مروری بر کاربردهای کیتین و کیتوزان در صنایع مختلف
محورهای موضوعی :
آلودگی محیط زیست (آب و فاضلاب)
معصومه کردی
1
(دانشجوی دکتری بیوتکنولوژی کشاورزی، گروه زیست‌شناسی سلولی و مولکولی، دانشکده علوم و فناوری زیستی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران.)
ناصر فرخی
2
(دانشیار گروه زیست‌شناسی سلولی و مولکولی، گروه زیست‌شناسی سلولی و مولکولی، دانشکده علوم و فناوری زیستی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران. *(مسوول مکاتبات))
تاریخ دریافت : 1397/02/11
تاریخ پذیرش : 1398/01/28
تاریخ انتشار : 1402/07/01
کلید واژه:
پزشکی,
تولید,
کیتین,
صنعت,
زیست فناوری,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: کیتین در اسکلت خارجی حشرات، پوسته سخت پوستان و دیواره سلولی قارچ ها یافت می شود. کیتین با فرمول بتا 1 و 4 -N استیل -D گلوکز آمین، اولین بار در سال 1884 شناسایی شد. کشورهایی مانند هندوستان، ژاپن، لهستان و استرالیا از جمله تولیدکنندگان اصلی این بیوپلیمر به حساب می آیند.
روش بررسی: در این پژوهش به مطالعه ساختار و اهمیت کیتین و یکی از مشتقات ارزشمند آن، کیتوزان پرداخته شده است. کیتین ماده ای سخت با ساختار کریستالی و سفید رنگ است. منبع اصلی تولید صنعتی کیتین در دنیا، ضایعات پوسته حاصل از صنایع فرآوری میگو و خرچنگ است. کیتوزان از مشتقات کیتین است که با فرآیند دی استیلاسیون کیتین به دست می آید. در واقع، کیتوزان پلیمر ترکیبی گلوکز آمین و N- استیل گلوکز آمین است که به وسیله پیوندهای 1و 4 گلیکوزیدی به هم متصل شده اند. به دلیل وجود گروه های آمینی در ساختمان کیتوزان، این ماده در محیط های اسیدی از حلالیت بهتری برخوردار است.
یافته ها: به دلیل خواص منحصر به فرد کیتین و کیتوزان، کاربرد آن در صنایع مختلف از جمله مهندسی آب، صنعت کاغذ، صنعت نساجی، پردازش غذا، کشاورزی، آزمایشگاهی (کروماتوگرافی)، باتری های حالت جامد، ژل کیتوزان برای LED، در زمینه پزشکی و زیستی از جمله مهندسی بافت، بهبود زخم/پانسمان زخم، چشم پزشکی گزارش شده است.
بحث و نتیجه گیری: به طور کلی کیتین و کیتوزان در کلیه زمینه های اشاره شده کاربرد دارد. استفاده از این ترکیبات سالم و دوستدار محیط زیست خصوصا در حوزه ی پزشکی و سایر صنایع بسیار مقرون به صرفه و سودآور می باشد.
چکیده انگلیسی:
Background and Objective: Chitin is found in the external skeleton of insects, the shell of crustaceans and the fungal cell wall. Chitin with the formula B-1, 4 N- acetyl glucosamine, it was first identified in 1884. Countries such as India, Japan, Poland and Australia are among the main producers of this biopolymer.
Material and Methodology: In this research, the structure and importance of chitin and one of its valuable derivatives, chitosan, have been studied. Chitin is a hard substance with a crystalline structure and white color. The main source of industrial chitin production in the world is shell waste from shrimp and crab processing industries. Chitosan is a derivative of chitin obtained by deacetylation of chitin. In fact, chitosan is a composite polymer of glucose amine and N-acetylglucose amine, which are connected by 1 and 4 glycosidic bonds. Due to the presence of amino groups in the structure of chitosan, this substance has better solubility in acidic environments.
Findings: Due to the unique properties of chitin and chitosan, its use in various industries such as water engineering, paper industry, textile industry, food processing, agriculture, laboratory (chromatography), solid state batteries, chitosan gel for LED, it has been reported in medical and biological fields including tissue engineering, wound healing/wound dressing, ophthalmology.
Discussion and Conclusion: In general, chitin and chitosan are used in all mentioned fields. The use of these healthy and environmentally friendly compounds, especially in the field of medicine and other industries, is very economical and profitable.
منابع و مأخذ:
Dutta, PK., Dutta, J., Tripathi V., 2004. Chitin and chitosan: chemistry, properties and applications. Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research, 63, 20-31.
Dutta, PK., Ravikumar, MN., Dutta, J., 2002. Chitin and chitosan for versatile applications. JMS Polym Rev, 42, 307.
Hudson, SM., Smith, C., 1998. Polysaccharide: chitin and chitosan: chemistry and technology of their use as structural materials. Biopolymers from renewable resources, 96, 118.
Kim, SJ., Kim, SS., Lee, YM., Synthesis of chitosan derivatives with quaternary ammonium salt and their antibacterial activity. Polymer Bulletin, 38, 387.
Kurita, K., Tomita, K., Ishii, S., Nishimura, S., Shimoda, K., chitin as a convenient starting material for acetolysis for efficient preparation of N-acetylchitin to oligosaccharides. Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, 31, 23-39.
Dutta, PK., Vishwanathan, P., Mimrot, L., Ravikumar, MNV., 1997. Use of chitosan-amine oxide gel as drug carriers. Journal of Polymer Materials, 14, 531.
Ravi Kumar Majeti, NV., A review of chitin and chitosan applications. Reactive and Functional Polymers, 46 (1), 1-27.
Wang, H., Li, W., Lu, Y., Wang, Z., Zhong, W., 1996. Studies on chitosan and poly (acrylic acid) interpolymer complex. II.solution behaviors of the mixture of water-soluble chitosan and poly (acrylic acid). Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 61, 2221-2224.
Le, Y., Anand, SC., Horrocks, AR., 1997. Recent development in fibres and materials for wound management, Indian Journal of fibre & textile Research, 22, 337.
Jeon, C., Holl, WH., 2003. Chemical modification of chitosan and equilibrium study for mercury ion removal. Water Research, 37, 4770
Lim, S., Hudson, SM., 2003. Review of chitosan and its derivatives as antimicrobial agents and their uses as textile chemicals. JMS Polym Rev, 43.
Yilmaz, E., 2004. Chitosan: A versatile biomaterial. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 553, 59–68.
No, HK., Park, NY., Lee, SH., Meyers, S., 2002. Antibacterial activity of chitosan and chitosan oligomers with different molecular weights. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 74, 65–72.
Rabea, EI., Badawy, MET., Stevens, CV., Smagghe, G., Steurbaut, V., 2003. Chitosan as antimicrobial agent: Applications and mode of action. Biomacromolec, 6, 1457–1465.
Tokoro, A., Tatewaki, N., Suzuki, K., Mikami, T., Suzuki, S., Suzuki, M., 1988. Growth-inhibitory effect of hexa-N-acetylchitohexaose and chitohexaose against Meth-A solid tumor. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 36, 784–790.
Sugano, M., Yoshida, K., Hashimoto, M., Enomoto, K., Hirano, S., 1992. Hypocholesterolemic activity of partially hydrolyzed chitosans in rats. In C. J. Brine, P. A. Sandford, & J. P. Zikakis (Eds.), Advnces in chitin and chitosan. Proceedings from the fifth international conference on chitin and chitosan, London: Elsevier, 472–478.
Fujimoto, T., Tsuchiya, Y., Terao, M., Nakamura, K., Yamamoto, M., 2006. Antibacterial effects of chitosan solution against Legionella pneumophila, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 112 (2), 96–101.
Hayashi, Y., Ohara, N., Ganno, T., Ishizaki, H., Yanagiguchi, K., 2007. Chitosan- containing gum chewing accelerates antibacterial effect with an increase in salivary secretion. Journal Dentist, 35(11), 871–874.
Li, B., Wang, X., Chen, R., Huangfu, V., Xie, G., 2008. Antibacterial activity of chitosan solution against Xanthomonas pathogenic bacteria isolated from Euphorbia pulcherrima. Carbohydrate Polymers, 72(2), 287–292.
Liu, N., Chen, XG., Park, HJ., Liu, CG., Liu, CS., Meng, XH., 2006. Effect of MW and concentration of chitosan on antibacterial activity of Escherichia coli. Carbohydrate Polymers, 64(1), 60–65.
Xu, J., Zhao, X., Han, X., Du, Y., 2007. Antifungal activity of oligo-chitosan against Phytophthora capsici and other plant patho-genic fungi in vitro. Pesticide Biochemistry Physiology, 87(3), 220–228.
Nadafi, K., Tayefeh Rafi, M., Gholampour, A., 2005. Application of chitosan in water and wastewater treatment. The 8th National Environmental Health Conference. (In Persian)
Bhavani, KD., Dutta, PK., 2000. Physico-chemical adsorption properties on chitosan for dye house effluent. Indian Journal of Chemical Technology, 7, 198.
Sridhari, TR., Dutta, PK., 2000. Synthesis and characterization of maleilated chitosan for dye house effluent, Indian Journal of Chemical Technology, 7, 198.
Roller, S., Covil, N., 2000. The antimicrobial properties of chitosan in mayonnaise and mayonnaise- based shrimp salads. Journal of Food Protection, 63(2), 202-209.
Benjakoul, SW., Viessanguan, M., Tanaka, S., Ishizaki, R., Suthdham, & O Sugpech. 2000. Effect of chitin and chitosan on gelling properties of surimi from barred garfish (Hemiraphus far). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 81(1), 102-108.
Song, Y., Babiker, E., Yusai, M., Kato, A., 2002. Emulsifying properties and bactericidal action of chitosan- lysozyme conjugates. Food Research International, 35, 459-466.
Rhee, J., Jung, M., Paeng, K., 1998. Evaluation of chitin and chitosan as a sorbent for the preconcentration of phenol and chlorophenols in water. Anaytical Sciences, 14, 1089-1092.
Lin, WC., Liu, TY., Yang, MC., 2003. Hemocompatibility of Polyacrylonitrile dialysis membrane immobilized with chitosa
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Dutta, PK., Dutta, J., Tripathi V., 2004. Chitin and chitosan: chemistry, properties and applications. Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research, 63, 20-31.
Dutta, PK., Ravikumar, MN., Dutta, J., 2002. Chitin and chitosan for versatile applications. JMS Polym Rev, 42, 307.
Hudson, SM., Smith, C., 1998. Polysaccharide: chitin and chitosan: chemistry and technology of their use as structural materials. Biopolymers from renewable resources, 96, 118.
Kim, SJ., Kim, SS., Lee, YM., Synthesis of chitosan derivatives with quaternary ammonium salt and their antibacterial activity. Polymer Bulletin, 38, 387.
Kurita, K., Tomita, K., Ishii, S., Nishimura, S., Shimoda, K., chitin as a convenient starting material for acetolysis for efficient preparation of N-acetylchitin to oligosaccharides. Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, 31, 23-39.
Dutta, PK., Vishwanathan, P., Mimrot, L., Ravikumar, MNV., 1997. Use of chitosan-amine oxide gel as drug carriers. Journal of Polymer Materials, 14, 531.
Ravi Kumar Majeti, NV., A review of chitin and chitosan applications. Reactive and Functional Polymers, 46 (1), 1-27.
Wang, H., Li, W., Lu, Y., Wang, Z., Zhong, W., 1996. Studies on chitosan and poly (acrylic acid) interpolymer complex. II.solution behaviors of the mixture of water-soluble chitosan and poly (acrylic acid). Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 61, 2221-2224.
Le, Y., Anand, SC., Horrocks, AR., 1997. Recent development in fibres and materials for wound management, Indian Journal of fibre & textile Research, 22, 337.
Jeon, C., Holl, WH., 2003. Chemical modification of chitosan and equilibrium study for mercury ion removal. Water Research, 37, 4770
Lim, S., Hudson, SM., 2003. Review of chitosan and its derivatives as antimicrobial agents and their uses as textile chemicals. JMS Polym Rev, 43.
Yilmaz, E., 2004. Chitosan: A versatile biomaterial. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 553, 59–68.
No, HK., Park, NY., Lee, SH., Meyers, S., 2002. Antibacterial activity of chitosan and chitosan oligomers with different molecular weights. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 74, 65–72.
Rabea, EI., Badawy, MET., Stevens, CV., Smagghe, G., Steurbaut, V., 2003. Chitosan as antimicrobial agent: Applications and mode of action. Biomacromolec, 6, 1457–1465.
Tokoro, A., Tatewaki, N., Suzuki, K., Mikami, T., Suzuki, S., Suzuki, M., 1988. Growth-inhibitory effect of hexa-N-acetylchitohexaose and chitohexaose against Meth-A solid tumor. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 36, 784–790.
Sugano, M., Yoshida, K., Hashimoto, M., Enomoto, K., Hirano, S., 1992. Hypocholesterolemic activity of partially hydrolyzed chitosans in rats. In C. J. Brine, P. A. Sandford, & J. P. Zikakis (Eds.), Advnces in chitin and chitosan. Proceedings from the fifth international conference on chitin and chitosan, London: Elsevier, 472–478.
Fujimoto, T., Tsuchiya, Y., Terao, M., Nakamura, K., Yamamoto, M., 2006. Antibacterial effects of chitosan solution against Legionella pneumophila, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 112 (2), 96–101.
Hayashi, Y., Ohara, N., Ganno, T., Ishizaki, H., Yanagiguchi, K., 2007. Chitosan- containing gum chewing accelerates antibacterial effect with an increase in salivary secretion. Journal Dentist, 35(11), 871–874.
Li, B., Wang, X., Chen, R., Huangfu, V., Xie, G., 2008. Antibacterial activity of chitosan solution against Xanthomonas pathogenic bacteria isolated from Euphorbia pulcherrima. Carbohydrate Polymers, 72(2), 287–292.
Liu, N., Chen, XG., Park, HJ., Liu, CG., Liu, CS., Meng, XH., 2006. Effect of MW and concentration of chitosan on antibacterial activity of Escherichia coli. Carbohydrate Polymers, 64(1), 60–65.
Xu, J., Zhao, X., Han, X., Du, Y., 2007. Antifungal activity of oligo-chitosan against Phytophthora capsici and other plant patho-genic fungi in vitro. Pesticide Biochemistry Physiology, 87(3), 220–228.
Nadafi, K., Tayefeh Rafi, M., Gholampour, A., 2005. Application of chitosan in water and wastewater treatment. The 8th National Environmental Health Conference. (In Persian)
Bhavani, KD., Dutta, PK., 2000. Physico-chemical adsorption properties on chitosan for dye house effluent. Indian Journal of Chemical Technology, 7, 198.
Sridhari, TR., Dutta, PK., 2000. Synthesis and characterization of maleilated chitosan for dye house effluent, Indian Journal of Chemical Technology, 7, 198.
Roller, S., Covil, N., 2000. The antimicrobial properties of chitosan in mayonnaise and mayonnaise- based shrimp salads. Journal of Food Protection, 63(2), 202-209.
Benjakoul, SW., Viessanguan, M., Tanaka, S., Ishizaki, R., Suthdham, & O Sugpech. 2000. Effect of chitin and chitosan on gelling properties of surimi from barred garfish (Hemiraphus far). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 81(1), 102-108.
Song, Y., Babiker, E., Yusai, M., Kato, A., 2002. Emulsifying properties and bactericidal action of chitosan- lysozyme conjugates. Food Research International, 35, 459-466.
Rhee, J., Jung, M., Paeng, K., 1998. Evaluation of chitin and chitosan as a sorbent for the preconcentration of phenol and chlorophenols in water. Anaytical Sciences, 14, 1089-1092.
Lin, WC., Liu, TY., Yang, MC., 2003. Hemocompatibility of Polyacrylonitrile dialysis membrane immobilized with chitosa
