ارزش‌گذاری اقتصادی - تفرجگاهی پارک جنگلی کوهستان کرمانشاه با استفاده از روش هزینه سفر منطقه‌‌ای (Z.T.C.M)
محورهای موضوعی :
اقتصاد محیط زیست
سهراب مرادی
1
(
استادیار، گروه توسعه کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشکده فنی و مهندسی، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران
)
صالح محمودی
2
(
دانشجوی دکتری علوم و مهندسی محیط‌زیست، گروه تنوع زیستی و مدیریت اکوسیستم‌ها، پژوهشکده علوم محیطی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران
)
تاریخ دریافت : 1398/01/31
تاریخ پذیرش : 1401/05/05
تاریخ انتشار : 1401/01/01
کلید واژه:
تفرج- ارزش‌گذاری اقتصادی,
تفرجی- روش هزینه سفر- پارک جنگلی کوهستان- کرمانشاه,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: امروزه، ارزیابی منظم منافع تفرجی و غیربازاری منابع محیط‌‌زیستی جهت ترکیب جنبه‌‌های مثبت آن در سیاست و تصمیمات برنامه‌‌ریزی شده، امری ضروری است. هدف اصلی این پژوهش ارزش‌گذاری اقتصادی تفرجی پارک جنگلی کوهستان شهر کرمانشاه با استفاده از روش هزینه سفر منطقه‌‌ای است.
روش بررسی: جمع‌‌آوری اطلاعات و داده‌های کمی و کیفی، بازدید از پارک، تنظیم پرسشنامه‌ها و تجزیه و تحلیل یافته‌ها با استفاده از نرم افزار Excel، مبانی اصلی روش بررسی این تحقیق بوده است. روایی پرسشنامه توسط اعضای هیأت علمی دانشگاه پیام نور و پایایی آن با استفاده از ضریب آلفای کرونباخ تایید گردید.
یافته‌ها: بررسی سطح درآمد ماهانة بازدیدکنندگان نشان داد که میان این متغیر و تعداد روزهای بازدید از تفرجگاه و نیز تمایل به پرداخت ورودیه، همبستگی بالایی وجود دارد. نتایج همچنین نشان داد که سطح تحصیلات نیز نقش مهمی در جذب گردشگران به پارک جنگلی کوهستان داشت؛ چنانکه بیشترین تعداد بازدیدکنندگان باسواد بودند. بررسی مطالعات انجام شده در پارک جنگلی کوهستان نشان داد که بیشترین تعداد بازدیدکنندگان (48 درصد) در محدودة سنی 35 - 20 سال قرار داشتند. ارزش تفرجی بالای پارک جنگلی کوهستان که در بهار و تابستان 1395 محاسبه شد، برابر با مقدار 727045380 ریال بدست آمد.
بحث و نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج نشان دهندة لزوم توجه بیشتر و تدوین طرح جامع توسعة گردشگری استان برای پارک‌های جنگلی است که می‌‌تواند به عنوان ابزاری مؤثر در برنامه‌‌ریزی و مدیریت طرح‌‌های توسعه‌‌ای مورد استفاده قرار گیرد.
چکیده انگلیسی:
Background and Objective: Nowadays, regular evaluation of recreational and non-market benefits of environmental resources is necessary so that those positive aspects be combined into politics and planned decisions. The main goal of this research is economic-recreational valuation of Koohestan forest park-Kermanshah using the zonal travel cost method.Materials and Methods: Collecting quantitative and qualitative data, visiting the park, preparing questionnaires and analysis of the findings using Excel software have been the main principles of the related research. Validity and reliability of the questionnaires were approved by the scientific board members of Payame Noor University and Cronbach alpha coefficient respectively.Results: Investigating the monthly income level of visitors showed that there is a high correlation between this variable in one hand and the number of days of visiting the promenade and also willingness to pay the entrance fee on the other hand. The results also showed that the level of education also plays an important role in attracting tourists such that the largest number of visitors was literate people. Reviewing of the carried out studies over Koohestan Forest Park showed that the highest number of visitors (48%) were in the age range of 20-35 years.The high recreational value of Koohestan forest park, which was calculated in the spring and summer of 2016, was equal to 727045380 rials.Discussion and Conclusions: The results indicate the need for more attention and the development of a comprehensive plan of tourism development for forest parks that can be an effective tool in planning and managing developmental projects.
منابع و مأخذ:
Edington, M.A., and Edington, J.M., 1986. Ecology, Recreation and Tourism. Cambridge university press, Cambridge, New York and Melbourne, 200p. Translated by Ismail Kahrom. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Press, Tehran, Iran.
Bernath, K., Roschewitz, A. 2007. Recreational benefits of urban forests: Explaining visitors’ willingness to pay in the context of the theory of planned behavior, Journal of Environmental Management, Vol. 89, pp.155-166.
Dianat-Nejad, M. 2004. Economic valuation of the lake in Tehran Municipality's 22nd district by Clawson Method, M.Sc. Thesis, Sciences and Researches Unite of Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. (In Persian)
Lansdell, N. and Gangadharan, L. 2003. Comparing travel cost models and the precision of their consumer surplus estimates: Albert Park and Maroondah reservoir. Australian Economic Papers, Vol. 42, pp.399-417.
Amir Nejad, H., 2007. Natural Resource Economics. Tehran: Javdaneh Publications.(In Persian)
Mendes, I. 2002. Travel and on site recreation time: An empirical approach to value the recreation benefits of Peneda-Geres national park. IATUR's 2002 conference, 16th - 18th October, Lisbon. Available on: pascal.iseg.utl.pt.
Nillesen, E., Wesseler, J. and Cook, A. 2005. Estimating the recreational-use value for hiking in Bellenden Ker national park, Australia. Journal of Environmental Management, Vol. 36, pp.311-316.
Jabarin, A.S. and Damhoureyeh, S.A. 2006. Estimating the recreational benefits of Dibeen national park in Jordan using contingent valuation and travel cost methods. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, Vol. 9, pp.2198-2206.
Fazli, M. 2004. Economic Valuation of Chitgar Forest Park by Clawson Method, M.Sc. Thesis of Environment Science, Sciences and Researches Unite of Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran, 124 Pp. (In Persian)
Sohrabi, B. 2005. Economic Valuation of Abbasabad Forest Park Of Behshahr Township, M.Sc. Thesis of Faculty of Natural Resources of Gorgan University, Golestan, Iran, 144 Pp. (In Persian)
Mojabi, M. and Monavari, M. 2005. Economic valuation of pardisan and Lavisan parks. Environmental Sciences, Vol. 7, pp. 63-72. (In Persian)
Abedinzadeh, N. 2005. Comparison of Evaluation between Saravan Forest Park And Rasht City Park and management solutions, Sc. Thesis Of Environment Economic, Sciences And Researches Unite Of Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran, 164 Pp. (In Persian)
Esmaeeli Sari, A. and Latifi Oskoei. N. 2009. Economic-recreational valuation of own-ebne-ali forest park in Tabriz. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 10, No. 4 (Special Issus 39) pp. 208-217. (In Persian)
Falah Shamsi S.R., Saeed, A., Sobhani, H., Darvishsefat, A.A. and Faraji-Dana, A. 2008. Economic Evaluation of Natural Lands in ٍSub-Urban Area for Tourism Planning, Using Travel-Cost Analysis, Case Study: The Babak Fort, Eastern Azerbaijan. Journal of the Iranian Natural Resorces., Vol. 60, No. 4, pp.1329-1342. (In Persian)
Economic Evaluation of Natural Lands in ٍSub-Urban Area for Tourism Planning, Using Travel-Cost Analysis, Case Study: The Babak Fort, Eastern Azerbaijan. Journal of the Iranian Natural Res., Vol. 60, No. 4, 2008, pp.1329-1342
Pishkari, K., and Esmaeili Sari, A. 2007. Economic-Recreational Valuation of Taleghani Forest Park by Clawson Method. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 83-92. (In Persian)
Falah Shamsi S.R., Mousavipour S., Najafi B.A.D., Abtahi S.A. and Makhdoum M. 2009. Estimating Economic Value of Tourism in Rangelands of Kavir National Park Iran, Rangeland, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 436-448. (In Persian)
Mafi Gholami, D., Nouri Kamari, A. and Yarali, N. 2011. Economic Valuation of Natural Promenades by Using Zonal Travel Cost Method (Case Study: Dimeh Fountain of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province. Geographical Research Quarterly, 42, No. 75, pp. 1-16. (In Persian)
Rahmati Sayeh, M. and Bashiri, R. 2016. Studying Factors Affecting on the Estimating Recreation Value by Using Travel Cost Method (Case Study of Sorkheh Hesar National Park), Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 283-291. (In Persian)
Abdeshahi, A. and Ensan, E. 2018. Economic Evaluation of Recreational Operation of Ahwaz Beach Park Using Individual Travel Cost Method, Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 191-202. (In Persian)
Randal, A.A., 1994. Difficulty with the Travel Cost Method. Land Economics, 70: 88-96.
Chen, W., Hong, H., Liu Y., Zhang, L., Hou, X. and Raymond, M., 2004. Recreation demands and economic value: An application of travel cost method for Xiamen Island. China Economic review, Vol. 15, pp.398-406.
Pak, M., and Turker, M.F., 2006. Estimation of recreational use value of forest resources by using individual travel cost and contingent valuation methods (Kayabasi foresty recreation site sample). Journal of Applied Science, Vol. 6, pp.1-5.
Gurluk, S. and Rehber, E. 2008. A travel cost study to estimate recreational value for a bird refuge at Lake Manyas, Turkey. Journal of Environmental Management, Vol. 88, pp.1350-1360.
Fleming, C.M. and Cook, A. 2008. The recreational value of Lake McKenzie, Fraser Island: An application of the travel cost method. Tourism Management, Vol. 29, pp.1197-1205.
Haspel, A., and Johnson, F.R., 1982. Multiple destination trip bias in recreation benefits estimation. Land Economics, Vol. 58, pp.364-372.
Smith, V.K., Desvousges W.H., and McGivney M.P., 1983. The opportunity cost of travel time in recreation demand models. Land Economics, Vol. 59, pp.259-278.
Holden, A., 2000. Environment and Tourism. Routledge, New Fetter Lane, London, UK, 256p.
Ward, F.A. and Loomis, J.B. 1986. The Travel Cost Demand Model as an Environmental Policy Assessment Tool: A Review of Literature. Western Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 11, pp.164-178.
Mcconnel, K.E. and Strand, I. 1981. Measuring the Cost of Time in Recreation Demand Analysis, an Application to Sport Fishing. American Journal of Agricultural Economics. Vol. 63, pp.153-166.
Cesario, F., and Knetsch, J., 1970. Time bias in recreation benefits studies. Water Resources Research, Vol. 6, pp.700-704.
Cesario, F., 1976. Value of time in recreation benefits studies. Land Economics, Vol. 52, pp.32-41.
Bateman, I.J., Garrod, G., Brainard, J.S. and Lovett, A., 1996. Measurement issues in the travel cost method: a geographical information systems approach. Agricultural Economics, Vol. 47, pp.191-205.
Willis, K.G. and Garrod, G. 1991. An Individual Travel Cost Method of Evaluating Forest Recreation. Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 41, pp.33-42.
Willis, K.G. 1991. The recreational values of forestry commission estate in Great Britain: A Clawson-Knetsch travel cost analysis Scottish. Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 38, pp.58-75.
Emmert, J.J., 1999. Award-Winning Undergraduate Paper: Income and Substitution Effects in the Travel Cost Model: An Application to Indiana State Parks. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 81, pp.1330-1337.
Dannelly, M.P., Vaske, j.j., DeRuiter, D.S. and Loomis, J.B., 1998. Economic Impacts of State Parks: Effect of Park Visitation, Park Facilities, and County Economic Diversification. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, Vol. 16(4), pp.57-72.
Mafi Gholami, D., Yarali, N. and Nouri Kamari, A. 2012. Recreational Valuation Of Natural Tourism Attractions By Using Zonal Travel Cost Method (Z.T.C.M) (Case Study: Parvaz Forest Park, Choghakhor Wetland, A'atashgah Waterfall and Dimeh Fountain of Chahrmahal Va Bakhtiari Province). Geography and Territorial Spatial Arrangement, 2, No. 3, pp. 103-117. (In Persian)
Shrestha, R.K., Seidl, A.F., and Moraes, A.S., 2002. Value of recreational fishing in the Brazilian Pantanal: a travel cost analysis using count data models. Ecological Economics, Vol. 42, pp.289-299.
Asheim, G.B. 2000. Green National Accounting: Why and How? Environment and Development Economics, Vol. 5, pp.25-48.
Mahmoudi, B. 2007. Assessing the recreational value of Menj forests in Lordegan County, Iran. MSc Thesis. University of Mazandaran. 119 p. (In Persian)
_||_
Edington, M.A., and Edington, J.M., 1986. Ecology, Recreation and Tourism. Cambridge university press, Cambridge, New York and Melbourne, 200p. Translated by Ismail Kahrom. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Press, Tehran, Iran.
Bernath, K., Roschewitz, A. 2007. Recreational benefits of urban forests: Explaining visitors’ willingness to pay in the context of the theory of planned behavior, Journal of Environmental Management, Vol. 89, pp.155-166.
Dianat-Nejad, M. 2004. Economic valuation of the lake in Tehran Municipality's 22nd district by Clawson Method, M.Sc. Thesis, Sciences and Researches Unite of Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. (In Persian)
Lansdell, N. and Gangadharan, L. 2003. Comparing travel cost models and the precision of their consumer surplus estimates: Albert Park and Maroondah reservoir. Australian Economic Papers, Vol. 42, pp.399-417.
Amir Nejad, H., 2007. Natural Resource Economics. Tehran: Javdaneh Publications.(In Persian)
Mendes, I. 2002. Travel and on site recreation time: An empirical approach to value the recreation benefits of Peneda-Geres national park. IATUR's 2002 conference, 16th - 18th October, Lisbon. Available on: pascal.iseg.utl.pt.
Nillesen, E., Wesseler, J. and Cook, A. 2005. Estimating the recreational-use value for hiking in Bellenden Ker national park, Australia. Journal of Environmental Management, Vol. 36, pp.311-316.
Jabarin, A.S. and Damhoureyeh, S.A. 2006. Estimating the recreational benefits of Dibeen national park in Jordan using contingent valuation and travel cost methods. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, Vol. 9, pp.2198-2206.
Fazli, M. 2004. Economic Valuation of Chitgar Forest Park by Clawson Method, M.Sc. Thesis of Environment Science, Sciences and Researches Unite of Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran, 124 Pp. (In Persian)
Sohrabi, B. 2005. Economic Valuation of Abbasabad Forest Park Of Behshahr Township, M.Sc. Thesis of Faculty of Natural Resources of Gorgan University, Golestan, Iran, 144 Pp. (In Persian)
Mojabi, M. and Monavari, M. 2005. Economic valuation of pardisan and Lavisan parks. Environmental Sciences, Vol. 7, pp. 63-72. (In Persian)
Abedinzadeh, N. 2005. Comparison of Evaluation between Saravan Forest Park And Rasht City Park and management solutions, Sc. Thesis Of Environment Economic, Sciences And Researches Unite Of Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran, 164 Pp. (In Persian)
Esmaeeli Sari, A. and Latifi Oskoei. N. 2009. Economic-recreational valuation of own-ebne-ali forest park in Tabriz. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 10, No. 4 (Special Issus 39) pp. 208-217. (In Persian)
Falah Shamsi S.R., Saeed, A., Sobhani, H., Darvishsefat, A.A. and Faraji-Dana, A. 2008. Economic Evaluation of Natural Lands in ٍSub-Urban Area for Tourism Planning, Using Travel-Cost Analysis, Case Study: The Babak Fort, Eastern Azerbaijan. Journal of the Iranian Natural Resorces., Vol. 60, No. 4, pp.1329-1342. (In Persian)
Economic Evaluation of Natural Lands in ٍSub-Urban Area for Tourism Planning, Using Travel-Cost Analysis, Case Study: The Babak Fort, Eastern Azerbaijan. Journal of the Iranian Natural Res., Vol. 60, No. 4, 2008, pp.1329-1342
Pishkari, K., and Esmaeili Sari, A. 2007. Economic-Recreational Valuation of Taleghani Forest Park by Clawson Method. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 83-92. (In Persian)
Falah Shamsi S.R., Mousavipour S., Najafi B.A.D., Abtahi S.A. and Makhdoum M. 2009. Estimating Economic Value of Tourism in Rangelands of Kavir National Park Iran, Rangeland, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 436-448. (In Persian)
Mafi Gholami, D., Nouri Kamari, A. and Yarali, N. 2011. Economic Valuation of Natural Promenades by Using Zonal Travel Cost Method (Case Study: Dimeh Fountain of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province. Geographical Research Quarterly, 42, No. 75, pp. 1-16. (In Persian)
Rahmati Sayeh, M. and Bashiri, R. 2016. Studying Factors Affecting on the Estimating Recreation Value by Using Travel Cost Method (Case Study of Sorkheh Hesar National Park), Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 283-291. (In Persian)
Abdeshahi, A. and Ensan, E. 2018. Economic Evaluation of Recreational Operation of Ahwaz Beach Park Using Individual Travel Cost Method, Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 191-202. (In Persian)
Randal, A.A., 1994. Difficulty with the Travel Cost Method. Land Economics, 70: 88-96.
Chen, W., Hong, H., Liu Y., Zhang, L., Hou, X. and Raymond, M., 2004. Recreation demands and economic value: An application of travel cost method for Xiamen Island. China Economic review, Vol. 15, pp.398-406.
Pak, M., and Turker, M.F., 2006. Estimation of recreational use value of forest resources by using individual travel cost and contingent valuation methods (Kayabasi foresty recreation site sample). Journal of Applied Science, Vol. 6, pp.1-5.
Gurluk, S. and Rehber, E. 2008. A travel cost study to estimate recreational value for a bird refuge at Lake Manyas, Turkey. Journal of Environmental Management, Vol. 88, pp.1350-1360.
Fleming, C.M. and Cook, A. 2008. The recreational value of Lake McKenzie, Fraser Island: An application of the travel cost method. Tourism Management, Vol. 29, pp.1197-1205.
Haspel, A., and Johnson, F.R., 1982. Multiple destination trip bias in recreation benefits estimation. Land Economics, Vol. 58, pp.364-372.
Smith, V.K., Desvousges W.H., and McGivney M.P., 1983. The opportunity cost of travel time in recreation demand models. Land Economics, Vol. 59, pp.259-278.
Holden, A., 2000. Environment and Tourism. Routledge, New Fetter Lane, London, UK, 256p.
Ward, F.A. and Loomis, J.B. 1986. The Travel Cost Demand Model as an Environmental Policy Assessment Tool: A Review of Literature. Western Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 11, pp.164-178.
Mcconnel, K.E. and Strand, I. 1981. Measuring the Cost of Time in Recreation Demand Analysis, an Application to Sport Fishing. American Journal of Agricultural Economics. Vol. 63, pp.153-166.
Cesario, F., and Knetsch, J., 1970. Time bias in recreation benefits studies. Water Resources Research, Vol. 6, pp.700-704.
Cesario, F., 1976. Value of time in recreation benefits studies. Land Economics, Vol. 52, pp.32-41.
Bateman, I.J., Garrod, G., Brainard, J.S. and Lovett, A., 1996. Measurement issues in the travel cost method: a geographical information systems approach. Agricultural Economics, Vol. 47, pp.191-205.
Willis, K.G. and Garrod, G. 1991. An Individual Travel Cost Method of Evaluating Forest Recreation. Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 41, pp.33-42.
Willis, K.G. 1991. The recreational values of forestry commission estate in Great Britain: A Clawson-Knetsch travel cost analysis Scottish. Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 38, pp.58-75.
Emmert, J.J., 1999. Award-Winning Undergraduate Paper: Income and Substitution Effects in the Travel Cost Model: An Application to Indiana State Parks. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 81, pp.1330-1337.
Dannelly, M.P., Vaske, j.j., DeRuiter, D.S. and Loomis, J.B., 1998. Economic Impacts of State Parks: Effect of Park Visitation, Park Facilities, and County Economic Diversification. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, Vol. 16(4), pp.57-72.
Mafi Gholami, D., Yarali, N. and Nouri Kamari, A. 2012. Recreational Valuation Of Natural Tourism Attractions By Using Zonal Travel Cost Method (Z.T.C.M) (Case Study: Parvaz Forest Park, Choghakhor Wetland, A'atashgah Waterfall and Dimeh Fountain of Chahrmahal Va Bakhtiari Province). Geography and Territorial Spatial Arrangement, 2, No. 3, pp. 103-117. (In Persian)
Shrestha, R.K., Seidl, A.F., and Moraes, A.S., 2002. Value of recreational fishing in the Brazilian Pantanal: a travel cost analysis using count data models. Ecological Economics, Vol. 42, pp.289-299.
Asheim, G.B. 2000. Green National Accounting: Why and How? Environment and Development Economics, Vol. 5, pp.25-48.
Mahmoudi, B. 2007. Assessing the recreational value of Menj forests in Lordegan County, Iran. MSc Thesis. University of Mazandaran. 119 p. (In Persian)
