واکاوی تحلیلی-قیاسی آثار معماری ارگانیک در ایران (دورة پهلوی دوم)
محورهای موضوعی : معماری و شهرسازی
آلاله سامیر
1
(دانشجوی دکتری معماری، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد پردیس، پردیس، ایران.)
مریم چشمه قصابانی
2
(استادیار گروه معماری، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد پردیس، پردیس، ایران. *(مسوول مکاتبات))
حسین کریم آبادی
3
(دانشجوی دکتری معماری، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد قزوین، قروین، ایران.)
کلید واژه: معماری ارگانیک, معماری پهلوی دوم, معماری مدرن, معماری معاصر ایران.,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: سبک ارگانیک، به تأثیر از جنبش‌های آزادی‌خواهانة برگرفته از مدرنیسم، شکل گرفت که برای بیان آزادی‌خواهی در شخصیت معمارانة خویش، ویژگی‌ها و اصولی مانند طبیعت به عنوان الگو، فردگرایی و ملی‌گرایی را تعریف نمود. با وجود مطرح بودن این سبک تا به امروز، هنوز شناخت جامعی از آن در معماری معاصر ایران صورت نگرفته، لذا، در این پژوهش به تحلیل آثار معماری این سبک، در دورة -پهلوی دوم- پرداخته می‌شود تا بدینوسیله، ویژگی‌های مشترک آ‌ن‌ها تبیین گردند. روش بررسی: پژوهش تاریخی حاضر، با رویکردی تحلیلی-تطبیقی، از استدلال استنتاجی و قیاسی بهره گرفته است. ابتدا، اصول معماری سبک ارگانیک، که از مطالعة تطبیقی شواهد مکتوب و اسناد موجود، به دست آمدند، به‌عنوان معیار سنجش تبیین شدند. سپس، فهرستی از آثار معماری ارگانیک در ایران تهیه گردید تا به شیوة نمونه‌گیری هدفمند، نمونه‌هایی جهت تحلیل انتخاب شوند. درنهایت نیز نمونه‌موردی‌های تحلیل‌شده، با اصول معماری ارگانیک، مورد قیاس قرار گرفتند. یافته‌ها: معماری ارگانیک در ایران، جهت طراحی بنا و منظر، با اهداف مختلفی به‌کار گرفته شده که در این میان، حفظ پتانسیل‌های محیط طبیعی و استفادة دوباره از آن با حداقل دخالت انسانی در راستای موضوع طراحی، مشترک هستند. بحث و نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج نشان می‌دهند آثار معماری ارگانیک در ایران در دورۀ پهلوی دوم، هرکدام به تبع سبک ارگانیک، توانسته‌اند در عین تفاوت با یکدیگر به لحاظ معماران و نحوۀ طراحی، دارای مفاهیمی مشترک همچون تلفیق محیط مصنوع با محیط طبیعی باشند که از سبک ارگانیک سرچشمه‌گرفته و در آثار مزبور ظهور یافته‌اند.
Background and Objective: The organic style, influenced by the libertarian movements, which derived from modernism. In order to define libertarianism for the architectural character of its own, this style, specified characteristics, and principles such as nature as a model, individualism, and nationalism. Despite the importance of this style to date, it has not yet been fully studied in contemporary Iranian architecture. Thus, in this study, the architectural works of organic style in the period - the second Pahlavi - are analyzed to explain the common features. Methods: The present historical research, with an analytical-comparative approach, has used inferential and deductive reasoning. First, the principles of organic style architecture, derived from a comparative study of written evidence and existing documents, were explained as a criterion of measurement. Then, a list of works of organic architecture in Iran was prepared to select samples for analysis by purposive sampling. Finally, the analyzed samples were compared with the principles of organic architecture. Findings: Organic architecture in Iran, in building and landscape design, has been used for various purposes, among which, preserving the potentials of the natural environment and reusing it with minimal human intervention, are in line with the common design theme. Discussion and Conclusion: The results show that the works of organic architecture in Iran in the second Pahlavi period, have able to have common concepts according to the organic style, such as the integration of the artificial environment with the natural environment, which originated from the organic style and has been appeared in these works.
1. Etezadi, Ladan. Architecture and urban planning in the twentieth century. Lampugnani, Vittorio Magnago. Fourth Edition. Tehran: Shahid Beheshti University; 1390. (In Persian)
2. Bazr Afkan, Kaveh. Introduction to architectural design methods. Jurmaka, Curry, Schauer, Oliver, Kohlman, Dart. Tehran: Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch; 1394. (In Persian)
3. Dariush, Babak. Man, Nature, Architecture. Seventh edition. Tehran: Elm and Danesh; 1397. (In Persian)
4. Bani Masoud, Amir. Western architecture; Roots and concepts. Fourth edition. Tehran: Architectural Art of the Century; 1391. (In Persian)
5. Sullivan, Louis H. 2014. Kindergarten chats (revised 1918) and other writings, illustrated edition, Eastford: Martino Fine Books, USA.
6. Le Corbusier. 1986. Towards a new architecture, New York: Dover Publication, USA.
7. Wright, F. L, Kaufmann, E., Raeburn, B. 1960. Writings and Buildings. United States: Horizon Press.
8. Razavi, Zahra. Frank Lloyd Wright. Brooks, Bruce. Second edition. Tehran: Ganj Honar-Parham Naghsh; 1389. (In Persian)
9. Mahmoudinejad, Hadi. Organic architecture; Nature and sustainability. First Edition. Tehran: Tahan; 1398. (In Persian)
10. Ghobadian, Vahid. Principles and Concepts in Contemporary Western Architecture. Twenty-first edition. Tehran: Cultural Research Office; 1391. (In Persian)
11. Mozayeni, Manouchehr. From time and architecture. Sixth edition. Tehran: Shahidi; 1391. p.69. (In Persian)
12. Ghobadian, Vahid. Stylistics and theoretical foundations in contemporary Iranian architecture. First Edition. Tehran: Elm-e Memar; 1392. (In Persian)
13. Mofidi, Mohammad Reza. Advanced research methods in architecture. First Edition. Tehran: Simaye Danesh; 1399. (In Persian)
14. Khalili Shurini, Siavash. Research methods in social sciences and cultural sciences. First Edition, Tehran: An; 1381. (In Persian)
15. Heydari, Shahin. An introduction to the research method in architecture with an analytical approach to architectural dissertation. Third Edition, Tehran: Fekre No; 1395. (In Persian)
16. Faraji, Nasrullah. Research methods. Fourteenth Edition, Tehran: Pouran Pajuhesh; 1398. (In Persian)
17. Majidi, Fariborz. Aesthetics and mentality from Kant to Nietzsche. Bowie, Andrew. First Edition, Tehran: Academy of Arts; 1385. (In Persian)
18. Mumford, Mark. 1986. The origins of American organic architecture, Journal of Architectural Education, Vol 42, 1989, Issue 3: 26-37.
19. Qayyumi Bidhendi, Mehrdad. Architecture and the secret of immortality. Alexander, Christopher. Fourth Edition, Tehran: Rozaneh; 1396. (In Persian)
20. Star, Stran. 2019. Organic Architecture. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334398009_Organic_Architecture
21. Haghir, Saeed and Kamelnia, Hamed. Theory of modernity in Iranian architecture. First Edition, Tehran: Fekre No; 1399. (In Persian)
22. Etesam, Iraj. Identity crisis in architecture and its consequences in new cities of Iran. Proceedings of the International Conference on Urban Development and New Cities. Ministry of Housing and Urban Development, 1373. p.350. (In Persian)
23. Arbabzadeh, Marjan, Etesam, Iraj and Mofidi Shemirani, Seyed Majid. Indigenous architecture of Iran in a new reading from the forties to the present. Scientific Journal of Bagh-e Nazar, August 2016. Vol 17. No 86: 51-64. (In Persian)
24. Habibi, Seyed Mohsen, Malakouti, Mojgan, Afshang, Manli, Izadi, Neda, Izadpanah Jahromi, Aida, Ahri, Zahra and Kooshesh, Mahfam. Description of the intellectual currents of architecture and urban planning in contemporary Iran with emphasis on the period 1357-1383. Third edition. Tehran: Cultural Research Office; 1395. (In Persian)
25. Daneshvar, Reza. A garden between two streets; Four thousand and one days of Kamran Diba's life in an interview with Reza Daneshvar. Third edition. Tehran: Bongah; 1398. (In Persian)
26. Seyhoun, Houshang. 1998. Houshang Seyhoun: Half a century of artistic activities in the world of art and architecture. Houston: Houshang Seyhoun & Sabco interests, Inc. p.152.
27. Bani Masoud, Amir. Contemporary Iranian architecture in the struggle between tradition and modernity. Sixth edition. Tehran: Architectural Art of the Century; 1394. P.318. (In Persian)
28. Beski, Soheila. Another meeting with Kamran Diba. Memar Magazine, fall 2000, No. 10. (In Persian)
29. Omidvar, Ataollah. How do I remember Kamran Diba? Memar Magazine, fall 2000, No. 10. (In Persian)
30. Afshar Naderi, Kamran. Familiar memories of Kamran Diba. Memar Magazine, fall 2000, No. 10. (In Persian)
31. Seyed Abolghasem, Farah, Art and Thought in Kamran Diba’s Architecture, Paris, April 2002. (In Persian)
