مدل‌سازی کریدور احتمالی پلنگ ایرانی (Panthera pardus saxicolor) بین دو زیستگاه پناه‌گاه حیات وحش خوش ییلاق و پارک ملی گلستان با روش کریدور حداقل هزینه
محورهای موضوعی :
منابع طبیعی
حیدر روحی
1
(
دانش آموخته‌ی کارشناسی ارشد دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، ایران*(مسوول مکاتبات)
)
عبدالرسول سلمان ماهینی
2
(
دانشیار گروه محیط زیست دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، ایران.
)
حمید رضا رضایی
3
(
استادیار گروه محیط زیست دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، ایران.
)
تاریخ دریافت : 1348/10/11
تاریخ پذیرش : 1348/10/11
تاریخ انتشار : 1348/10/11
کلید واژه:
سیمای سرزمین,
پلنگ ایرانی,
کریدورحداقل هزینه,
تحلیل عاملی آشیان بوم‌شناختی,
چکیده مقاله :
چکیده زمینه و هدف: حفظ و بازگرداندن ارتباط بخش های مختلف سیمای سرزمین نیازمند مدل های ارتباطی و شاخص هایی است که قابل اعتماد و کارآمد باشند. لکه لکه شدگی زیست گاه فرآیند پویایی است که باعث تغییر الگوی زیست گاه در سیمای سرزمین می شود و به طور کلی تکه تکه شدگی پوشش گیاهی و زیستگاه و جدا شدن آن ها از قطعات بزرگ تر را توصیف می کند. مدل سازی حداقل هزینه یک روش مورد استفاده برای تعیین کریدور احتمالی بین تکه های جداشده ی زیست گاه است. روش بررسی: هدف این مطالعه شناسایی زیست گاه های مطلوب برای پلنگ ایرانی (Panthera pardus saxicolor) در پارک ملی گلستان و پناه گاه حیات وحش خوش ییلاق و محدوده ی بین این دو زیست گاه است، با توجه به این که این دو زیست گاه تقریبا نزدیک به هم قرار گرفته اند، اتصال آن ها به منظور حرکت ایمن و در عین حال مصرف حداقل انرژی توسط حیوان نقش بسیار مهمی در جریان ژنی و جلوگیری از انزوای ژنتیکی گونه دارد. یافته ها: در ابتدا مطلوبیت زیست گاه گونه در منطقه ی مورد پژوهش با روش تحلیل عاملی آشیان بوم شناختی و نرم افزار بایومپر مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. لایه های اطلاعاتی مورد استفاده به عنوان متغیرهای مؤثر بر حضور گونه شامل ارتفاع، شیب، شاخص پوشش گیاهی (NDVI)، فاصله از جاده ها، فاصله از روستاها، چشمه ها و رودخانه ها بوده است. سپس در ادامه ی این پژوهش بررسی احتمال وجود کریدور بین دو زیستگاه با روش کریدور حداقل هزینه مورد بررسی قرار گرفت بحث و نتیجه گیری: نتایج حاصل از نقشه ی کریدور احتمالی نشان داد که بخش های شمالی پناه گاه حیات وحش خوش ییلاق و جنوب پارک ملی گلستان کوتاه ترین و امن ترین مکان برای جابه جایی حیوان است. حفاظت از این نواحی مهم از اهمیت به سزایی برخوردار است. زیرا بهترین کریدورهایی که پلنگ می تواند از طریق آن بین دو زیست گاه جابه جا شود، در این بخش قرارگرفته است.
چکیده انگلیسی:
Background and Objective: The restoration and maintenance of landscape connectivity and integration of its elements require reliable and efficient communication models and indicators. Habitat fragmentation is a dynamic process that leads to major changes in the pattern of habitat in a landscape. It describes, generally, the fragmentation and division of vegetation cover and habitat into smaller remnants. Modeling based on the least-cost path analysis is a method used to identify the potential corridors among the isolated habitat patches. Method: This study aims to locate suitable habitats for the Persian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor) in Golestan National Park and Khoshyeilagh Wildlife refuge and the area between these habitats. Given the close proximity of these habitats, their connectivity for the safe movement and energy consumption minimization of the Persian Leopard has vital role in gene flow and prevention of genetic isolation of the species. Findings: The habitat suitability for the Persian Leopard in the study area was analyzed using the ecological niche factor and biomapper software. The data layers used as effective variables in the presence of the species are: elevation, slope, vegetation index (NDVI), distance from roads, distance from villages, streams, and rivers. Discussion and Conclusion: The possibility of corridor existence between the two habitats was studied by the least-cost path analysis. The results of probable map corridors proved that the northern parts of Khoshyeilagh wildlife refuge and the southern parts of Golestan National Park are the shortest and the safest pathways for the species movement. Conservation of these regions is of high importance, because the best route through which the leopard can move between the two habitats are located in these sections.
منابع و مأخذ:
Reference
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Graves, T.A., Farley, S., Goldstein, M.I., Servheen, C., 2007. Identification of functional corridors with movement characteristics of brown bears on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. Landscape Ecol. 22, 765–772.
Hargrove, W.W., Hoffman, F.M., Efroymson, R.A., 2004. A practical map-analysis tool for detecting potential dispersal corridors. Landscape Ecol. 20, 361–373.
Cushman, S.A., 2006. Effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on amphibians, a review and prospectus. Biol. Conserv. 128, 231–240.
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Srisang, W., Jaroensutasinee, k., and Jaroensutasinee, M. 2007. Assessing habitat suitability models with a virtual species aat Khao Nan national park, Thailand. Proceeding of world academy of science. engineering and technology. 21: 1307-6884.
Galparsoro, I.; Borja, A.; Bald, J.; Liria, P. & Chust, G. 2009. Predicting sustainable habitat for the european lobster (Homarus gammarus), on the basque continental shelf (Bay of Biscay), using ecological-niche factor analysis. Ecological Modeling. 220: 550-567.
Wang, X., Weihua, X., and Ouyang, Zh. 2009. Integrating population size analysis into habitat suitability assessment: implications for giant panda conservation in the Minshah mountain, China. The Ecological Society of Japan.
Hirzel, A. H. 2001. When GIS come to life. Linking landscape- and population ecology for large population man agement modelling: the case of Ibex (Capra ibex) in Switzerland. PhD Thesis. Faculté des Sciences de L’ Université de Lausanne. 114 p.
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Singleton, P.H., Gaines, W., and J.F. Lehmkuhl. 2001. Using weighted distance and least-cost corridor analysis to evaluate regional-scale large carnivore habitat connectivity in Washington. The Proceedings of the International Conference on Ecology and Transportation, Keystone CO. September 24-27.
Beier P, Majka D, Jenness J: Conceptual steps for designing wildlife corridors. 1‐86. 2009. Northern
Brost, B. 2010. Use of land facets to design linkages for climate change. Thesis, School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University.
Sanderson, J., da Fonesca, G.A.B., Galindo-Leal, C., Alger, K., Inchausty, V.H., Morrison, K., Rylands, A., 2006. Escaping the minimalist trap: design and implementation of large-scale biodiversity corridors. In: Crooks, K.R., Sanjayan, M. (Eds.), Connectivity Conservation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 620–648.
Sanderson, J., da Fonesca, G.A.B., Galindo-Leal, C., Alger, K., Inchausty, V.H., Morrison, K., Rylands, A., 2006. Escaping the minimalist trap: design and implementation of large-scale biodiversity corridors. In: Crooks, K.R., Sanjayan, M. (Eds.), Connectivity Conservation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 620–648.
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Reference
Van Calster, H., Vandenberghe, R., Ruysen, M., Verheyen, K., Hermy, M., Decocq, G., 2008. Unexpectedly high 20th century floristic losses in a rural landscape in northern France. J. Ecol. 96, 927–936.
Collinge, S.K., 2000. Effects of grassland fragmentation on insect species loss, colonization, and movement patterns. Ecology 81, 2211–2226.
Davies, Z.G., Pullin, A.S., 2007. Are hedgerows effective corridors between fragments of woodland habitat? An evidence-based approach. Landscape Ecol. 22, 333–351.
Hepcan, S., Hepcan, C.C., Bouwma, I.M., Jongman, R.H.G., Ozkan, M.B., 2009. Ecological networks as a new approach for nature conservation in Turkey: a case study of Izmir Province. Landscape Urban Plan. 90, 143–154.
Haas, C., 1995. Dispersal and use of corridors by birds in wooded patches on an agricultural landscape. Conserv. Biol. 9, 845–854.
Jepsen, J.U., Baveco, J.M., Topping, C.J., Verboom, J., Vos, C.C., 2005. Evaluating the effect of corridors and landscape heterogeneity on dispersal probability: a comparison of three spatially explicit modelling approaches. Ecol. Model. 181, 445–459
Vogt, P., Riitters, K.H., Iwanowski, M., Estreguil, C., Kozak, J., Soille, P., 2007. Mapping landscape corridors. Ecol. Indic. 7, 481–488.
Graves, T.A., Farley, S., Goldstein, M.I., Servheen, C., 2007. Identification of functional corridors with movement characteristics of brown bears on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. Landscape Ecol. 22, 765–772.
Hargrove, W.W., Hoffman, F.M., Efroymson, R.A., 2004. A practical map-analysis tool for detecting potential dispersal corridors. Landscape Ecol. 20, 361–373.
Cushman, S.A., 2006. Effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on amphibians, a review and prospectus. Biol. Conserv. 128, 231–240.
Pinto, N., Keitt, T.H., 2009. Beyond the least-cost path, evaluating corridor redundancy using a graph-theoretic approach. Landscape Ecol. 24, 253–266.
Larue M.A. and Nielsen C.K. 2008. Modelling potential dispersal corridors for cougars in midwestern North America using least-cost path methods. Ecological Modelling 212: 372-381.
Larkin, J.L., Maehr, D.S., Hoctor, T.S., Orlando, M.A., Whitney, K., 2004. Landscape linkages and conservation planning for the black bear in west-central Florida. Anim. Cons. 7, 23–34.
Crooks, K. R. and M. Sanjayan. 2006. Connectivity Conservation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.,732 pp.
Damschen EI, Haddad NM, Orrock JL, Tewksbury JJ, Levey DJ: Corridors increase plant species richness at large scales. Science 2006; 313:1284‐1286.
Soulé, M. E., and M. E. Gilpin. 1991. The theory of wildlife corridor capability. In Nature Species survival in fragmented landscapes: Where are we now? Biodiversity and Conservation Walker, R., and L. Craighead. 1997. Analyzing wildlife movement corridors in Montana
Corlatti L, Hacklander K, Frey‐Rous F: Ability of wildlife overpasses to provide connectivity and prevent genetic isolation. Conservation Biology 2009; In press.
Ghoddousi, A., Khleghi Hamidi, A.m., Ghadirian, T., Ashayeri, D., Hamzepour, M., Moshiri, H., and Julay, L.I. 2008 Territorial marking by Persian leopard (Pantera pardus saxicolor Pocock, 1927) in Bamu national park. Short communication. Zoology in meddle East. 44:101-103
Majnanian. Eh, honey B, kiibi B, Farhange Dare Shori. B and Gaststats. H, 1999, Golestan National Park (Biosphere Reserve), Environmental Protection Agency, Tehran, 129 p. (In Persian).
Mirkarimi, H. 2007. Landscape ecological planning for protected areas. Using spatial and temporal metrics. PhD tgesis. RMIT University of Melbourne Victoria.
Darvish Sefat, A. 2006. Atlas of protected areas of Iran. Department of the Environment, Iran. 157p.
Ziaei E, 2008, Iranian Mammalian Fields Guidance, Familiarity with Wildlife, 350 p. (In Persian).
Huntera, L., G. Balme, C. Walker, K. Pretorius, And K. Rosenberg. 2003. The landscape ecology of leopards (Panthera pardus) in northern KwaZula-natal, south Africa: A preliminary project report. Ecological journal.
Hirzel, A. H., Hausser, J., and perrin, N. 2007.Biomapper 4.0, Laboratory for Conservation Biology, Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Switzerland. URL, Viewed 10 November 2010. <http://www2.unil.ch/biomapper>.
Mertzanis, G.; Korakis, G.; Kallimanis, A.; Sgardelis, St. & Aravidis, I. 2006. Bear habitat suitability in relation to habitat types of European interest in NE pindos mountain range, Greece. Pp: 321-326
Srisang, W., Jaroensutasinee, k., and Jaroensutasinee, M. 2007. Assessing habitat suitability models with a virtual species aat Khao Nan national park, Thailand. Proceeding of world academy of science. engineering and technology. 21: 1307-6884.
Galparsoro, I.; Borja, A.; Bald, J.; Liria, P. & Chust, G. 2009. Predicting sustainable habitat for the european lobster (Homarus gammarus), on the basque continental shelf (Bay of Biscay), using ecological-niche factor analysis. Ecological Modeling. 220: 550-567.
Wang, X., Weihua, X., and Ouyang, Zh. 2009. Integrating population size analysis into habitat suitability assessment: implications for giant panda conservation in the Minshah mountain, China. The Ecological Society of Japan.
Hirzel, A. H. 2001. When GIS come to life. Linking landscape- and population ecology for large population man agement modelling: the case of Ibex (Capra ibex) in Switzerland. PhD Thesis. Faculté des Sciences de L’ Université de Lausanne. 114 p.
Zaniewski, A. E., Lehmann, A., and Overton, J. 2002. Predicting species spatial distributions Using presence-only data: a case study of native New Zealand ferns. Ecological Modelling. 57: 261-280
Driezen, K.; Adriansen, F.; Rondinini, C.; Doncaster, C.; P.; and Matthysen, E. 2007. Evaluation least cost model prediction with empirical dispersal data: A case- study using radiotracking data of hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus). Ecological modelling. pp:314-322
Singleton, P.H., Gaines, W., and J.F. Lehmkuhl. 2001. Using weighted distance and least-cost corridor analysis to evaluate regional-scale large carnivore habitat connectivity in Washington. The Proceedings of the International Conference on Ecology and Transportation, Keystone CO. September 24-27.
Beier P, Majka D, Jenness J: Conceptual steps for designing wildlife corridors. 1‐86. 2009. Northern
Brost, B. 2010. Use of land facets to design linkages for climate change. Thesis, School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University.
Sanderson, J., da Fonesca, G.A.B., Galindo-Leal, C., Alger, K., Inchausty, V.H., Morrison, K., Rylands, A., 2006. Escaping the minimalist trap: design and implementation of large-scale biodiversity corridors. In: Crooks, K.R., Sanjayan, M. (Eds.), Connectivity Conservation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 620–648.
Sanderson, J., da Fonesca, G.A.B., Galindo-Leal, C., Alger, K., Inchausty, V.H., Morrison, K., Rylands, A., 2006. Escaping the minimalist trap: design and implementation of large-scale biodiversity corridors. In: Crooks, K.R., Sanjayan, M. (Eds.), Connectivity Conservation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 620–648.
