کاهش مصرف انرژی در ساختمان بوسیله بهینه سازی جدار سقف ؛ نمونه موردی: ساختمان مسکونی سه طبقه در شهر شیراز
محورهای موضوعی :
معماری و شهرسازی
خسرو موحد
1
(
دکتری، گروه معماری، واحد شیراز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، شیراز، ایران
)
پری ناز کشتکاران
2
(
دانشیار، گروه معماری، واحد شیراز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، شیراز، ایران. *(مسوول مکاتبات)
)
زهرا برزگر مروستی
3
(
استادیار مدعو ، گروه معماری، واحد شیراز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، شیراز، ایران
)
تاریخ دریافت : 1399/12/18
تاریخ پذیرش : 1400/09/14
تاریخ انتشار : 1401/03/01
کلید واژه:
بهینه سازی جداره,
انرژی پلاس,
سقف,
الگوریتم ژنتیک,
مصرف انرژی,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: جداره های ساختمان خارجی ترین پوسته بنا هستند که در معرض مستقیم هوا و تغییرات دما قرار دارند. لذا به لحاظ تبادل حرارت و کنترل مصرف انرژی ساختمان حایز اهمیت می باشند. جدار سقف ساختمان از جنبه تبادل حرارت، نسبت به سایر جداره های بنا از اهمیت بیشتری برخوردار است؛ چراکه به عنوان یک جداره وسیع افقی مساحت و زمان بیشتری را نسبت به سایرجدارها در معرض تابش خورشید و سایرعوامل جوی است؛ و تبادل حرارتی این جداره نسبت به سایر جداره های بنا بیشتر است. این مقاله با هدف کاهش انرژی مصرفی ساختمان در شهر شیراز به وسیله بهینه سازی جداره سقف ساختمان به دنبال پاسخ به این سوال است که: " بهینه ترین حالت آرایش مصالح و بهترین تکنیک غیر فعال سقف در راستای کاهش مصرف انرژی در اقلیم گرم و خشک شیرازکدام است و تا چه اندازه مصرف انرژی را کاهش خواهد داد؟ "
روش بررسی: روش تحقیق کمی با استفاده از نرم افزار شبیه ساز انرژی "انرژی پلاس" می باشد. این تحقیق در سال 1398 انجام شده و داده های آب و هوایی شهر شیراز در این بازه زمانی یکساله از سایت انرژی پلاس استخراج شده است. جهت محاسبه انرژی مصرفی بنا، ساختمان انتخابی در نرم افزار انرژی پلاس مدل سازی و جهت پیشنهاد بهینه ترین حالت متغیرهای سقف از الگوریتم ژنتیک استفاده گردید؛ تابع هدف این الگوریتم کمینه سازی مصرف انرژی ساختمان بوده است.
یافته ها: در این راستا متغیر های سقف ذیل سه دسته: سیستم غیر فعال انرژی، ویژگی های کالبدی سقف و موقعیت قرارگیری تعریف و روند بهینه سازی توسط الگوریتم ژنتیک و نرم افزار انرژی پلاس صورت گرفت.
بحث و نتیجه گیری: نهایتا مدل های بهینه آرایش مصالح سقف ساختمان مسکونی سه طبقه در شهر شیراز ارائه شد. محاسبات شبیه ساز انرژی ساختمان و خروجی تابع هدف الگوریتم ژنتیک نشان داد که بهینه ترین آرایش مصالح سقف مصرف انرژی ساختمان را به میزان 6/9 درصد کاهش میدهد؛ و تکنیک های بهینه طراحی سیستم غیر فعال انرژی شامل: بام سبز، عایق حرارتی، سقف کاذب، به ترتیب 1/9 ، 4/13و 6/12 درصد مصرف انرژی ساختمان را کاهش داده اند.
چکیده انگلیسی:
Background and Objective: Among the components of the building envelope, the roof section is the most important medium of energy loss, because, compared to vertical walls, a larger area of the rooftop is exposed to sunlight and atmospheric condition for a longer period, which results in greater heat exchange through this section. The goal of this research is to reduce the energy consumption of residential buildings in the city of Shiraz (Fars, Iran) through the optimization of their roof sections by answering the bellow question:
“What is the most optimal arrangement of materials and passive roof design technique for reducing energy consumption in this climate and how much will it reduce energy consumption?”
Material and Methodology: The purpose of the research, which is to identify the best combination of roof specifications and passive design methods for minimizing energy consumption in the buildings of the area of interest, achieved with help of the EnergyPlus simulation and a genetic algorithm developed in MATLAB.
Findings: The roof variables defined in three categories of the passive energy system, physical roof specifications, and positioning and the optimization carried out using the genetic algorithm and the EnergyPlus software.
Discussion and Conclusion: The outputs obtained from the simulation software and the objective function of the genetic algorithm showed that the roof optimization materials’ arrangement could reduce the energy consumption of the building by 9.6%. and passive design techniques includes: green roof, insulation, double roof, reduce energy consumption by 9.1% , 13.4%, 12,6% respectively.
منابع و مأخذ:
Mohammadnejad, M. Ghazvini, T.M.I. Mahlia , A. Andriyana. A review on energy scenario and sustainable energy in Iran.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. (2011) .15 ,4652– 4658
Ramin H, Hanafizadeh P, Akhavan-Behabadi MA. Determination of optimum insulation thickness in different wall orientations and locations in Iran. Adv Build Energy Res [Internet]. 2016;10(2):149–71. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17512549.2015.1079239
Sharifi , Yamagata Y. Roof ponds as passive heating and cooling systems: A systematic review. Appl Energy. 2015;160:336–57.
Goudarzi H, Mostafaeipour A. Energy saving evaluation of passive systems for residential buildings in hot and dry regions. Renew Sustain Energy Rev [Internet]. 2017;68:432–46. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.10.002
Shirzadi M, Nagashzadeghan M. Building Energy Optimization using Sequential Search Approach for Different Climates of Iran. Int J Renew Energy Res. 2015;5(1):210–6.
Refahi AH, Talkhabi H. Investigating the effective factors on the reduction of energy consumption in residential buildings with green roofs. Renew Energy. 2015;80:595–603.
Gong X, Akashi Y, Sumiyoshi D. Optimization of passive design measures for residential buildings in different Chinese areas. Build Environ [Internet]. 2012;58:46–57. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2012.06.014
Friess WA, Rakhshan K. A review of passive envelope measures for improved building energy efficiency in the UAE. Renew Sustain Energy Rev [Internet]. 2017;72(November 2016):485–96. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.026
Kaynakli O. A review of the economical and optimum thermal insulation thickness for building applications. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2012;16(1):415–25.
Yu J, Tian L, Yang C, Xu X, Wang J. Optimum insulation thickness of residential roof with respect to solar-air degree-hours in hot summer and cold winter zone of china. Energy Build [Internet]. 2011;43(9):2304–13. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2011.05.012
Mahmoudi M, Pakari N, Bahrami H. The effect of green roof on reducing environment temperature. Baghe-Nazar. 2012; 9(20); 3-12. (In Persian)
Nasrollahi N, Salehi M. Performance enhancement of double skin facades in hot and dry climates using wind parameters. Renew Energy. 2015;83:1–12.
Farhanieh B, Sattari S. Simulation of energy saving in Iranian buildings using integrative modelling for insulation. Renew Energy. 2006; 31(4):417–25.
Taheri M, Shafie S. A case study on the reduction of energy use for the heating of buildings. Renew Energy. 1995;6(7):673–8.
Delgarm N, Sajadi B, Kowsary F, Delgarm S. Multi-objective optimization of the building energy performance : A simulation-based approach by means of particle swarm optimization. Appl Energy [Internet]. 2016;170:293–303. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.02.141.
Aditya L, Mahlia TMI, Rismanchi B, Ng HM, Hasan MH, Metselaar HSC, et al. A review on insulation materials for energy conservation
in buildings. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2017;73(August 2015):1352–65.
Eslami M. Architecture & Energy. Iranian Fuel Conservation Company. Tehran. 2004. (In Persian)
Masnadi M, Heidari SH. Roof simulation a method of detailed thermal survey in visual environmen. Honar-ha-ye-ziba. 2010. 2(42): 5-8. (In Persian)
Omar I, Virgone J, David D, Corre O Le. ScienceDirect ScienceDirect Energy Saving Potential with a Double-Skin Roof Ventilated by The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling Natural Convection in Djibouti Assessing the feasibility of using the Vergnault temperature function Abdoulkader for a long-term Ibrahim district Idriss b , heat demand forecast. Energy Procedia [Internet]. 2017;140:361–73.Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.11.149
Hensen J. Hensen, J.L.M. (2002). Simulation for performance based building and systems design: some issues and solution directions. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Design and Decisions Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning, 7-10 July, pp. 14. Ellecom: Eindhoven University of Technology. 2002;7–10.
Shi X, Tian Z, Chen W, Si B, Jin X. A review on building energy ef fi cient design optimization rom the perspective of architects. Renew Sustain Energy Rev [Internet]. 2016;65:872–84. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.07.050
Harkouss F, Fardoun F, Biwole P. Author ’ s Accepted Manuscript. J Build Eng [Internet]. 2017; Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2017.12.003
Kheiri F. A review on optimization methods applied in energy-efficient building geometry and envelope design. Renew Sustain Energy Rev [Internet]. 2018;92(May 2017):897–920. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.04.080
Soflaei F, Shokouhian M, Majid S, Shemirani M. Investigation of Iranian traditional courtyard as passive cooling strategy ( a field study on BS climate ). Int J Sustain Built Environ [Internet]. 2016;5(1):99–113. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsbe.2015.12.001
Taheri H. Building energy simulation with Energy plus. Yzda.Tehran. 2017. (In Persian)
Mardani A, Zavadskas EK, Streimikiene D, Jusoh A, Khoshnoudi M. A comprehensive review of data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach in energy efficiency. Renew Sustain Energy Rev [Internet]. 2017;70(December):1298–322. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.12.030
Gagliano A, Nocera F, Patania F, Capizzi G. A case study of Energy Efficiency Retrofit in social housing units. Energy Procedia [Internet]. 2013;42:289–98. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2013.11.029
Mohammadnejad M, Ghazvini M, Mahlia TMI, Andriyana A. A review on energy scenario and sustainable energy in Iran. Renew Sustain Energy Rev [Internet]. 2011;15(9):4652–8. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.07.087
Mirzaei M, Bekri M. Energy consumption and CO2 emissions in Iran, 2025. Environ Res [Internet]. 2017;154(January):345–51. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.01.023
Lollini, Barozzi, Fasano, Meroni, Zinzi M. Optimisation of opaque components of the building envelope. Energy, economic and environmental issues. Build Environ. 2006;41(8):1001–13.
Znouda E, Ghrab-Morcos N, Hadj-Alouane A. Optimization of Mediterranean building design using genetic algorithms. Energy Build. 2007;39(2):148–53.
Gustavsson L, Joelsson A. Life cycle primary energy analysis of residential buildings. Energy Build. 2010;42(2):210–20.
Anastaselos D, Oxizidis S, Papadopoulos AM. Energy, environmental and economic optimization of thermal insulation solutions by means of an integrated decision support system. Energy Build. 2011;43(2–3):686–94.
Lai CM, Wang YH. Energy-saving potential of building envelope designs in residential houses in Taiwan. Energies. 2011;4(11):2061–76.
Omidvar A. Rosti B. Effect of moisture content of building materials on thermal performance of exterior walls. Modaress mechanical engineering. 2013; 13(10); 152-156. (In Persian)
Barzegar Z, Heidari SH. Investigation of the Effects of Building Envelopes Received Solar Radiation on Residential Energy Consumption: A Case of SW and SE Orientation in Shiraz. Honar-ha-ye-ziba. 2013, Volume 18, Issue 1 - Serial Number 1; Pages 45-56. (In Persian)
Tahbaz M. Jalilian SH. The Role of Building Envelope in Residents’ Thermal Comfort. 4th International conference in Fuel Use Optimization in Bulding. Tehran. 2005; 1-18. (Persian)
Mirhashemi M, Shapoorian SM. A new method of optimizing single glazed windows. Honar-ha-ye- ziba. 2010. 2(43): 43-48. (In Persian)
Hasan A, Vuolle M, Sirén K. Minimisation of life cycle cost of a detached house using combined simulation and optimisation. Build Environ. 2008;43(12):2022–34.
Asadi E, da Silva MG, Antunes CH, Dias L. A multi-objective optimization model for building retrofit strategies using TRNSYS simulations, GenOpt and MATLAB. Build Environ [Internet]. 2012;56:370–8. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2012.04.005
Fesanghary M, Asadi S, Geem ZW. Design of low-emission and energy-efficient residential buildings using a multi-objective optimization algorithm. Build Environ [Internet]. 2012;49(1):245–50. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.09.030
Ebrahimpour A, Marefat M, Kari M. Optimization Of Thermal Insulation Of Residential Buldings In Climatic Condition Of Iran For Annual Thermal Loads. Modares Technical And Engineering. 2004 ; 17; 33 - 52. (In Persian)
Office of National Regulation and Building Control. Tehran. 2010. V19. (In Persian)
_||_
Mohammadnejad, M. Ghazvini, T.M.I. Mahlia , A. Andriyana. A review on energy scenario and sustainable energy in Iran.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. (2011) .15 ,4652– 4658
Ramin H, Hanafizadeh P, Akhavan-Behabadi MA. Determination of optimum insulation thickness in different wall orientations and locations in Iran. Adv Build Energy Res [Internet]. 2016;10(2):149–71. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17512549.2015.1079239
Sharifi , Yamagata Y. Roof ponds as passive heating and cooling systems: A systematic review. Appl Energy. 2015;160:336–57.
Goudarzi H, Mostafaeipour A. Energy saving evaluation of passive systems for residential buildings in hot and dry regions. Renew Sustain Energy Rev [Internet]. 2017;68:432–46. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.10.002
Shirzadi M, Nagashzadeghan M. Building Energy Optimization using Sequential Search Approach for Different Climates of Iran. Int J Renew Energy Res. 2015;5(1):210–6.
Refahi AH, Talkhabi H. Investigating the effective factors on the reduction of energy consumption in residential buildings with green roofs. Renew Energy. 2015;80:595–603.
Gong X, Akashi Y, Sumiyoshi D. Optimization of passive design measures for residential buildings in different Chinese areas. Build Environ [Internet]. 2012;58:46–57. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2012.06.014
Friess WA, Rakhshan K. A review of passive envelope measures for improved building energy efficiency in the UAE. Renew Sustain Energy Rev [Internet]. 2017;72(November 2016):485–96. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.026
Kaynakli O. A review of the economical and optimum thermal insulation thickness for building applications. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2012;16(1):415–25.
Yu J, Tian L, Yang C, Xu X, Wang J. Optimum insulation thickness of residential roof with respect to solar-air degree-hours in hot summer and cold winter zone of china. Energy Build [Internet]. 2011;43(9):2304–13. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2011.05.012
Mahmoudi M, Pakari N, Bahrami H. The effect of green roof on reducing environment temperature. Baghe-Nazar. 2012; 9(20); 3-12. (In Persian)
Nasrollahi N, Salehi M. Performance enhancement of double skin facades in hot and dry climates using wind parameters. Renew Energy. 2015;83:1–12.
Farhanieh B, Sattari S. Simulation of energy saving in Iranian buildings using integrative modelling for insulation. Renew Energy. 2006; 31(4):417–25.
Taheri M, Shafie S. A case study on the reduction of energy use for the heating of buildings. Renew Energy. 1995;6(7):673–8.
Delgarm N, Sajadi B, Kowsary F, Delgarm S. Multi-objective optimization of the building energy performance : A simulation-based approach by means of particle swarm optimization. Appl Energy [Internet]. 2016;170:293–303. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.02.141.
Aditya L, Mahlia TMI, Rismanchi B, Ng HM, Hasan MH, Metselaar HSC, et al. A review on insulation materials for energy conservation
in buildings. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2017;73(August 2015):1352–65.
Eslami M. Architecture & Energy. Iranian Fuel Conservation Company. Tehran. 2004. (In Persian)
Masnadi M, Heidari SH. Roof simulation a method of detailed thermal survey in visual environmen. Honar-ha-ye-ziba. 2010. 2(42): 5-8. (In Persian)
Omar I, Virgone J, David D, Corre O Le. ScienceDirect ScienceDirect Energy Saving Potential with a Double-Skin Roof Ventilated by The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling Natural Convection in Djibouti Assessing the feasibility of using the Vergnault temperature function Abdoulkader for a long-term Ibrahim district Idriss b , heat demand forecast. Energy Procedia [Internet]. 2017;140:361–73.Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.11.149
Hensen J. Hensen, J.L.M. (2002). Simulation for performance based building and systems design: some issues and solution directions. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Design and Decisions Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning, 7-10 July, pp. 14. Ellecom: Eindhoven University of Technology. 2002;7–10.
Shi X, Tian Z, Chen W, Si B, Jin X. A review on building energy ef fi cient design optimization rom the perspective of architects. Renew Sustain Energy Rev [Internet]. 2016;65:872–84. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.07.050
Harkouss F, Fardoun F, Biwole P. Author ’ s Accepted Manuscript. J Build Eng [Internet]. 2017; Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2017.12.003
Kheiri F. A review on optimization methods applied in energy-efficient building geometry and envelope design. Renew Sustain Energy Rev [Internet]. 2018;92(May 2017):897–920. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.04.080
Soflaei F, Shokouhian M, Majid S, Shemirani M. Investigation of Iranian traditional courtyard as passive cooling strategy ( a field study on BS climate ). Int J Sustain Built Environ [Internet]. 2016;5(1):99–113. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsbe.2015.12.001
Taheri H. Building energy simulation with Energy plus. Yzda.Tehran. 2017. (In Persian)
Mardani A, Zavadskas EK, Streimikiene D, Jusoh A, Khoshnoudi M. A comprehensive review of data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach in energy efficiency. Renew Sustain Energy Rev [Internet]. 2017;70(December):1298–322. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.12.030
Gagliano A, Nocera F, Patania F, Capizzi G. A case study of Energy Efficiency Retrofit in social housing units. Energy Procedia [Internet]. 2013;42:289–98. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2013.11.029
Mohammadnejad M, Ghazvini M, Mahlia TMI, Andriyana A. A review on energy scenario and sustainable energy in Iran. Renew Sustain Energy Rev [Internet]. 2011;15(9):4652–8. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.07.087
Mirzaei M, Bekri M. Energy consumption and CO2 emissions in Iran, 2025. Environ Res [Internet]. 2017;154(January):345–51. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.01.023
Lollini, Barozzi, Fasano, Meroni, Zinzi M. Optimisation of opaque components of the building envelope. Energy, economic and environmental issues. Build Environ. 2006;41(8):1001–13.
Znouda E, Ghrab-Morcos N, Hadj-Alouane A. Optimization of Mediterranean building design using genetic algorithms. Energy Build. 2007;39(2):148–53.
Gustavsson L, Joelsson A. Life cycle primary energy analysis of residential buildings. Energy Build. 2010;42(2):210–20.
Anastaselos D, Oxizidis S, Papadopoulos AM. Energy, environmental and economic optimization of thermal insulation solutions by means of an integrated decision support system. Energy Build. 2011;43(2–3):686–94.
Lai CM, Wang YH. Energy-saving potential of building envelope designs in residential houses in Taiwan. Energies. 2011;4(11):2061–76.
Omidvar A. Rosti B. Effect of moisture content of building materials on thermal performance of exterior walls. Modaress mechanical engineering. 2013; 13(10); 152-156. (In Persian)
Barzegar Z, Heidari SH. Investigation of the Effects of Building Envelopes Received Solar Radiation on Residential Energy Consumption: A Case of SW and SE Orientation in Shiraz. Honar-ha-ye-ziba. 2013, Volume 18, Issue 1 - Serial Number 1; Pages 45-56. (In Persian)
Tahbaz M. Jalilian SH. The Role of Building Envelope in Residents’ Thermal Comfort. 4th International conference in Fuel Use Optimization in Bulding. Tehran. 2005; 1-18. (Persian)
Mirhashemi M, Shapoorian SM. A new method of optimizing single glazed windows. Honar-ha-ye- ziba. 2010. 2(43): 43-48. (In Persian)
Hasan A, Vuolle M, Sirén K. Minimisation of life cycle cost of a detached house using combined simulation and optimisation. Build Environ. 2008;43(12):2022–34.
Asadi E, da Silva MG, Antunes CH, Dias L. A multi-objective optimization model for building retrofit strategies using TRNSYS simulations, GenOpt and MATLAB. Build Environ [Internet]. 2012;56:370–8. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2012.04.005
Fesanghary M, Asadi S, Geem ZW. Design of low-emission and energy-efficient residential buildings using a multi-objective optimization algorithm. Build Environ [Internet]. 2012;49(1):245–50. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.09.030
Ebrahimpour A, Marefat M, Kari M. Optimization Of Thermal Insulation Of Residential Buldings In Climatic Condition Of Iran For Annual Thermal Loads. Modares Technical And Engineering. 2004 ; 17; 33 - 52. (In Persian)
Office of National Regulation and Building Control. Tehran. 2010. V19. (In Persian)
