ارزیابی CBA (سود و زیان) اجرای جداره‌های عمودی سبز در تهران
محورهای موضوعی :
محیط زیست شهری
مریم آزموده
1
,
شاهین حیدری
2
,
زهرا زمانی
3
1 - -عضو هیات علمی و استادیار گروه معماری، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه بین المللی امام خمینی ، قزوین، ایران*(مسوول مکاتبات).
2 - عضو هیات علمی و استاد گروه معماری، پردیس هنرهای زیبا، ، دانشکده معماری دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران
3 - دکتری معماری، پردیس هنرهای زیبا، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران
تاریخ دریافت : 1348/10/11
تاریخ پذیرش : 1348/10/11
تاریخ انتشار : 1348/10/11
کلید واژه:
جداره عمودی سبز,
CBA(ارزیابی سود و زیان),
هزینه اجرا,
بازدهی اقتصادی,
چکیده مقاله :
چکیده زمینه و هدف: مشکلات محیط زیستی و خارج شدن شهرها از بافت طبیعی خود، موجب شده است که طراحان شهری در پی احیای نیازهای حیاتی شهرها همچون فضای سبز و چشم اندازهای طبیعی باشند و برای این کار از تجهیزات جدید بهره جویند. سطوح سبز عمودی یکی از گزینه‌هایی است که در سال‌های اخیر مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. این فناوری مانند هر سیستم نوین دارای مزایا و چالش‌هایی است. یکی از چالش‌های اساسی این جداره‌ها، بازدهی اقتصادی آن‌هاست. روش بررسی: در این پژوهش از ارزیابی CBA[1] ( تحلیل سود و زیان) برای بررسی چالش مطرح شده استفاده می‌شود. در حقیقیت با درنظر گرفتن صرفه‌های اقتصادی ناشی از استفاده از این جداره‌ها در کنار هزینه‌های مربوط به نصب، اجرا و نگه‌داری درک بهتری از بازدهی اقتصادی آن‌ها حاصل می‌شود. هزینه‌های اجرا و نگه‌داری برمبنای اطلاعات شرکت‌های مجری این سیستم‌ها در تهران و صرفه اقتصادی آن‌ها براساس کاهش انرژی مصرفی در ساختمان شبیه‌سازی شده با جداره‌ی سبز مورد کاوش قرار گرفت. یافته ها: طبق بررسی‌های صورت گرفته، هزینه‌های اجرا و نگه‌داری جداره‌های سبز در مقابل کاهش هزینه‌های مربوط به بارهای سرمایشی و گرمایشی، چندین برابر هستند. بحث و نتیجه گیری: براساس این پژوهش با توجه به هزینه بالای اجرا و نگه‌داری جداره‌های عمودی سبز با درنظرگرفتن کاهش هزینه‌های مربوط به سرمایش و گرمایش، این سیستم‌ها مقرون به صرفه به نظر نمی‌رسند. به‌علاوه سایر صرفه‌های اقتصادی مطرح برای این جداره‌ها همچون برگشت هزینه انجام شده از راه تولید اکسیژن، کاهش مالیات کربن، افزایش ارزش افزوده‌ی ملک، کاهش تولید انرژی در نیروگاه‌ها و کاهش هزینه‌های درمانی ناشی از کاهش آلودگی هوا مسایلی هستند که مربوط به بهره‌گیری از گیاهان و نه الزاما جداره‌های سبز است. بدین ترتیب با بهره‌گیری از پوشش‌های گیاهی به اشکال مختلف در قالب فضای سبز نیز فواید مندرج در موارد فوق با صرف هزینه بسیار کم‌تر حاصل خواهد شد. 4- Cost- Benefit Analysis
چکیده انگلیسی:
Abstract Background and Objective: Environmental issues and the cities losing their natural context have motivated the urban designers to seek for reclamation of urban critical elements, such as green spaces and natural landscapes, and apply new technologies to achieve this goal. Vertical green surfaces are one of the technologies which have become attractive during the recent years. This technology, like any new system, has some advantages and challenges. One of the important challenges for these surfaces is their financial efficiency. Method: In this study, Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) is used to evaluate the mentioned challenge. Considering the financial gain of these surfaces along with the cost of their installation and maintenance, a better perception of their financial efficiency would be obtained. The costs of implementation and maintenance were calculated based on the data from relevant companies in Tehran and the financial gain was estimated by reduction of energy consumption in a simulated building with green wall. Findings: Findings of this study show that costs of implementing and maintaining green surfaces is much more than what is gained due to reduction of cooling/heating loads in a building. Discussion and Conclusion: Due to high costs of green walls installation and maintenance, they do not seem to be affordable by considering the reduction of energy consumption costs. Besides, other mentioned issues including oxygen production, carbon tax reduction, increase of building real estate value, energy reduction in the power plants, and reduction of costs of air pollution which can reduce the associated costs are related to the application of plants but not solely green walls. Hence, by applying various forms of vegetation in green spaces, the above-mentioned benefits can be achieved at very low costs.
منابع و مأخذ:
Reference
Malmir, Elham et al., 2012, "The Effects of Urban Forestry on Energy Economics", Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, No. 20, p. 2.
Mir, m.a. , 2011, green facades and building structures, master thesis, delft university of technology
Yang, J, Yu, Q, Gong P, 2008.Quntifying air pollution removal by green roofs in Chicage. Atmospheric Environment 42 (2008) 7266–7273.
Kohler, Manfred., 2008, green facades- a view back and some visions. Urban Ecosyst, Vol. 11,pp. 423-436.
Thottathil, V. Jacob., C.Balamuralikrishna, S.Ghosh, 2011. Role of Green Facades in Creating Sustainable Environments: Comparing Chemical Analyses and Sem Images to Quantify the Atmospheric Cleansing by Green Creepers. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, Vol. 53, pp 343-346.
www.greenroofs.org, 2008. "Introduction to Green walls technology, Benefits and design."
Perini, K., Ottelé, M., Fraaij, ALA., Haas, EM., Raiteri, R., 2011. Vertical greening systems and the effect on air flow and temperature on the building envelope. Building and Environment, Vol.46, 2287-94.
Bazgar Ganji, Hoda. 2012,"Study of Different Types of Green Wall and Their Effectiveness in Reducing Energy Consumption in Iran", Thesis of Master of Science, University of Tehran
Qaybakloo, Zahra,2002, The Effect of Vegetation on Energy Saving of Buildings. Proceedings of the Second Fuel Fuel Optimization Conference in Building, Tehran.
Hamid, Najmeh, Babamiri, Mohammad,2010, "The Relationship between Green Space and Mental Health," Journal of Yasuj University of Medical Sciences.
Velarde, MD., Fry, G., Tveit, M., 2007. Health effects of viewing landscapes- landscape types in environmental psychology. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening; Vol. 6, pp. 199-212.
Sharghi, Ali, Mohtashami, Mohammad Hussein,2010, Green space in high buildings with an approach to nature again. "Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 2010, Ninth Volume, No. 4.
Booklet of Applied Botany", Dr. Kafi, Landscape Group, Faculty of Architecture, College of Fine Arts, Tehran University.
Qaybakloo, Zahra.2010, Building Physics Principles 2, Environmental Condition Adjustment, Jahad Publishing, University of Amir Kabir p.3-7.
Weinmaste, Mike., 2009. Are Green Walls as “GREEN” as They Look? An Introduction to the Various Technologies and Ecological Benefi ts of Green Walls, Journal of Green Building. Vol. 4, Number 4.
Sharp, Randy., 2007. 6 Things You Need to Know About Green Walls, Building Design and Construction Magazine. see information in: http://www.bdcnetwork.com/
Saeednia, Ahmad,1989, Place of Tehran City, Journal of Environmental Studies, No.15.
Akbari, H., 2002. Shade trees reduce building energy use and CO2 emissions from power plants. Environmental Pollution, Vol.116, pp. 119–126.
Ottele, M., 2011. The Green Building Envelope,vertical Greening, phd thesis, delft university of technology.
Peck, S.W. et al., 1999. Greenbacks from green roofs: forging a new industry in Canada, Status report on benefits, barriers and opportunities for green roofs and vertical garden technology diffusion, environmental adaption research group, Canad.
Des Rosiers F., Thériault M., Kestens Y., Villeneuve P., 2002, Landscaping and house values: an empirical investigation. Journal of Real Estate Research, Vol.23, pp.61-139.
CBO (CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE), 2013, Effects of a Carbon Tax on the Economy and the Environment, Congress Of The Uited States.
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Reference
Malmir, Elham et al., 2012, "The Effects of Urban Forestry on Energy Economics", Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, No. 20, p. 2.
Mir, m.a. , 2011, green facades and building structures, master thesis, delft university of technology
Yang, J, Yu, Q, Gong P, 2008.Quntifying air pollution removal by green roofs in Chicage. Atmospheric Environment 42 (2008) 7266–7273.
Kohler, Manfred., 2008, green facades- a view back and some visions. Urban Ecosyst, Vol. 11,pp. 423-436.
Thottathil, V. Jacob., C.Balamuralikrishna, S.Ghosh, 2011. Role of Green Facades in Creating Sustainable Environments: Comparing Chemical Analyses and Sem Images to Quantify the Atmospheric Cleansing by Green Creepers. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, Vol. 53, pp 343-346.
www.greenroofs.org, 2008. "Introduction to Green walls technology, Benefits and design."
Perini, K., Ottelé, M., Fraaij, ALA., Haas, EM., Raiteri, R., 2011. Vertical greening systems and the effect on air flow and temperature on the building envelope. Building and Environment, Vol.46, 2287-94.
Bazgar Ganji, Hoda. 2012,"Study of Different Types of Green Wall and Their Effectiveness in Reducing Energy Consumption in Iran", Thesis of Master of Science, University of Tehran
Qaybakloo, Zahra,2002, The Effect of Vegetation on Energy Saving of Buildings. Proceedings of the Second Fuel Fuel Optimization Conference in Building, Tehran.
Hamid, Najmeh, Babamiri, Mohammad,2010, "The Relationship between Green Space and Mental Health," Journal of Yasuj University of Medical Sciences.
Velarde, MD., Fry, G., Tveit, M., 2007. Health effects of viewing landscapes- landscape types in environmental psychology. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening; Vol. 6, pp. 199-212.
Sharghi, Ali, Mohtashami, Mohammad Hussein,2010, Green space in high buildings with an approach to nature again. "Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 2010, Ninth Volume, No. 4.
Booklet of Applied Botany", Dr. Kafi, Landscape Group, Faculty of Architecture, College of Fine Arts, Tehran University.
Qaybakloo, Zahra.2010, Building Physics Principles 2, Environmental Condition Adjustment, Jahad Publishing, University of Amir Kabir p.3-7.
Weinmaste, Mike., 2009. Are Green Walls as “GREEN” as They Look? An Introduction to the Various Technologies and Ecological Benefi ts of Green Walls, Journal of Green Building. Vol. 4, Number 4.
Sharp, Randy., 2007. 6 Things You Need to Know About Green Walls, Building Design and Construction Magazine. see information in: http://www.bdcnetwork.com/
Saeednia, Ahmad,1989, Place of Tehran City, Journal of Environmental Studies, No.15.
Akbari, H., 2002. Shade trees reduce building energy use and CO2 emissions from power plants. Environmental Pollution, Vol.116, pp. 119–126.
Ottele, M., 2011. The Green Building Envelope,vertical Greening, phd thesis, delft university of technology.
Peck, S.W. et al., 1999. Greenbacks from green roofs: forging a new industry in Canada, Status report on benefits, barriers and opportunities for green roofs and vertical garden technology diffusion, environmental adaption research group, Canad.
Des Rosiers F., Thériault M., Kestens Y., Villeneuve P., 2002, Landscaping and house values: an empirical investigation. Journal of Real Estate Research, Vol.23, pp.61-139.
CBO (CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE), 2013, Effects of a Carbon Tax on the Economy and the Environment, Congress Of The Uited States.
