولید برق و حرارت در کنار سیستم برق رسانی مرکزی و عدم تمرکز کافی بر تولید پراکنده برق، هشدار دهنده آینده ای نه چندان روشن در صنعت برق از منظر شاخص های زیست محیطی در ایران است که البته این مهم در سالیان اخیر مورد توجه سیاستگذاران حوزه انرژی و محیط زیست بوده است.
بحث و نتیجه‌گیری: جهت توسعه برق پاک این مقاله، نوسازی سیستم ها، تمرکز بر مولدهای پراکنده و تولید برق منطقه ای، سرمایه گذاری بر آموزش مسائل مکانیسم توسعه پاک و گسترش نیروگاه های تولید هم‌زمان (به عنوان یک تجربه موفق در افزایش کارایی و کاهش آلایندگی در فرآیند تولید برق در سایر کشورها) را توصیه می نماید.
چکیده انگلیسی:
Background and Objective: After the scientific community warning, in the united nation framework convention on climate change, principles to avoid emissions was agreed and under the Kyoto protocol was accomplished as the Clean Development Mechanism. In this paper, while reviewing the dimensions of this mechanism, the situation of Iran's electricity industry was examined from its perspective.
Analysis methodology: In this, after reviewing Iran’s situation in the greenhouse gas emissions the elements of CDM including the history, benefits and barriers, economic aspects, methodology and patterns of environmental assessment power plant was reviewed. Then environmental risks of power industry and Iran’s position in that were discussed.
Findings: Per capita CO2 emission growth caused by energy consumption, electricity and heat production, in addition central electricity system and the lack of sufficient focus on distributed generation represents not so bright future of power industry from the perspective of environmental indicators in Iran, which of course has been considered by energy and environmental policymakers in recent years.
Discussion and Conclusions: To develop clean electricity, this paper recommends: updating systems, focusing on distributed generation and regional power generation, investing in education Clean Development Mechanism and the development of cogeneration power plants (as a successful experiment in increased efficiency and lower emissions in the power generation process in other countries).
منابع و مأخذ:
Nouri Najafi, Seyed Ghasem and Sedighi, Amir Abbas; (1387); Technology transfer through clean development mechanism; Technology Development Quarterly: No. 17, pp. 26-18. (In Persian)
Ansari Samani, Najmeh; (1392); Economic evaluation of the implementation of clean development mechanism in Iran's oil and gas industry (case study of associated gas collection plan in selected fields); Master's thesis; Tehran: Allameh Tabatabai University. (In Persian)
worldbank.org
Atabi, Farideh, Danesfaleh, Ramin, Sojudi, Hanieh and Safari, Sasan; (1388); Clean Development Mechanism (CDM); Tehran: Public Relations of Fuel Consumption Optimization Company, National Iranian Oil Company. (In Persian)
Abbasi, Ibrahim and Sajjadian, Faezeh Al-Sadat; (1391); Wind power and clean development mechanism; First Edition, Tehran: Tadbir Smart Publications. (In Persian)
Mohammadi, Seyed Abolfazl, Khoshkhahesh, Mohammad Taghi, Kazemizad, Leila and Asghari, Mojgan; (1390); Investigating the role of Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects; Fifth National Conference and Specialized Exhibition of Environmental Engineering; Tehran: Iranian Society of Environmental Engineering (In Persian).
climate-change.ir
Vista.ir
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Gurba, L.; (2006); Sustainable Energy Future Contribution Of Australian Coal; Melbourne.
Guinee, J. B.; (2002); Handbook on Life Cycle Assessment, Operational Guide to the ISO; Standards; Netherlands: Leiden University.
Kargari, Narges and Mastouri, Reza (1389); The place of life cycle assessment in the study of the environmental effects of agricultural activities; Tehran National Conference on Agricultural Waste and Waste Management: Agricultural Education and Extension Research Organization (In Persian).
Weisser, D.; (2007); A Guide To Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions From Electric. Supply Technologies; Austria: PESS/IAEA.
Saeedi, Mohsen; (1384); Environmental management of power plants; First Edition, Tehran: Ministry of Energy (In Persian).
Breeze, Powell; (2005); Power generation technologies; Translated by Nader Rafi'iskhaei; (1386); First Edition, Tehran: Sotoudeh Publications (In Persian).
Kiameh, Philip; (2003); Electricity generation; Translated by Nader Rafiei Sakhaei; (1386); First Edition, Tehran: Institute of Higher Education, Applied Science, Water and Power Industry (In Persian).
Reports of the Ministry of Energy (In Persian).
Miri, Motaleb, Bayati, Gholamreza and Zarbakhsh, Mohammad Hassan; (1383); Introduction to co-generation systems; First Edition, Tehran: Ministry of Energy, Energy Efficiency Organization (In Persian).
Pakdin, Javad, Salehi, Gholamreza, Haghdoost, Ehsanullah and Hamedi, Mohammad Hussein; (1388); Environmental economic assessment of Mashhad power plant CHP project; Tehran: The Second International Environmental Symposium (In Persian).
Raisi, Mohammad Ibrahim and Arezoo Kianfar; "Utilizing the opportunities of Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) in hydropower plants", International Journal of Energy Education, Research and Analysis, No. 23, 2010, p. 44. Ahadi, Mohammad Sadegh; "Effects of Greenhouse Gas Emissions on CDM Projects", Energy Economics Studies, Year 3, Issue 9, 2007, pp. 104-93(In Persian).
Boyd. E, et al, 2009, “Reforming the CDM for sustainable development: lessons learned and policy futures” Journal of environmental science & policy 12, 820–831.
Liu., 2010, “Extracting the resource rent from the CDM projects: Can the Chinese Government do better?” Journal of Energy Policy 38, 1004 –1009.
Schneider. Holzer, A. and Hoffmann, H., 2008 “Understanding the CDM’s contribution to technology transfer” Journal of Energy Policy 36, 2930-2938.
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Nouri Najafi, Seyed Ghasem and Sedighi, Amir Abbas; (1387); Technology transfer through clean development mechanism; Technology Development Quarterly: No. 17, pp. 26-18. (In Persian)
Ansari Samani, Najmeh; (1392); Economic evaluation of the implementation of clean development mechanism in Iran's oil and gas industry (case study of associated gas collection plan in selected fields); Master's thesis; Tehran: Allameh Tabatabai University. (In Persian)
worldbank.org
Atabi, Farideh, Danesfaleh, Ramin, Sojudi, Hanieh and Safari, Sasan; (1388); Clean Development Mechanism (CDM); Tehran: Public Relations of Fuel Consumption Optimization Company, National Iranian Oil Company. (In Persian)
Abbasi, Ibrahim and Sajjadian, Faezeh Al-Sadat; (1391); Wind power and clean development mechanism; First Edition, Tehran: Tadbir Smart Publications. (In Persian)
Mohammadi, Seyed Abolfazl, Khoshkhahesh, Mohammad Taghi, Kazemizad, Leila and Asghari, Mojgan; (1390); Investigating the role of Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects; Fifth National Conference and Specialized Exhibition of Environmental Engineering; Tehran: Iranian Society of Environmental Engineering (In Persian).
climate-change.ir
Vista.ir
Summary of IPCC guidelines, National Bureau of Climate Change (In Persian).
Gurba, L.; (2006); Sustainable Energy Future Contribution Of Australian Coal; Melbourne.
Guinee, J. B.; (2002); Handbook on Life Cycle Assessment, Operational Guide to the ISO; Standards; Netherlands: Leiden University.
Kargari, Narges and Mastouri, Reza (1389); The place of life cycle assessment in the study of the environmental effects of agricultural activities; Tehran National Conference on Agricultural Waste and Waste Management: Agricultural Education and Extension Research Organization (In Persian).
Weisser, D.; (2007); A Guide To Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions From Electric. Supply Technologies; Austria: PESS/IAEA.
Saeedi, Mohsen; (1384); Environmental management of power plants; First Edition, Tehran: Ministry of Energy (In Persian).
Breeze, Powell; (2005); Power generation technologies; Translated by Nader Rafi'iskhaei; (1386); First Edition, Tehran: Sotoudeh Publications (In Persian).
Kiameh, Philip; (2003); Electricity generation; Translated by Nader Rafiei Sakhaei; (1386); First Edition, Tehran: Institute of Higher Education, Applied Science, Water and Power Industry (In Persian).
Reports of the Ministry of Energy (In Persian).
Miri, Motaleb, Bayati, Gholamreza and Zarbakhsh, Mohammad Hassan; (1383); Introduction to co-generation systems; First Edition, Tehran: Ministry of Energy, Energy Efficiency Organization (In Persian).
Pakdin, Javad, Salehi, Gholamreza, Haghdoost, Ehsanullah and Hamedi, Mohammad Hussein; (1388); Environmental economic assessment of Mashhad power plant CHP project; Tehran: The Second International Environmental Symposium (In Persian).
Raisi, Mohammad Ibrahim and Arezoo Kianfar; "Utilizing the opportunities of Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) in hydropower plants", International Journal of Energy Education, Research and Analysis, No. 23, 2010, p. 44. Ahadi, Mohammad Sadegh; "Effects of Greenhouse Gas Emissions on CDM Projects", Energy Economics Studies, Year 3, Issue 9, 2007, pp. 104-93(In Persian).
Boyd. E, et al, 2009, “Reforming the CDM for sustainable development: lessons learned and policy futures” Journal of environmental science & policy 12, 820–831.
Liu., 2010, “Extracting the resource rent from the CDM projects: Can the Chinese Government do better?” Journal of Energy Policy 38, 1004 –1009.
Schneider. Holzer, A. and Hoffmann, H., 2008 “Understanding the CDM’s contribution to technology transfer” Journal of Energy Policy 36, 2930-2938.
