"حاکمیت قانون زیست محیطی" و نقش آن در اهداف توسعه پایدار؛با تاکید بر اعلامیه اتحادیه جهانی حفاظت از طبیعت در زمینه حاکمیت قانون زیست محیطی
محورهای موضوعی :
حقوق محیط زیست
سید عباس پورهاشمی
1
(
عضو هیات علمی و رئیس موسسه تخصصی حقوق بین الملل کانادا، تورنتو
)
سید بهراد میرفخرایی
2
(
دانشجوی دکتری حقوق محیط زیست؛ دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی؛واحد علوم و تحقیقات؛ تهران؛ ایران
)
تاریخ دریافت : 1398/02/10
تاریخ پذیرش : 1401/06/13
تاریخ انتشار : 1401/04/01
کلید واژه:
توسعه پایدار,
حاکمیت قانون زیست محیطی,
حقوق محیط زیست,
اتحادیه جهانی حفاظت از طبیعت,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف :"حاکمیت قانون زیست محیطی" مفهوم نوپایی است که به عنوان یک ابزار حقوقی توسط برنامه محیط زیست سازمان ملل متحد برای اولین بار مطرح شده و توانسته در جهت حفظ و حفاظت از محیط زیست و چالش های پیش روی آن تا حدی مثمر ثمر واقع شود؛ این مفهوم به طور کلی مشتق از اصل حاکمیت قانون می باشد که از حقوق داخلی به حقوق بین الملل راه پیدا کرده است. اتحادیه جهانی حفاظت از طبیعت در اولین کنگره جهانی حقوق محیط زیست خود برای درک بهتر این مفهوم اعلامیه ای را تدوین نموده که ۱۳ اصل را بیان داشته که می تواند نقش بسیار مهمی را در اهداف توسعه پایدار ایفاء نماید؛ بعضی از اصول مطرحه با عنوان دیگری تاکیدی بر اصول اصلی حقوق محیط زیست است و اصول جدید نیز مطرح شده که با بررسی آن می توان به سمت اهداف توسعه پایدار حرکت نمود. همچنین در راستای اجرا شدن مفهوم مذکور راهکارهایی اداری و نظارتی و آموزشی در این اعلامیه مطرح شده است. در این مقاله ضمن بررسی "حاکمیت قانون" در محیط زیست و نقش آن در اهداف توسعه پایدار تلاش می شود تا با تاکید بر اعلامیه اتحادیه جهانی حفاظت از طبیعت در زمینه حاکمیت قانون زیست محیطی، با نگاهی به خلاهای حقوقی و اجرایی آن، راهکارهای اجرایی پیشنهاد گردد.
روش بررسی: در این پژوهش گردآوری اطلاعات با مشاهده کتابخانه ای با توجه به اسناد و متون و مقاله و ... صورت گرفته و از نظر جنس داده ها روشی کیفی محسوب می شود.
یافته ها: مفهوم حاکمیت قانون در سطح حقوق بین الملل به ویژه موضوعات محیط زیست می تواند به عنوان یک روش وحدت بخش موجبات پیشرفت توسعه پایدار را در پی داشته باشد.
بحث و نتیجه گیری: اصول در نظر گرفته شده برای مفهوم حاکمیت قانون زیست محیطی می تواند منجر به کاهش اثرات نامطلوب کم شدن منازعات بر سر منابع و تسهیل نمودن اهداف نسل سوم حقوق بشر به عنوان یک راه حل حقوقی برای رسیدن به اهداف توسعه پایدار و رسیدن به عدالت حائز اهمیت باشد.
چکیده انگلیسی:
Background and Aim": Environmental Rule of Law" is an emerging concept which has been raised as a legal instrument by the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) for the first time and it has been able to work in order to extent the environmental protection and to address the environmental challenges. This concept is generally derived from the notion of the Rule of law that derives from domestic law to international law. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) at the First World Congress on Environmental Law has developed a Declaration to better understand the concept of 13 principles that can play a significant role in the goals of sustainable development; some of the principles referred to others. In fact, the emphasis is on the fundamental principles of environmental law, and new principles have been introduced, which can be considered through the pursuit of sustainable development goals. Also, for the implementation of this concept, administrative and educational solutions are addressed in this Declaration. This paper examines the "Environmental Rule of law" and its role in sustainable development goals by emphasizing on the International Union for Conservation of Nature on the World Declaration on the Environmental. In addition, the aim of this article is to provide some solutions to the legal and executive challenges in this matter.
Methods: In this research, information has been collected by observing a library according to documents, texts, articles, etc. And in terms of the type of data, it is considered a qualitative method.
Findings: The concept of the rule of law especially environmental issues at the level of international law, as a unifying solution to provide the progress of sustainable development.
Discussion and Conclusion: The principles considered for the mentioned concept of environmental rule of law; it is important to lead to the reduction of adverse effects, reduce conflicts over resources and facilitate the goals of the third generation of human rights as a legal solution to achieve the goals of sustainable development and justice.
منابع و مأخذ:
1- Peter H. Sand" (2008)" The Evolution of International Environmental Law" The Oxford Handbook of International Environmental Law " doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199552153.013.0002
2- Timo Koivurova"(2014)" Introduction to International Environmental Law" European Journal of International Law", 25"(3)"954–957" doi:10.1093/ejil/chu059
3- Keith Porter" Mary Jane Porter" Laurence Smith" (2014)" International Environmental Law" Centrer for Development, Environment and Policy"university of London"p514
4- Tracey Strange"Anne Bayley"(2008)"Sustainable Development Linking economy, society, environment" Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD)" ISBN 978-92-64-04778-5 01 2008 12 1 P
5- Arif Ahmed" Jahid Mustofa"(2016)" ROLE OF SOFT LAW IN ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION: AN OVERVIEW" Global Journal of Politics and Law Research" (4)"2" pp.1-18" _Published by European Centre for Research Training and Development UK (www.eajournals.org)
6- History of the Rule of Law"(2012)"The Supreme Court of Ohio"see information in: https://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/Publications/RonAnderson.pdf
7- Concept of Rule of Law"(2018)" see information in: https://www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/constitutional-law/introduction-concept-of-rule-law-essays.php#ftn1
8- Hajizadeh"M" Najandimanesh"H"Zarei"M"« The Statute of Rule of Law in International Law»" Public Law Researsh" 2017; 18(54): 171-196. doi: 10.22054/qjpl.2017.7431"(in Persian)
9- Richard H. Fallon, Jr."(1997)" The Rule of Law" as a Concept in Constitutional Discourse" Columbia Law Revie"97"(1)"pp.1-56" doi: 10.2307/1123446
10- The Rule of Law"(2016)" Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy"see information in: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/rule-of-law/#HistRuleLaw
11- Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 16 September 2005"UN" A/RES/60/1"para 134
12- The rule of law and transitional justice in conflict and post-conflict societies"(2004)" Security Council 23 August 2004"UN"S/2004/616" III-6
13- Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on on 24 September 2012"UN"A/RES/67/1
14- Clemens A. Feinäugle"(2016)" The UN Declaration on the Rule of Law and the Application of the Rule of Law to the UN: A Reconstruction From an International Public Authority Perspective" Goettingen Journal of International Law" 7(1), 157-185" doi: 10.3249/1868-1581-7-1-feinaeugle
15- General Assembly resolution 217 A on 10 December 1948" Universal Declaration of Human Rights"UN
16- Rule of Law Index"2017-2018"World Justice Project"see information in: https://worldjusticeproject.org/sites/default/files/documents/WJP-ROLI-2018-June-Online-Edition_0.pdf
17- Daniel Schwartz"Ashbindu Singh"(1999)"Environmental Conditions, Resources, and Conflicts"An Introductory Overview and Data Collection"United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)" ISBN: 92-807-1766-9
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19- Decisions adopted by the Governing Council/Global Ministerial Environment Forum at its first universal session"2013" Decision 27/9
20- The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)"2018"see information in: https://www.iucn.org/about
21- INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE ANNUAL REPORT 2016"see information in: https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2017-001-v.1-En.pdf
22- IUCN Environmental Law Centre" IUCN World Commission on Environmental Law"(2016)" IUCN Environmental Law Programme " The Year in Review 2016"see information in: https://www.iucn.org/sites/dev/files/content/documents/year_in_review_2016_final_20170418.pdf
23- IUCN World Declaration on the Environmental Rule of Law"(2016)" The IUCN World Congress on Environmental Law" Rio de Janeiro (Brazil)
24- Poorhashmi"SA"Arghand"B"« International environmental law»"Nashr Dadgostar"Tehran"2013"(in Persian)
_||_
1- Peter H. Sand" (2008)" The Evolution of International Environmental Law" The Oxford Handbook of International Environmental Law " doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199552153.013.0002
2- Timo Koivurova"(2014)" Introduction to International Environmental Law" European Journal of International Law", 25"(3)"954–957" doi:10.1093/ejil/chu059
3- Keith Porter" Mary Jane Porter" Laurence Smith" (2014)" International Environmental Law" Centrer for Development, Environment and Policy"university of London"p514
4- Tracey Strange"Anne Bayley"(2008)"Sustainable Development Linking economy, society, environment" Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD)" ISBN 978-92-64-04778-5 01 2008 12 1 P
5- Arif Ahmed" Jahid Mustofa"(2016)" ROLE OF SOFT LAW IN ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION: AN OVERVIEW" Global Journal of Politics and Law Research" (4)"2" pp.1-18" _Published by European Centre for Research Training and Development UK (www.eajournals.org)
6- History of the Rule of Law"(2012)"The Supreme Court of Ohio"see information in: https://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/Publications/RonAnderson.pdf
7- Concept of Rule of Law"(2018)" see information in: https://www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/constitutional-law/introduction-concept-of-rule-law-essays.php#ftn1
8- Hajizadeh"M" Najandimanesh"H"Zarei"M"« The Statute of Rule of Law in International Law»" Public Law Researsh" 2017; 18(54): 171-196. doi: 10.22054/qjpl.2017.7431"(in Persian)
9- Richard H. Fallon, Jr."(1997)" The Rule of Law" as a Concept in Constitutional Discourse" Columbia Law Revie"97"(1)"pp.1-56" doi: 10.2307/1123446
10- The Rule of Law"(2016)" Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy"see information in: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/rule-of-law/#HistRuleLaw
11- Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 16 September 2005"UN" A/RES/60/1"para 134
12- The rule of law and transitional justice in conflict and post-conflict societies"(2004)" Security Council 23 August 2004"UN"S/2004/616" III-6
13- Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on on 24 September 2012"UN"A/RES/67/1
14- Clemens A. Feinäugle"(2016)" The UN Declaration on the Rule of Law and the Application of the Rule of Law to the UN: A Reconstruction From an International Public Authority Perspective" Goettingen Journal of International Law" 7(1), 157-185" doi: 10.3249/1868-1581-7-1-feinaeugle
15- General Assembly resolution 217 A on 10 December 1948" Universal Declaration of Human Rights"UN
16- Rule of Law Index"2017-2018"World Justice Project"see information in: https://worldjusticeproject.org/sites/default/files/documents/WJP-ROLI-2018-June-Online-Edition_0.pdf
17- Daniel Schwartz"Ashbindu Singh"(1999)"Environmental Conditions, Resources, and Conflicts"An Introductory Overview and Data Collection"United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)" ISBN: 92-807-1766-9
18- Environmental Rule of Law"2018" United Nations Environment Programme(UNEP)" see information in : https://www.unenvironment.org/explore-topics/environmental-rights-and-governance/what-we-do/strengthening-institutions/promoting
19- Decisions adopted by the Governing Council/Global Ministerial Environment Forum at its first universal session"2013" Decision 27/9
20- The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)"2018"see information in: https://www.iucn.org/about
21- INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE ANNUAL REPORT 2016"see information in: https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2017-001-v.1-En.pdf
22- IUCN Environmental Law Centre" IUCN World Commission on Environmental Law"(2016)" IUCN Environmental Law Programme " The Year in Review 2016"see information in: https://www.iucn.org/sites/dev/files/content/documents/year_in_review_2016_final_20170418.pdf
23- IUCN World Declaration on the Environmental Rule of Law"(2016)" The IUCN World Congress on Environmental Law" Rio de Janeiro (Brazil)
24- Poorhashmi"SA"Arghand"B"« International environmental law»"Nashr Dadgostar"Tehran"2013"(in Persian)
