بررسی کیفیت بهداشتی هوای شهر تبریز در سال 1390 با تکیه بر شاخص کیفیت هوا AQI
محورهای موضوعی : آلودگی هوااسماعیل جوادی کهریز 1 , یوسف محمدیان 2 , محسن گرگانی فیروز جائی 3
1 - دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد مهندسی بهداشت حرفه ای، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مازندران، ساری، ایران (مسئول مکاتبات).
2 - دانشجوی دوره دکترای تخصصی مهندسی بهداشت حرفه ای دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران.
3 - دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد مهندسی بهداشت حرفه ای، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مازندران، ساری، ایران.
کلید واژه: تبریز, شاخص کیفیت هوا, آلاینده های معیار, ایستگاه سنجش آلودگی شهری,
چکیده مقاله :
امروزه آلودگی هوای کلانشهرها تهدیدی برای سلامتی انسان تلقی میگردد که موجب بروز اثرات سوء سلامتی؛ همچون بیماری های قلبی-عروقی و تنفسی و سرطان می شود. لذا پایش کیفیت هوای شهری جهت اتخاذ تصمیمات کنترلی توسط سازمان های مربوطه و همچنین جهت اطلاع رسانی شهروندان ضروری می باشد. بنابراین هدف این مطالعه بررسی کیفیت بهداشتی هوای کلانشهر تبریز از نظر میزان آلاینده های معیار می باشد. در این مطالعه توصیفی-مقطعی غلظت های پنج آلاینده معیار، با مراجعه به سازمان حفاظت محیط زیست استان آذربایجانشرقی بدست آمد. سپس شاخص کیفیت هوا (AQI) از طریق روابط موجود براساس غلظت های لحظه ای آلاینده ها محاسبه شد و بر مبنای جدول استاندارد کیفیت بهداشتى هوا طبقه بندی گردید. تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها توسط نرم افزار SPSS20 و Excel انجام پذیرفت.از 366 روز، 1/4% روزها کیفیت هوا خوب، 65% متوسط، 8/24% ناسالم برای گروه های حساس، 2/2% ناسالم، 3/3% بسیار ناسالم و 6/0% خطرناک بوده است. همچنین 87/30% از روزها AQI بالاتر از حدمجاز بوده است. کربن منوکسید با بیشترین سهم بعنوان آلاینده مسئول شناخته شد. کیفیت هوای کلانشهر تبریز در سال 1390 وضعیت مطلوبی نداشته است زیرا 112 روز از سال سطح آلاینده های مسئول بالاتر از حد مجاز بوده است. باتوجه به رابطه معنادار فصل با تغییرات غلظت آلاینده ها، برای نیل به روش های کنترلی موثر، توجه به این متغیر می تواند مفید باشد. همچنین با افزایش تعداد ایستگاه های پایش آلودگی هوا، اطلاعات به دست آمده می تواند در محاسبه میانگین آماریِ قابل تعمیم برای کل شهر مورد استفاده قرار گیرد.
Background and objectives: Nowadays megacities air pollution has considered as a health problem, which caused various health effects such as cardiovascular and pulmonary disease and so on. Therefore air quality monitoring is needed for citizens informing as well as offering of new strategies for pollution control. So the aim of this study is the evaluation of Tabriz megacity air quality according to criteria pollutant concentration.Method:In this cross-descriptive study, five criteria pollutant concentrations were derived by referring to East Azerbaijan environmental protection organization. AQI was calculated by specific equation with using moment concentration of criteria pollutants. Then according to air quality standard level table, calculated indexes were categorized in relevant level. Statistical analysis was done with SPSS20 descriptive tests and Excel2010 software. Results:Of total 366 days, the air quality statue in 4.1% of days were good, 65% moderate, 24.8% unhealthy for sensitive group, 2.2% unhealthy, 3.3% very unhealthy and 0.6% hazardous. Also in 30.87% of days the AQI have been extreme standard level. CO with highest quota was responsible pollutant. Maximum level of three main pollutants of PM10, CO and O3 was in March, October and June months, respectively.Conclusion:Tabriz air quality in 2011 was not desirable, as 112 days of year; pollutant levels were higher than allowable limit. Seasonal variation has significant correlation with pollutant levels; theretofore consideration of this factor probably can be useful to definition of control strategies. Increasing of monitoring stations can be utilize for obtaining extensible statistics average for hole of city.
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1- Flagan RC, Seinfeld JH. Fundamentals of air pollution engineering: Courier Corporation; 2013
2- Elsom D. Smog alert: managing urban air quality: Routledge; 2014.
3- Fenger J. Urban air quality. Atmospheric Environment. 1999;33(29):4877-900.
4- Wong GW. Air pollution and health. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine. 2014;2(1):8-9.
5- Kan H, Chen B. Particulate air pollution in urban areas of Shanghai, China: health-based economic assessment. Science of The Total Environment. 2004;322(1–3):71-9.
6- Guarnieri M, Balmes JR. Outdoor air pollution and asthma. The Lancet. 2014;383(9928):1581-92.
7- EPA AQI. A Guide to Air Quality and Your Health. June; 2000.
8- Gryparis A, Forsberg B, Katsouyanni K, Analitis A, Touloumi G, Schwartz J, et al. Acute effects of ozone on mortality from the “air pollution and health: a European approach” project. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine. 2004;170(10):1080-7.
9- Trzyna TC, Jokela AW. California environmental quality act: innovation in state and local decisionmaking: prepared for Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency: Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency: for sale by the Supt. of Docs., US Govt. Print. Off.; 1974.
10- Park TS, Hong Y, Kim WJ. Air quality evaluation and respiratory health effects according to weather conditions in a Korean cit. European Respiratory Journal. 2014;44(Suppl 58):P4154.
11- Ghozikali MG, Mosaferi M, Safari GH, Jaafari J. Effect of exposure to O3, NO2, and SO2 on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease hospitalizations in Tabriz, Iran. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2015;22(4):2817-23.[in persian].
12- Gholampour A, Nabizadeh R, Naseri S, Yunesian M, Taghipour H, Rastkari N, et al. Exposure and health impacts of outdoor particulate matter in two urban and industrialized area of Tabriz, Iran. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering. 2014;12(1):1. [in persian].
13- Hao H, Chang HH, Holmes HA, Mulholland JA, Klein M, Darrow LA, et al. Air Pollution and Preterm Birth in the US State of Georgia (2002–2006): Associations with Concentrations of 11 Ambient Air Pollutants Estimated by Combining Community Multiscale Air Quality Model (CMAQ) Simulations with Stationary Monitor Measurements. Environmental health perspectives. 2015.
14- Semple S, Garden C, Coggins M, Galea K, Whelan P, Cowie H, et al. Contribution of solid fuel, gas combustion, or tobacco smoke to indoor air pollutant concentrations in Irish and Scottish homes. Indoor air. 2012;22(3):212-23.
15- Kyrkilis G, Chaloulakou A, Kassomenos PA. Development of an aggregate Air Quality Index for an urban Mediterranean agglomeration: Relation to potential health effects. Environment International. 2007;33(5):670-6.
16- Golbaz S, Jonidi Jafari A. A comparative study of health quality of air in Tehran and Isfahan; 2008-2009. Razi Journal of Medical Sciences. 2011;18(84). [in persian].
17- Sobhan Ardakani S, Ismail Sari A, Cheraghi M, Tayebi L, Ghasempour M. Tayine keifiyate behdashti havaye shahre Tehran dar sale 1383 ba estefade az shakhese keyfiyate hava. Olom va Technology mohitezist. 2006;4(8):33-8. [in persian].
18- Golbaz S, Farzadkia M, Kermani M. Determination of Tehran air quality with emphasis on air quality index (AQI); 2008-2009. Iran Occupational Health. 2010;6(4):62-8. [in persian].
19- Bishoi B, Prakash A, Jain V. A comparative study of air quality index based on factor analysis and US-EPA methods for an urban environment. Aerosol and Air Quality Research. 2009;9(1):1-17.
20- EPA. Guidelines for the Reporting of Daily Air Quality 2010. Available from: www3.epa.gov.
21- Segal C. CLIMATE REGULATION UNDER THE CLEAN AIR ACT IN THE WAKE OF UTILITY AIR REGULATORY GROUP V. EPA. Harvard Environmental Law Review. 2015;39(1).
22- Srinivas J, Purushotham A. Determination of air quality index status in industrial areas of Visakhapatnam, India. Res J Eng Sci. 2013;2(6):13-24.
23- Carter WP. Development of ozone reactivity scales for volatile organic compounds. Air & Waste. 1994;44(7):881-99.
24- Nadafi K, Nabizadeh R, Nazm AS, Nourmoradi H, Mohammadi MF. Studying the TSP and PM10 measurements and description of the Air quality according to the Air Quality Index (AQI) in the central parts of Tehran city in 2005-2006. 2011. [in persian].
25- Po JY, FitzGerald JM, Carlsten C. Respiratory disease associated with solid biomass fuel exposure in rural women and children: systematic review and meta-analysis. Thorax. 2011;66(3):232-9.
26- Wang W, Ouyang W, Hao F. A supply-chain analysis framework for assessing densified biomass solid fuel utilization policies in China. Energies. 2015;8(7):7122-39.
27- Agrawal S, Yamamoto S. Effect of Indoor air pollution from biomass and solid fuel combustion on symptoms of preeclampsia/eclampsia in Indian women. Indoor air. 2015;25(3):341-52.
28- Anderson HR, de Leon AP, Bland JM, Bower JS, Strachan DP. Air pollution and daily mortality in London: 1987-92. BMJ. 1996;312(7032):665-9.
29- Melnick RS. Regulation and the courts: The case of the Clean Air Act: Brookings Institution Press; 1983.
